{"id":341149,"date":"2026-09-29T13:54:25","date_gmt":"2026-09-29T04:54:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dei.so\/?p=341149"},"modified":"2026-10-03T16:41:43","modified_gmt":"2026-10-03T07:41:43","slug":"life-cycle-assessment-sodium-hydroxide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/life-cycle-assessment-sodium-hydroxide\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6c34\u9178\u5316\u30ca\u30c8\u30ea\u30a6\u30e0\u306e\u30ab\u30fc\u30dc\u30f3\u30d5\u30c3\u30c8\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30c8\uff1a1kg\u5f53\u305f\u308a1.05kg CO2e\uff08LCA\u4e8b\u4f8b\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"341149\" class=\"elementor elementor-341149\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2885674d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2885674d\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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<span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span>\r\n    <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Case study<\/span>\r\n    <h1>Life cycle assessment of sodium hydroxide production at plant, 1 kg<\/h1>\r\n    <p class=\"hero-sub\">Where the energy and raw materials for 1 kg of sodium hydroxide come from: salt, coal, natural gas and fuel oil, each with its own transport and fuel inputs.<\/p>\r\n    <div class=\"fact-grid\">\r\n      <div class=\"fact-panel\"><span class=\"fact-label\">Functional unit<\/span><span class=\"fact-value\">1 kg sodium hydroxide, production mix, at plant<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"fact-panel\"><span class=\"fact-label\">Product system<\/span><span class=\"fact-value\">4 supply chains, 15 upstream inputs<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"fact-panel\"><span class=\"fact-label\">Prepared by<\/span><span class=\"fact-value\">DEISO LLC, Tokyo<\/span><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <figure class=\"nx-figure\">\r\n      <div class=\"nx-pic\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"nx-img-en\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/DEISO_NaOH_LCA_product_system_en.jpg\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1425\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Product system diagram for the life cycle assessment of sodium hydroxide production at plant, 1 kg: four supply chains feeding one reference flow. DEISO case study.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"nx-img-ar\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/DEISO_NaOH_LCA_product_system_ar.jpg\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1428\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-no-translation alt=\"\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u060c 1 \u0643\u063a: \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062a\u063a\u0630\u0651\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 DEISO.\"><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"nx-stack\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Product system for 1 kg of sodium hydroxide, production mix, at plant\">\r\n      <div class=\"nx-stage\">\r\n        <div class=\"nx-stage-head\"><span class=\"nx-badge\">1<\/span><span class=\"nx-stage-name\">Stage 1<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <ul class=\"nx-chips\"><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 3c.8 3 4.5 5 4.5 9.5a4.5 4.5 0 0 1-9 0c0-2.2 1-3.6 2.2-4.6.1 1.9 1 3.1 2.3 3.1-.3-2.8-.9-5.3 0-8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Diesel combusted in industrial boiler<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 3c.8 3 4.5 5 4.5 9.5a4.5 4.5 0 0 1-9 0c0-2.2 1-3.6 2.2-4.6.1 1.9 1 3.1 2.3 3.1-.3-2.8-.9-5.3 0-8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Bituminous coal combusted in industrial boiler<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 3c.8 3 4.5 5 4.5 9.5a4.5 4.5 0 0 1-9 0c0-2.2 1-3.6 2.2-4.6.1 1.9 1 3.1 2.3 3.1-.3-2.8-.9-5.3 0-8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Natural gas combusted in industrial boiler<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M13 2.5 4.5 13.5h6.5l-1 8 8.5-11h-6.5z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Electricity at the grid, US<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n        <span class=\"nx-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 4v15M6 13l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"nx-proc\"><span class=\"nx-mini\">Process<\/span><span class=\"nx-proc-name\">Sodium chloride at plant<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <span class=\"nx-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 4v15M6 13l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"nx-prod\"><span class=\"nx-dot\"><\/span><span>Sodium chloride<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"nx-stage\">\r\n        <div class=\"nx-stage-head\"><span class=\"nx-badge\">2<\/span><span class=\"nx-stage-name\">Stage 2<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <ul class=\"nx-chips\"><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M4.5 20 13.5 11\"\/><path d=\"M8.5 6c4-2.8 9-2.3 11.5 2-3.2-1-6.2-.8-8.3 1.2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Bituminous coal (mining)<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 3c.8 3 4.5 5 4.5 9.5a4.5 4.5 0 0 1-9 0c0-2.2 1-3.6 2.2-4.6.1 1.9 1 3.1 2.3 3.1-.3-2.8-.9-5.3 0-8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Gasoline combusted in equipment<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M2.5 6.5h11v9h-11z\"\/><path d=\"M13.5 9.5h4l3 3.5v2.5h-7\"\/><circle cx=\"6.5\" cy=\"17.5\" r=\"1.8\"\/><circle cx=\"17\" cy=\"17.5\" r=\"1.8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Transport by combination truck (fuel mix)<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><rect x=\"5\" y=\"3\" width=\"14\" height=\"13\" rx=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M5 10h14\"\/><path d=\"M8.5 20.5l1.5-4.5M15.5 20.5 14 16\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"13\" r=\".6\"\/><circle cx=\"15\" cy=\"13\" r=\".6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Transport by train (diesel-powered)<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n        <span class=\"nx-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 4v15M6 13l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"nx-proc\"><span class=\"nx-mini\">Process<\/span><span class=\"nx-proc-name\">Bituminous coal combusted in industrial boiler<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <span class=\"nx-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 4v15M6 13l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"nx-prod\"><span class=\"nx-dot\"><\/span><span>Bituminous coal<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"nx-stage\">\r\n        <div class=\"nx-stage-head\"><span class=\"nx-badge\">3<\/span><span class=\"nx-stage-name\">Stage 3<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <ul class=\"nx-chips\"><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M2.5 6.5h11v9h-11z\"\/><path d=\"M13.5 9.5h4l3 3.5v2.5h-7\"\/><circle cx=\"6.5\" cy=\"17.5\" r=\"1.8\"\/><circle cx=\"17\" cy=\"17.5\" r=\"1.8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Transport by combination truck (fuel mix)<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><rect x=\"5\" y=\"3\" width=\"14\" height=\"13\" rx=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M5 10h14\"\/><path d=\"M8.5 20.5l1.5-4.5M15.5 20.5 14 16\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"13\" r=\".6\"\/><circle cx=\"15\" cy=\"13\" r=\".6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Transport by train (diesel-powered)<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M3 20.5V11l5 3v-3l5 3V6.5h4.5v14z\"\/><path d=\"M2.5 20.5h19\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Natural gas processed at plant<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n        <span class=\"nx-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 4v15M6 13l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"nx-proc\"><span class=\"nx-mini\">Process<\/span><span class=\"nx-proc-name\">Natural gas combusted in industrial boiler<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <span class=\"nx-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 4v15M6 13l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"nx-prod\"><span class=\"nx-dot\"><\/span><span>Natural gas<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"nx-stage\">\r\n        <div class=\"nx-stage-head\"><span class=\"nx-badge\">4<\/span><span class=\"nx-stage-name\">Stage 4<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <ul class=\"nx-chips\"><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M2.5 14.5h19l-2.8 5H5.3z\"\/><path d=\"M6.5 14.5v-5h11v5\"\/><path d=\"M12 9.5V5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Transport by barge (fuel mix)<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><rect x=\"5\" y=\"3\" width=\"14\" height=\"13\" rx=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M5 10h14\"\/><path d=\"M8.5 20.5l1.5-4.5M15.5 20.5 14 16\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"13\" r=\".6\"\/><circle cx=\"15\" cy=\"13\" r=\".6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Transport by train (diesel-powered)<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M2.5 6.5h11v9h-11z\"\/><path d=\"M13.5 9.5h4l3 3.5v2.5h-7\"\/><circle cx=\"6.5\" cy=\"17.5\" r=\"1.8\"\/><circle cx=\"17\" cy=\"17.5\" r=\"1.8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Transport by combination truck (fuel mix)<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M3 20.5V11l5 3v-3l5 3V6.5h4.5v14z\"\/><path d=\"M2.5 20.5h19\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Residual fuel oil at refinery<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n        <span class=\"nx-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 4v15M6 13l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"nx-proc\"><span class=\"nx-mini\">Process<\/span><span class=\"nx-proc-name\">Residual fuel oil combusted in industrial boiler<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <span class=\"nx-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 4v15M6 13l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"nx-prod\"><span class=\"nx-dot\"><\/span><span>Residual fuel oil<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"nx-final\"><span class=\"nx-mini\">Functional unit<\/span><span class=\"nx-final-kg\">1 kg<\/span><span class=\"nx-final-name\">Sodium hydroxide, production mix, at plant<\/span><span class=\"nx-final-note\">The four intermediate products all feed this final process<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <ul class=\"nx-legend\" aria-label=\"Input types\"><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 3c.8 3 4.5 5 4.5 9.5a4.5 4.5 0 0 1-9 0c0-2.2 1-3.6 2.2-4.6.1 1.9 1 3.1 2.3 3.1-.3-2.8-.9-5.3 0-8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Combustion<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M13 2.5 4.5 13.5h6.5l-1 8 8.5-11h-6.5z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Electricity<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M2.5 6.5h11v9h-11z\"\/><path d=\"M13.5 9.5h4l3 3.5v2.5h-7\"\/><circle cx=\"6.5\" cy=\"17.5\" r=\"1.8\"\/><circle cx=\"17\" cy=\"17.5\" r=\"1.8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Transport<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M4.5 20 13.5 11\"\/><path d=\"M8.5 6c4-2.8 9-2.3 11.5 2-3.2-1-6.2-.8-8.3 1.2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Extraction<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M3 20.5V11l5 3v-3l5 3V6.5h4.5v14z\"\/><path d=\"M2.5 20.5h19\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span>Processing<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n      <figcaption><span>Figure 1. Product system for the life cycle assessment of sodium hydroxide production at plant, 1 kg.<\/span><span class=\"nx-copy\">&copy; 2026 DEISO LLC. All rights reserved.<\/span><\/figcaption>\r\n    <\/figure>\r\n    <div class=\"block-actions\">\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/DEISO_NaOH_LCA_product_system_en.jpg\" class=\"btn primary\" download=\"DEISO_NaOH_LCA_product_system_en.jpg\"><span>Download diagram, English (JPG) &darr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/DEISO_NaOH_LCA_product_system_ar.jpg\" class=\"btn secondary\" download=\"DEISO_NaOH_LCA_product_system_ar.jpg\"><span>Download diagram, Arabic (JPG) &darr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/life-cycle-assessment-lca-services-hub\" class=\"btn secondary\"><span>See DEISO LCA services <span class=\"arr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">&rarr;<\/span><\/span><\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dffa13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"7dffa13\" 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view<\/h2>\r\n      <p>Two chemicals can do the same job and still leave very different footprints. The difference comes from how each one is made: which raw materials go in, how much energy the process draws, and what ends up in the air, water and soil along the way.<\/p>\r\n      <p>Life cycle assessment (LCA) puts numbers on that. Under ISO 14040 and 14044, it follows a product from raw material extraction through production, use and disposal, and adds up the energy used, the emissions released and the impacts they cause.<\/p>\r\n      <h3>What an LCA lets a chemical producer do<\/h3>\r\n      <ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n        <li><span class=\"li-key\">Compare routes<\/span> &mdash; see which synthesis route, supplier or site carries the lower footprint for the same product.<\/li>\r\n        <li><span class=\"li-key\">Find hotspots<\/span> &mdash; pin down the fuels, inputs and process steps that drive most of the impact.<\/li>\r\n        <li><span class=\"li-key\">Test a change on paper first<\/span> &mdash; model a switch in energy source or raw material before spending money on it.<\/li>\r\n        <li><span class=\"li-key\">Answer customers<\/span> &mdash; give buyers who ask for a product carbon footprint figures they can trace back to data.<\/li>\r\n      <\/ul>\r\n      <div class=\"callout\"><p>LCA results take some effort to read, but they are what decisions on chemical production should rest on. A worked example is the quickest way to see how the pieces fit, which is what this case study is for.<\/p><\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">The product<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Sodium hydroxide at a glance<\/h2>\r\n      <div class=\"fact-grid\">\r\n        <div class=\"fact-panel\"><span class=\"fact-label\">Formula<\/span><span class=\"fact-value\">NaOH<\/span><span class=\"fact-note\">A strong base and alkali<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"fact-panel\"><span class=\"fact-label\">Also called<\/span><span class=\"fact-value\">Caustic soda, lye<\/span><span class=\"fact-note\">Same substance, different trade names<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"fact-panel\"><span class=\"fact-label\">World output, 2024<\/span><span class=\"fact-value\">About 75&ndash;83 million tonnes<\/span><span class=\"fact-note\">Estimates differ by source<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"fact-panel\"><span class=\"fact-label\">Largest producer<\/span><span class=\"fact-value\">China, about 28&ndash;31%<\/span><span class=\"fact-note\">Followed by the United States and India<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"fact-panel\"><span class=\"fact-label\">How it is traded<\/span><span class=\"fact-value\">Mostly as a water solution<\/span><span class=\"fact-note\">Over 90% of global trade is soda lye<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"fact-panel\"><span class=\"fact-label\">Made alongside<\/span><span class=\"fact-value\">Chlorine and hydrogen<\/span><span class=\"fact-note\">All three come out of the same cell<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <p>Pure sodium hydroxide is a white solid. It dissolves readily in water, splitting into sodium ions (Na&#8314;) and hydroxide ions (OH&#8315;), and it pulls moisture and carbon dioxide out of the air if left open. Between 12.3 and 61.8 &deg;C, water solutions crystallise as the monohydrate, NaOH&middot;H&#8322;O, and much of the &ldquo;sodium hydroxide&rdquo; sold commercially is in fact this monohydrate.<\/p>\r\n      <p>In practice, most users buy it as a solution rather than a solid. It is cheaper to ship and far easier to pump, dose and mix.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"note-panel\"><span class=\"note-label\">Handling<\/span><p>Sodium hydroxide breaks down proteins at room temperature. It causes severe chemical burns on skin, can permanently damage eyes, and is dangerous if swallowed.<\/p><\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Production<\/span>\r\n      <h2>How sodium hydroxide is made<\/h2>\r\n      <p>Almost all of it comes from the chlor-alkali process. An electric current is passed through salt brine, and the brine splits into three products at once.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"equation\"><span class=\"eq\"><span class=\"eq-part\">2 NaCl + 2 H&#8322;O &rarr;<\/span> <span class=\"eq-part\">Cl&#8322; + H&#8322; + 2 NaOH<\/span><\/span><span class=\"eq-note\">Salt and water in; chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide out<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <p>The ratio never changes. For every tonne of chlorine, a plant makes about 1.1 tonnes of caustic soda and 0.03 tonnes of hydrogen. The industry calls this bundle an electrochemical unit, or ECU.<\/p>\r\n      <ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n        <li><span class=\"li-key\">Electricity<\/span> &mdash; a membrane plant uses about 2.8 MWh per ECU, most of it in the cells themselves. Older mercury cells need about 3.6 MWh.<\/li>\r\n        <li><span class=\"li-key\">Steam<\/span> &mdash; membrane cells save power but need extra steam to concentrate the caustic to the standard 50% commercial grade.<\/li>\r\n        <li><span class=\"li-key\">Technology<\/span> &mdash; membrane cells made up 83.9% of installed EU capacity in 2024, with diaphragm cells at 9.7%.<\/li>\r\n      <\/ul>\r\n      <div class=\"callout\"><p>Because chlorine, hydrogen and caustic soda share one cell, an LCA has to decide how to split the burden between them. That choice, called allocation, can shift the result for 1 kg of sodium hydroxide considerably.<\/p><\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Uses<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Where sodium hydroxide ends up<\/h2>\r\n      <p>Few people handle caustic soda directly, but most use products that needed it somewhere in their supply chain. The shares below are approximate global figures; sources and regions differ.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"nav-grid\">\r\n        <div class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><span class=\"share-pill\">About 20% of global use<\/span><h3>Alumina refining<\/h3><p>The Bayer process uses it to dissolve alumina out of bauxite ore, the first step toward aluminium metal.<\/p><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><span class=\"share-pill\">About 15% of global use<\/span><h3>Pulp and paper<\/h3><p>Kraft pulping uses it to break down wood chips and free the fibres. Bleaching and effluent treatment use more.<\/p><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><span class=\"share-pill\">30&ndash;40% combined<\/span><h3>Organic and inorganic chemicals<\/h3><p>Neutralising acids, adjusting pH, and making intermediates such as propylene oxide, polycarbonates and a long list of sodium salts.<\/p><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><h3>Soaps and detergents<\/h3><p>Hard bar soap is made with sodium hydroxide. Liquid soap uses potassium hydroxide instead.<\/p><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><h3>Textiles<\/h3><p>Viscose rayon production, and mercerising cotton, which strengthens the fibre and helps it take dye.<\/p><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><h3>Oil and gas<\/h3><p>Added to drilling mud to raise alkalinity and neutralise acid gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Refiners also use caustic washing to strip hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans from crude; the spent caustic is hazardous waste.<\/p><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><h3>Metals and testing<\/h3><p>Degreasing metal parts, and adjusting pH, together with hydrochloric acid, in neutral salt spray corrosion tests.<\/p><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><h3>Food and household<\/h3><p>Peeling fruit and vegetables, curing olives and giving pretzels their dark crust; it is food additive E524. At home, it is the active ingredient in many drain and oven cleaners.<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">This case study<\/span>\r\n      <h2>What this case study covers<\/h2>\r\n      <p>The assessment models sodium hydroxide, production mix, at plant, with 1 kg of product as the functional unit. Four supply chains feed it, each shown as a stage in the product system diagram at the top of this page.<\/p>\r\n      <ol class=\"step-list\">\r\n        <li><span class=\"st-title\">Sodium chloride<\/span><span class=\"st-body\">The salt feedstock. Its production draws on diesel, bituminous coal and natural gas burned in industrial boilers, plus grid electricity (US).<\/span><\/li>\r\n        <li><span class=\"st-title\">Bituminous coal, combusted in industrial boiler<\/span><span class=\"st-body\">Coal mining, gasoline used in equipment, and transport by combination truck and diesel train.<\/span><\/li>\r\n        <li><span class=\"st-title\">Natural gas, combusted in industrial boiler<\/span><span class=\"st-body\">Gas processed at plant, then moved by combination truck and diesel train.<\/span><\/li>\r\n        <li><span class=\"st-title\">Residual fuel oil, combusted in industrial boiler<\/span><span class=\"st-body\">Fuel oil from the refinery, moved by barge, diesel train and combination truck.<\/span><\/li>\r\n      <\/ol>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Sources for the figures above<\/h2>\r\n      <ul class=\"src-list\">\r\n        <li>Euro Chlor, Chlorine Industry Review: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chlorineindustryreview.com\/competitive-supplier\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">2024 production and technology shares<\/a><\/li>\r\n        <li>Euro Chlor: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurochlor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/3-2-the_european_chlor-alkali_industry_-_an_electricity_intensive_sector_exposed_to_carbon_leakage.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">The European chlor-alkali industry, an electricity-intensive sector<\/a><\/li>\r\n        <li>IndexBox: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indexbox.io\/blog\/caustic-soda-world-market-overview-2024-3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Global caustic soda market overview, 2024<\/a><\/li>\r\n        <li>IMARC Group: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imarcgroup.com\/insight\/optimizing-caustic-soda-production-a-comprehensive-cost-analysis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Caustic soda market volume, 2024<\/a><\/li>\r\n        <li>Istay Kimya: <a href=\"https:\/\/istaykimya.com\/global-caustic-soda-market-a-comprehensive-analysis-and-outlook-for-2025-2030\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Caustic soda end-use shares, 2025&ndash;2030 outlook<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <\/ul>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e8614e elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"2e8614e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"deiso-naoh-method-block\">\r\n<style>\r\n.deiso-naoh-method-block{width:100%;padding:30px 0;background:transparent;font-family:'Jost',system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;overflow-x:clip}\r\n.deiso-naoh-method-block *{box-sizing:border-box}\r\n.deiso-naoh-method-block .page-outer{max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 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td::before{content:attr(data-label);display:block;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675;margin-bottom:3px}\r\n.deiso-naoh-method-block table.tb-table tbody tr:hover td{background:transparent}\r\n.deiso-naoh-method-block .split{padding:20px 18px !important;border-radius:14px}\r\n.deiso-naoh-method-block ul.split-key{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:8px}\r\n.deiso-naoh-method-block ul.split-key .pc{display:inline;font-size:18px;margin-right:6px}\r\n.deiso-naoh-method-block .note-panel.xl{gap:12px}\r\n.deiso-naoh-method-block .xl-ico{width:34px;height:34px;border-radius:10px}\r\n}\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\r\n.deiso-naoh-method-block .split.is-on .split-bar span{animation:none}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"page-outer\">\r\n  <div class=\"page-card\">\r\n    <span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span>\r\n\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Method<\/span>\r\n      <h2>How the assessment was set up<\/h2>\r\n      <p>Before any number is calculated, an LCA has to answer three questions: what exactly is being measured, where the study stops, and how the load is shared when one process makes more than one product. This section answers all three for sodium hydroxide.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"fact-grid\">\r\n        <div class=\"fact-panel\"><span class=\"fact-label\">Functional unit<\/span><span class=\"fact-value\">1 kg of sodium hydroxide<\/span><span class=\"fact-note\">Every result is expressed per kilogram<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"fact-panel\"><span class=\"fact-label\">Reference product<\/span><span class=\"fact-value\">Sodium hydroxide, production mix, at plant<\/span><span class=\"fact-note\">As it leaves the production site<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"fact-panel\"><span class=\"fact-label\">Boundary type<\/span><span class=\"fact-value\">Cradle to gate<\/span><span class=\"fact-note\">From resource extraction to the plant gate<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"fact-panel\"><span class=\"fact-label\">Electricity<\/span><span class=\"fact-value\">US grid mix<\/span><span class=\"fact-note\">Used in the sodium chloride stage<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <p>The study follows the four phases set out in ISO 14040 and 14044: goal and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation. The sections below cover the scope. Results follow later in the case study.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"note-panel xl\">\r\n        <span class=\"xl-ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><rect x=\"3.5\" y=\"3.5\" width=\"17\" height=\"17\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M3.5 9h17M3.5 14.5h17M9 3.5v17\"\/><\/svg><\/span>\r\n        <div><span class=\"note-label\">Calculation<\/span><p>All calculations in this case study were carried out in Microsoft Excel, working stage by stage through the product system shown in the diagram at the top of this page.<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">System boundary<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Where the system boundary sits<\/h2>\r\n      <p>The boundary is drawn around everything needed to get 1 kg of sodium hydroxide to the plant gate. What happens to the product after it leaves the plant is outside the scope.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"bd\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Cradle-to-gate system boundary for sodium hydroxide: four supply chains inside the boundary; distribution, use and end of life outside it\">\r\n        <div class=\"bd-in\">\r\n          <span class=\"bd-tag\">Inside the boundary<\/span>\r\n          <div class=\"bd-row\">\r\n            <div class=\"bd-step\"><span class=\"bd-t\">1. Sodium chloride<\/span><span class=\"bd-d\">Salt feedstock, boiler fuels and grid electricity<\/span><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"bd-step\"><span class=\"bd-t\">2. Bituminous coal<\/span><span class=\"bd-d\">Mining, equipment fuel and freight to the boiler<\/span><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"bd-step\"><span class=\"bd-t\">3. Natural gas<\/span><span class=\"bd-d\">Gas processing and freight to the boiler<\/span><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"bd-step\"><span class=\"bd-t\">4. Residual fuel oil<\/span><span class=\"bd-d\">Refinery output and freight to the boiler<\/span><\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"bd-gate\"><span>Plant gate<\/span><span class=\"g\">1 kg sodium hydroxide leaves here<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"bd-out\">\r\n          <span class=\"bd-tag\">Outside<\/span>\r\n          <div class=\"bd-step\"><span class=\"bd-t\">Distribution<\/span><span class=\"bd-d\">Shipping to customers<\/span><\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"bd-step\"><span class=\"bd-t\">Use<\/span><span class=\"bd-d\">Processing in customer plants<\/span><\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"bd-step\"><span class=\"bd-t\">End of life<\/span><span class=\"bd-d\">Neutralisation, discharge, waste<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <h3 style=\"margin-top:26px\">What each stage brings into the system<\/h3>\r\n      <div class=\"tb-wrap\">\r\n        <table class=\"tb-table\">\r\n          <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" style=\"width:22%\">Stage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Energy and fuels<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Extraction and processing<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Transport<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n          <tbody>\r\n            <tr><td class=\"tk\" data-label=\"Stage\">1. Sodium chloride at plant<\/td><td data-label=\"Energy and fuels\">Diesel, bituminous coal and natural gas burned in industrial boilers; grid electricity (US)<\/td><td data-label=\"Extraction and processing\"><span class=\"none\">&ndash;<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Transport\"><span class=\"none\">&ndash;<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n            <tr><td class=\"tk\" data-label=\"Stage\">2. Bituminous coal, combusted in industrial boiler<\/td><td data-label=\"Energy and fuels\">Gasoline burned in equipment<\/td><td data-label=\"Extraction and processing\">Coal mining<\/td><td data-label=\"Transport\">Combination truck, diesel train<\/td><\/tr>\r\n            <tr><td class=\"tk\" data-label=\"Stage\">3. Natural gas, combusted in industrial boiler<\/td><td data-label=\"Energy and fuels\"><span class=\"none\">&ndash;<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Extraction and processing\">Natural gas processed at plant<\/td><td data-label=\"Transport\">Combination truck, diesel train<\/td><\/tr>\r\n            <tr><td class=\"tk\" data-label=\"Stage\">4. Residual fuel oil, combusted in industrial boiler<\/td><td data-label=\"Energy and fuels\"><span class=\"none\">&ndash;<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Extraction and processing\">Residual fuel oil at refinery<\/td><td data-label=\"Transport\">Barge, diesel train, combination truck<\/td><\/tr>\r\n          <\/tbody>\r\n        <\/table>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <h3 style=\"margin-top:26px\">Left out of the boundary<\/h3>\r\n      <ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n        <li><span class=\"li-key\">Distribution<\/span> &mdash; moving the finished product from the plant to its buyers.<\/li>\r\n        <li><span class=\"li-key\">Use<\/span> &mdash; whatever the customer does with it, from pulping wood to making soap.<\/li>\r\n        <li><span class=\"li-key\">End of life<\/span> &mdash; neutralisation and disposal once the sodium hydroxide has done its job.<\/li>\r\n      <\/ul>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Allocation<\/span>\r\n      <h2>How shared burdens are split<\/h2>\r\n      <p>Allocation is the rule for dividing emissions and energy between products that come out of the same process. Inside the four supply chains, it is not needed: each process hands a single product to the next step, so its full burden travels with that product.<\/p>\r\n      <p>The last step is different. The electrolysis cell never makes caustic soda on its own; chlorine and hydrogen come out with it, always in the same ratio. The burden of that step is therefore split between the three products by mass.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"split\" data-split>\r\n        <span class=\"split-label\">What a mass split looks like for one electrochemical unit<\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"split-bar\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"s-na\"><\/span><span class=\"s-cl\"><\/span><span class=\"s-h\"><\/span><\/div>\r\n        <ul class=\"split-key\">\r\n          <li class=\"k-na\"><span class=\"pc\">51.6%<\/span>Sodium hydroxide, 1.1 t<\/li>\r\n          <li class=\"k-cl\"><span class=\"pc\">46.9%<\/span>Chlorine, 1.0 t<\/li>\r\n          <li class=\"k-h\"><span class=\"pc\">1.4%<\/span>Hydrogen, 0.03 t<\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n        <span class=\"split-foot\">Shares of 2.13 t of total output per tonne of chlorine.<\/span>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"callout\"><p>In plain terms: sodium hydroxide carries a little over half of what the cell room emits. Switch to a split by economic value and that share moves with market prices for chlorine and caustic soda, which is why the rule has to be stated up front.<\/p><\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){var r=document.currentScript&&document.currentScript.parentNode;if(!r)return;var el=r.querySelector('[data-split]');if(!el)return;\r\nif(!('IntersectionObserver' in window)){el.classList.add('is-on');return;}\r\nvar io=new IntersectionObserver(function(e){e.forEach(function(x){if(x.isIntersecting){el.classList.add('is-on');io.disconnect();}});},{threshold:0.4});io.observe(el);})();\r\n<\/script>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e686d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"5e686d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div 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(max-width:767px){\r\n.deiso-naoh-findings-block .kgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:10px}\r\n.deiso-naoh-findings-block .kcard{border-radius:14px;padding:20px 18px 18px 22px !important}\r\n.deiso-naoh-findings-block .kcard .kn{font-size:28px}\r\n.deiso-naoh-findings-block .cite{padding:18px 16px !important;border-radius:14px}\r\n.deiso-naoh-findings-block .block-panel{padding:26px 20px !important;border-radius:14px}\r\n.deiso-naoh-findings-block .block-actions{flex-direction:column;gap:10px}\r\n.deiso-naoh-findings-block a.btn{width:100%;padding:13px 20px !important;white-space:normal;word-break:keep-all;overflow-wrap:anywhere;hyphens:none;text-align:center}\r\n}\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){ .deiso-naoh-findings-block a.btn,.deiso-naoh-findings-block .cite button{transition:none} .deiso-naoh-findings-block a.btn:hover{transform:none} }\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"page-outer\">\r\n  <div class=\"page-card\">\r\n    <span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span>\r\n\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Key findings<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Six numbers worth remembering<\/h2>\r\n      <div class=\"kgrid\">\r\n        <div class=\"kcard\"><span class=\"kn\">1.05 kg CO&#8322; eq<\/span><span class=\"kt\">Carbon footprint of 1 kg of sodium hydroxide at the plant gate, calculated with CML over 100 years.<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"kcard\"><span class=\"kn\">55%<\/span><span class=\"kt\">Share of that footprint, 0.57 kg, that arises at the sodium hydroxide plant itself. The four supply chains add the other 45%.<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"kcard\"><span class=\"kn\">25%<\/span><span class=\"kt\">Share contributed by the natural gas chain, 0.26 kg CO&#8322; eq. It is the largest of the four supply chains.<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"kcard\"><span class=\"kn\">15 MJ<\/span><span class=\"kt\">Fossil energy drawn from the ground for every kilogram produced.<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"kcard\"><span class=\"kn\">92.9%<\/span><span class=\"kt\">Share of the weighted score taken by marine aquatic ecotoxicity. Every other category is 3% or less.<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"kcard\"><span class=\"kn\">Under 1%<\/span><span class=\"kt\">Share of both the carbon footprint and the weighted score that comes from the residual fuel oil chain, the smallest of the four.<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Citing this case study<\/span>\r\n      <h2>How to cite these results<\/h2>\r\n      <div class=\"note-panel\"><span class=\"note-label\">Use of these results<\/span><p>This case study is published for demonstration and learning. The results are not intended for commercial use, such as product claims or procurement decisions. They may be cited in academic reports and papers.<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"cite\">\r\n        <span class=\"cl\">Suggested citation<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"ct\" data-cite>DEISO LLC (2026). Life cycle assessment of sodium hydroxide production at plant, 1 kg: a case study using the CML impact assessment method. Tokyo: DEISO LLC.<\/span>\r\n        <button type=\"button\" data-copy aria-live=\"polite\">Copy citation<\/button>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <div class=\"block-panel\">\r\n        <h2>Need a footprint for your own product?<\/h2>\r\n        <p>DEISO runs cradle-to-gate and cradle-to-grave LCAs and product carbon footprints for chemical producers. Tell us the product, the site and what you need the result for.<\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"block-actions\">\r\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/contact-form\" class=\"btn primary\"><span>Request a quotation &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/life-cycle-assessment-lca-services-hub\" class=\"btn secondary\"><span>See DEISO LCA services &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){var s=document.currentScript,r=s&&s.parentNode;if(!r)return;r.classList.add('naoh-js');\r\nvar els=r.querySelectorAll('.anim');\r\nvar reduce=window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches;\r\nfunction on(el){el.classList.add('is-on');\r\n if(reduce)return;\r\n el.querySelectorAll('[data-count]').forEach(function(n){var end=parseFloat(n.getAttribute('data-count')),dp=parseInt(n.getAttribute('data-dp')||'0',10),t0=null,fin=n.textContent;\r\n  function 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  <h2>Where the carbon footprint comes from<\/h2>\r\n      <p>Just over half of the 1.05 kg CO&#8322; eq arises at the sodium hydroxide plant itself. The other 45% is spread across the four supply chains, and the natural gas chain is the largest of them, at about a quarter of the total.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"tb-title\"><span class=\"tt\">Figure 2. Global warming potential by source<\/span><span class=\"tn\">kg CO&#8322; eq per kg of sodium hydroxide<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <ul class=\"bars anim\"><li class=\"top\"><span class=\"bl\">Sodium hydroxide plant, direct<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:54.6%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">0.57 kg<small>54.6%<\/small><\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Natural gas, combusted in boiler<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:24.8%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">0.26 kg<small>24.8%<\/small><\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Sodium chloride<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:13.0%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">0.14 kg<small>13.0%<\/small><\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Bituminous coal, combusted in boiler<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:6.8%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">0.07 kg<small>6.8%<\/small><\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Residual fuel oil, combusted in boiler<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:0.7%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">0.01 kg<small>0.7%<\/small><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">All categories<\/span>\r\n      <h2>The same pattern, category by category<\/h2>\r\n      <p>The table shows each source&rsquo;s share of every impact category. Darker cells mean a bigger share. Two things stand out: the plant dominates ozone depletion and soil toxicity, and all of the mineral resource use comes from the salt stage.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"tb-title\"><span class=\"tt\">Table 2. Share of each impact category by source<\/span><span class=\"tn\">Each column adds up to 100%<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <p class=\"scroll-hint\">Scroll sideways to see all eleven categories.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"tb-wrap\">\r\n        <table class=\"tb-table heat\">\r\n          <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" style=\"width:200px\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">ADP elements<\/th><th scope=\"col\">ADP fossil<\/th><th scope=\"col\">AP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FAETP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">GWP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HTP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">MAETP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">ODP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">POCP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">TETP<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n          <tbody><tr><td class=\"tk\" data-label=\"Source\">Sodium hydroxide plant, direct<\/td><td class=\"z\" data-label=\"ADP elements\">0%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"ADP fossil\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.55)\">54%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"AP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.56)\">56%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"EP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.67)\">68%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"FAETP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.34)\">31%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"GWP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.55)\">55%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"HTP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.46)\">45%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"MAETP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.71)\">72%<\/td><td class=\"lt\" data-label=\"ODP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.95)\">99%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"POCP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.67)\">68%<\/td><td class=\"lt\" data-label=\"TETP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.89)\">92%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tk\" data-label=\"Source\">Sodium chloride<\/td><td class=\"lt\" data-label=\"ADP elements\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.96)\">100%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"ADP fossil\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.17)\">13%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"AP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.16)\">11%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"EP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.16)\">11%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"FAETP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.28)\">24%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"GWP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.18)\">13%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"HTP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.21)\">17%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"MAETP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.16)\">11%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"ODP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.06)\">0.3%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"POCP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.15)\">9.6%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"TETP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.08)\">2.7%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tk\" data-label=\"Source\">Natural gas, combusted in boiler<\/td><td class=\"z\" data-label=\"ADP elements\">0%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"ADP fossil\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\">27%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"AP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\">27%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"EP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.17)\">12%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"FAETP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.43)\">41%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"GWP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.28)\">25%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"HTP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.36)\">33%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"MAETP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.15)\">10%<\/td><td class=\"z\" data-label=\"ODP\">0%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"POCP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.23)\">19%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"TETP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.06)\">0.3%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tk\" data-label=\"Source\">Bituminous coal, combusted in boiler<\/td><td class=\"z\" data-label=\"ADP elements\">0%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"ADP fossil\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.11)\">5.5%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"AP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.11)\">6.0%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"EP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.13)\">8.0%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"FAETP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.07)\">0.8%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"GWP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.12)\">6.8%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"HTP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.09)\">3.5%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"MAETP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.11)\">5.9%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"ODP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.07)\">0.8%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"POCP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.09)\">3.8%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"TETP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.11)\">5.2%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tk\" data-label=\"Source\">Residual fuel oil, combusted in boiler<\/td><td class=\"z\" data-label=\"ADP elements\">0%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"ADP fossil\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.07)\">0.6%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"AP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.06)\">0.3%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"EP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.07)\">0.9%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"FAETP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.09)\">3.2%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"GWP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.07)\">0.7%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"HTP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.08)\">1.7%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"MAETP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.07)\">0.8%<\/td><td class=\"z\" data-label=\"ODP\">0%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"POCP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.06)\">0.4%<\/td><td class=\"dk\" data-label=\"TETP\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.06)\">0.1%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\r\n        <\/table>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"legend\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>0%<\/span><span class=\"ramp\"><\/span><span>100%<\/span><\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Weighted score<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Share of the overall weighted score<\/h2>\r\n      <p>After normalisation and weighting, all eleven categories can be added into one score. On that single score, the plant accounts for 70%, and the salt and natural gas chains for about 12% each.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"tb-title\"><span class=\"tt\">Figure 3. Contribution to the weighted score by source<\/span><span class=\"tn\">Share of total<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <ul class=\"bars anim\"><li class=\"top\"><span class=\"bl\">Sodium hydroxide plant, direct<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:69.9%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">69.9%<\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Sodium chloride<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:12.0%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">12.0%<\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Natural gas, combusted in boiler<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:11.5%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">11.5%<\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Bituminous coal, combusted in boiler<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:5.7%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">5.7%<\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Residual fuel oil, combusted in boiler<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:0.8%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">0.8%<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n      <details class=\"tree\">\r\n        <summary><span class=\"chev\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"sq\">Full breakdown, including transport<\/span><\/summary>\r\n        <div class=\"tree-body\">\r\n          <p>Transport is small in every chain. The largest single transport step, the diesel train carrying coal, stays under 0.1% of the weighted score.<\/p>\r\n          <div class=\"tb-title\"><span class=\"tt\">Table 3. Process contributions to the weighted score<\/span><span class=\"tn\">Share of total<\/span><\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"tb-wrap\">\r\n            <table class=\"tb-table full\">\r\n              <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Process<\/th><th scope=\"col\" style=\"width:30%\">Share of weighted score<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n              <tbody><tr class=\"grp\"><td data-label=\"Process\">Sodium hydroxide plant, direct<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">69.9%<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"grp\"><td data-label=\"Process\">Sodium chloride<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">12.0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Diesel, combusted in industrial boiler<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">3.6%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Bituminous coal, combusted in industrial boiler<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">2.5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Natural gas, combusted in industrial boiler<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">2.4%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Salt production, direct<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">3.6%<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"grp\"><td data-label=\"Process\">Natural gas, combusted in industrial boiler<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">11.5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Combustion and gas supply, direct<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">11.2%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Transport, combination truck<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">0.23%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Transport, diesel train<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">&lt;0.01%<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"grp\"><td data-label=\"Process\">Bituminous coal, combusted in industrial boiler<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">5.7%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Combustion, direct<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">5.4%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Bituminous coal at the mine<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">0.24%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Transport, diesel train<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">0.07%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Transport, barge<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">0.01%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Transport, combination truck<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">&lt;0.01%<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"grp\"><td data-label=\"Process\">Residual fuel oil, combusted in industrial boiler<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">0.84%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Combustion and refinery supply, direct<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">0.84%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Transport, barge<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">&lt;0.01%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Transport, combination truck<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">&lt;0.01%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ind\" data-label=\"Process\">Transport, diesel train<\/td><td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Share of weighted score\">&lt;0.01%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\r\n            <\/table>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/details>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){var s=document.currentScript,r=s&&s.parentNode;if(!r)return;r.classList.add('naoh-js');\r\nvar els=r.querySelectorAll('.anim');\r\nvar 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!important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#c3ced6;margin-top:6px}\r\n@media (max-width:767px){ .deiso-naoh-weighted-block .big{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:16px;padding:24px 20px !important;border-radius:14px} .deiso-naoh-weighted-block .ring{width:108px;height:108px} .deiso-naoh-weighted-block .big .bt1{font-size:19px} }\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){ .deiso-naoh-weighted-block .anim .ring .rf{animation:none !important;stroke-dashoffset:24.2 !important} }\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"page-outer\">\r\n  <div class=\"page-card\">\r\n    <span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span>\r\n\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Weighted results<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Which impact categories matter most<\/h2>\r\n      <p>Normalisation compares each result with a reference level of impact, and weighting then sets how much each category counts. Once that is done, one category towers over the rest.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"big anim\">\r\n        <svg class=\"ring\" viewBox=\"0 0 132 132\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"92.9% of the weighted score\"><circle class=\"rb\" cx=\"66\" cy=\"66\" r=\"54\"\/><circle class=\"rf\" cx=\"66\" cy=\"66\" r=\"54\" stroke-dasharray=\"339.3\" stroke-dashoffset=\"24.2\"\/><text x=\"66\" y=\"75\" text-anchor=\"middle\">92.9%<\/text><\/svg>\r\n        <div><span class=\"bt1\">Marine aquatic ecotoxicity makes up 92.9% of the weighted score<\/span><span class=\"bt2\">Human toxicity comes second at 3.0%. Global warming, the category most people ask about, is 0.66%.<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"tb-title\"><span class=\"tt\">Figure 4. Share of the weighted score by impact category<\/span><span class=\"tn\">CML, normalised and weighted<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <ul class=\"bars anim\"><li class=\"top\"><span class=\"bl\">Marine aquatic ecotoxicity<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:92.88%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">92.9%<\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Human toxicity<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:2.99%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">2.99%<\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Abiotic depletion, fossil<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:0.79%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">0.79%<\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Abiotic depletion, elements<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:0.74%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">0.74%<\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Acidification<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:0.70%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">0.70%<\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Global warming<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:0.66%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">0.66%<\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:0.51%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">0.51%<\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Photochemical ozone creation<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:0.39%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">0.39%<\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Terrestrial ecotoxicity<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:0.16%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">0.16%<\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Eutrophication<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:0.03%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">0.03%<\/span><\/li><li class=\"\"><span class=\"bl\">Ozone layer depletion<\/span><span class=\"bt\"><span class=\"bf\" style=\"width:0.01%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"bv\">0.01%<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n      <div class=\"callout\"><p>This is typical of CML results: marine ecotoxicity often dominates once results are weighted. Read the weighted score alongside the category results in Table 1, not instead of them. A 0.66% weighted share does not make 1.05 kg CO&#8322; eq per kg a small number for a buyer tracking its carbon footprint.<\/p><\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){var s=document.currentScript,r=s&&s.parentNode;if(!r)return;r.classList.add('naoh-js');\r\nvar els=r.querySelectorAll('.anim');\r\nvar reduce=window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches;\r\nfunction on(el){el.classList.add('is-on');\r\n if(reduce)return;\r\n el.querySelectorAll('[data-count]').forEach(function(n){var end=parseFloat(n.getAttribute('data-count')),dp=parseInt(n.getAttribute('data-dp')||'0',10),t0=null,fin=n.textContent;\r\n  function step(t){if(!t0)t0=t;var p=Math.min((t-t0)\/1200,1),e=1-Math.pow(1-p,3);n.textContent=(end*e).toFixed(dp);if(p<1)requestAnimationFrame(step);else n.textContent=fin;}\r\n  requestAnimationFrame(step);});}\r\nif(!('IntersectionObserver' in 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hydroxide at the plant gate, calculated with CML over 100 years.<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"kcard\"><span class=\"kn\">55%<\/span><span class=\"kt\">Share of that footprint, 0.57 kg, that arises at the sodium hydroxide plant itself. The four supply chains add the other 45%.<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"kcard\"><span class=\"kn\">25%<\/span><span class=\"kt\">Share contributed by the natural gas chain, 0.26 kg CO&#8322; eq. It is the largest of the four supply chains.<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"kcard\"><span class=\"kn\">15 MJ<\/span><span class=\"kt\">Fossil energy drawn from the ground for every kilogram produced.<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"kcard\"><span class=\"kn\">92.9%<\/span><span class=\"kt\">Share of the weighted score taken by marine aquatic ecotoxicity. Every other category is 3% or less.<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"kcard\"><span class=\"kn\">Under 1%<\/span><span class=\"kt\">Share of both the carbon footprint and the weighted score that comes from the residual fuel oil chain, the smallest of the four.<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Citing this case study<\/span>\r\n      <h2>How to cite these results<\/h2>\r\n      <div class=\"note-panel\"><span class=\"note-label\">Use of these results<\/span><p>This case study is published for demonstration and learning. The results are not intended for commercial use, such as product claims or procurement decisions. They may be cited in academic reports and papers.<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"cite\">\r\n        <span class=\"cl\">Suggested citation<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"ct\" data-cite>DEISO LLC (2026). Life cycle assessment of sodium hydroxide production at plant, 1 kg: a case study using the CML impact assessment method. Tokyo: DEISO LLC.<\/span>\r\n        <button type=\"button\" data-copy aria-live=\"polite\">Copy citation<\/button>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <div class=\"block-panel\">\r\n        <h2>Need a footprint for your own product?<\/h2>\r\n        <p>DEISO runs cradle-to-gate and cradle-to-grave LCAs and product carbon footprints for chemical producers. Tell us the product, the site and what you need the result for.<\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"block-actions\">\r\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/contact-form\" class=\"btn primary\"><span>Request a quotation &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/life-cycle-assessment-lca-services-hub\" class=\"btn secondary\"><span>See DEISO LCA services &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){var s=document.currentScript,r=s&&s.parentNode;if(!r)return;r.classList.add('naoh-js');\r\nvar els=r.querySelectorAll('.anim');\r\nvar reduce=window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches;\r\nfunction on(el){el.classList.add('is-on');\r\n if(reduce)return;\r\n el.querySelectorAll('[data-count]').forEach(function(n){var end=parseFloat(n.getAttribute('data-count')),dp=parseInt(n.getAttribute('data-dp')||'0',10),t0=null,fin=n.textContent;\r\n  function 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.ico{width:42px;height:42px;border-radius:12px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .fact-panel{border-radius:14px;padding:16px !important}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .block-panel{padding:28px 20px !important;border-radius:14px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn{width:100%;padding:13px 20px !important;white-space:normal;word-break:keep-all;overflow-wrap:anywhere;hyphens:none;text-align:center}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn.secondary{align-self:stretch}\r\n}\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-card,.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn{transition:none}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-card:hover,.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn:hover{transform:none}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"page-outer\">\r\n  <div class=\"page-card\">\r\n    <span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span>\r\n\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Work with DEISO<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Hire DEISO for your LCA work<\/h2>\r\n      <p class=\"intro-sub\">Need results like these for your own product? DEISO can run the study, review one you already have, or train your team to do it in-house.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"grp\">\r\n        <div class=\"grp-head\"><span class=\"gt\">Studies, review and advisory<\/span><span class=\"gn\">DEISO does the technical work<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"nav-grid\"><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M3 20h18\"\/><path d=\"M6 16l4-5 3 3 5-7\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"16\" r=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"11\" r=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"13\" cy=\"14\" r=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"7\" r=\"1.2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>LCA project execution<\/h3><\/div><p>Full LCA studies for products, systems and value chains, from scope and modelling to a report that holds up under review.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/deiso-enterprise-life-cycle-assessment-lca-services\"><span>See LCA studies &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 3l7 4v5c0 5-3.5 7.5-7 9-3.5-1.5-7-4-7-9V7l7-4z\"\/><path d=\"M9 12l2 2 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>LCA critical review, ISO 14040 and 14044<\/h3><\/div><p>An independent technical check of a finished LCA: whether the method is consistent, the assumptions are stated, and the study conforms to ISO 14040 and 14044.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/lca-critical-review\"><span>See critical review &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M6 6a6 6 0 0 0 12 0\"\/><path d=\"M20 6h-5a3 3 0 0 0-6 0H4\"\/><path d=\"M12 12v8\"\/><path d=\"M8 16l4 4 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>Senior LCA strategic advisory<\/h3><\/div><p>Senior input on scope decisions, method choices and study planning for ISO-aligned LCA and EPD work, including <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/pre-submission-readiness-advisory\">advisory support<\/a> before a study goes out.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/lca-strategic-advisory\"><span>See advisory &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><ellipse cx=\"12\" cy=\"5\" rx=\"7\" ry=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M5 5v7c0 1.7 3.1 3 7 3s7-1.3 7-3V5\"\/><path d=\"M5 12v7c0 1.7 3.1 3 7 3s7-1.3 7-3v-7\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>DEISO agri and industrial LCI database<\/h3><\/div><p>Curated inventory records and emission factors for agricultural and industrial processes, to cut modelling time and fill the gaps in a study.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/deiso-agri-industrial-lci-database\"><span>See the LCI database &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"grp\">\r\n        <div class=\"grp-head\"><span class=\"gt\">Training<\/span><span class=\"gn\">Your team learns to do it<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"nav-grid\"><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M4 19.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 6.5 17H20\"\/><path d=\"M6.5 3H20v18H6.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4 18.5v-13A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 6.5 3z\"\/><path d=\"M9 8h7\"\/><path d=\"M9 12h5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>LCA capacity building, ISO-aligned program<\/h3><\/div><p>Training for individuals and teams in LCA method, study design, interpretation and reporting, built around doing the work rather than watching slides.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/deiso-life-cycle-assessment-lca-professional-training-programs\"><span>See the LCA program &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><rect x=\"3\" y=\"4\" width=\"18\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M7 20h10\"\/><path d=\"M12 18v2\"\/><path d=\"M8 9h8\"\/><path d=\"M8 13h5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>GaBi (LCA for Experts) capacity building<\/h3><\/div><p>For professionals who need firmer control of GaBi: advanced modelling logic, database use and scenario set-up.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/gabi-lca-training-programs\"><span>See GaBi training &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"9\"\/><path d=\"M3 12h18\"\/><path d=\"M12 3a15 15 0 0 1 0 18\"\/><path d=\"M12 3a15 15 0 0 0 0 18\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>openLCA capacity building<\/h3><\/div><p>Practical openLCA training for professionals who want to model with confidence in one of the most widely used open-source LCA tools.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/openlca-training-programs\"><span>See openLCA training &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M7 17l-4-4 4-4\"\/><path d=\"M17 7l4 4-4 4\"\/><path d=\"M14 4l-4 16\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>SimaPro capacity building<\/h3><\/div><p>SimaPro training for corporate and professional users, focused on sound modelling and results a team can act on.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/simapro-lca-training-programs\"><span>See SimaPro training &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"grp\">\r\n        <div class=\"grp-head\"><span class=\"gt\">Coaching<\/span><span class=\"gn\">Expert help on your own model<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"nav-grid\"><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M14 10a4 4 0 1 1-8 0 4 4 0 0 1 8 0z\"\/><path d=\"M14 10h7\"\/><path d=\"M17 7l4 3-4 3\"\/><path d=\"M3 20c1.5-3 4.5-4.5 7-4.5s5.5 1.5 7 4.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>SimaPro advanced coaching<\/h3><\/div><p>For experienced SimaPro users stuck on something specific: refining a model, tracking down an error, or reading the results correctly.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/simapro-advanced-coaching\"><span>See SimaPro coaching &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M12 2v3\"\/><path d=\"M12 19v3\"\/><path d=\"M4.93 4.93l2.12 2.12\"\/><path d=\"M16.95 16.95l2.12 2.12\"\/><path d=\"M2 12h3\"\/><path d=\"M19 12h3\"\/><path d=\"M4.93 19.07l2.12-2.12\"\/><path d=\"M16.95 7.05l2.12-2.12\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>GaBi coaching for professionals<\/h3><\/div><p>Focused help for GaBi users who want leaner models, faster workflows and a surer hand with advanced project practice.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/gabi-professional-coaching\"><span>See GaBi coaching &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M21 15a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7l-4 4V5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h14a2 2 0 0 1 2 2z\"\/><path d=\"M8 9h8\"\/><path d=\"M8 13h5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>openLCA professional coaching<\/h3><\/div><p>One-to-one or team coaching for experienced openLCA users who need direction on a live project.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/openlca-professional-coaching\"><span>See openLCA coaching &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"fact-panel\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"9\"\/><path d=\"M12 7v5l3 2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Training and coaching run one-to-one or for a group and start as soon as the schedule and payment are confirmed, with no waiting for a cohort. Coaching is booked by the hour. Every DEISO trainer and coach is a PhD-level LCA expert.<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"block-panel\">\r\n        <h2>Tell us what you need<\/h2>\r\n        <p>Send a short brief: the product or study, the scope, and what the result is for. DEISO will come back with a quotation built around it.<\/p>\r\n        <a class=\"btn primary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/contact-form\"><span>Request a quotation &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Case study Life cycle assessment of sodium hydroxide production at plant, 1 kg Where the energy and raw materials for 1 kg of sodium hydroxide come from: salt, coal, natural gas and fuel oil, each with its own transport and fuel inputs. Functional unit1 kg sodium hydroxide, production mix, at plant Product system4 supply chains, 15 upstream inputs Prepared byDEISO LLC, Tokyo 1Stage 1 Diesel combusted in industrial boiler Bituminous coal combusted in industrial boiler Natural gas combusted in industrial boiler Electricity at the grid, US ProcessSodium chloride at plant Sodium chloride 2Stage 2 Bituminous coal (mining) Gasoline combusted in equipment Transport by combination truck (fuel mix) Transport by train [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":132,"featured_media":341169,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"_deiso_takeaway":"","_deiso_part":0,"_deiso_aiv_faq":[{"q":"What is the carbon footprint of producing 1 kg of sodium hydroxide?","a":"The case study reports a carbon footprint of 1.05 kg CO2e per kg of sodium hydroxide. The assessment covers production at the plant."},{"q":"What does the sodium hydroxide life cycle assessment include?","a":"The assessment covers cradle-to-gate production of 1 kg of sodium hydroxide, from resource extraction through the plant gate. It includes four supply chains for sodium chloride, bituminous coal, natural gas, and residual fuel oil."},{"q":"What is outside the scope of this sodium hydroxide LCA?","a":"Distribution to customers, use in customer plants, and end-of-life activities are outside the system boundary. End-of-life activities include neutralisation, discharge, and waste."},{"q":"How is sodium hydroxide produced?","a":"Sodium hydroxide is produced mainly through the chlor-alkali process, in which an electric current passes through salt brine. The process produces chlorine, hydrogen, and sodium hydroxide together."},{"q":"What is the carbon footprint of producing 1 kg of sodium hydroxide?","a":"The carbon footprint is 1.05 kg CO\u2082e per 1 kg of sodium hydroxide at the plant gate. It is calculated using CML over 100 years."},{"q":"What does the sodium hydroxide life cycle assessment include?","a":"The assessment covers cradle-to-gate production of 1 kg of sodium hydroxide, from resource extraction through the plant gate. It includes sodium chloride, bituminous coal, natural gas and residual fuel oil supply chains, along with their energy, processing and transport inputs."},{"q":"Which supply chain contributes most to the sodium hydroxide carbon footprint?","a":"The natural gas chain is the largest of the four supply-chain contributors, contributing 0.26 kg CO\u2082e, or 25% of the footprint. The sodium hydroxide plant itself contributes 0.57 kg CO\u2082e, or 55% of the total."},{"q":"How are chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide burdens allocated in this assessment?","a":"The electrolysis-cell burden is allocated between chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide by mass. Sodium hydroxide receives 51.6% of the burden, chlorine 46.9% and hydrogen 1.4%."},{"q":"What is the functional unit for this sodium hydroxide LCA?","a":"The functional unit is 1 kg of sodium hydroxide, production mix, at plant. 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