{"id":229434,"date":"2023-01-25T15:46:16","date_gmt":"2023-01-25T06:46:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dei.so\/?p=229434"},"modified":"2026-08-13T03:23:21","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T18:23:21","slug":"chemical-synthesis-from-carbon-dioxide-co2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/chemical-synthesis-from-carbon-dioxide-co2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5316\u5b66\u5408\u6210\uff08CO2\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"229434\" class=\"elementor elementor-229434\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62c3337 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-70d5f19 \" data-id=\"62c3337\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"62c3337\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc08020 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"dc08020\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"deiso-co2-chemical-synthesis-block\">\r\n  <style>\r\n    .deiso-co2-chemical-synthesis-block * { box-sizing: border-box; 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}\r\n      .deiso-co2-chemical-synthesis-block tbody td{ display:block; padding:6px 0 !important; border-bottom:none; font-size:15.5px; }\r\n      .deiso-co2-chemical-synthesis-block tbody td::before{ content:attr(data-label); display:block; font-size:11px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.08em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#006675 !important; margin-bottom:2px; }\r\n      .deiso-co2-chemical-synthesis-block tbody tr:hover td{ background:transparent !important; }\r\n    }\r\n  <\/style>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-outer\">\r\n    <div class=\"block-card\">\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n        <span class=\"block-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/blog-posts\">Blog posts<\/a><\/span>\r\n        <h2>Background<\/h2>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Carbon dioxide is a colourless gas present in the atmosphere at approximately 0.04 percent by volume, or around 420 parts per million. The molecule contains three atoms &mdash; one carbon bonded to two oxygens in a linear, symmetrical arrangement, which is why it has no net dipole moment despite the polarity of each individual bond.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <p>\r\n          It arises from three broad sources. Aerobic organisms produce it during respiration, and it is also generated by the microbial breakdown of organic matter. Combustion of fossil fuels &mdash; coal, oil, gasoline, and natural gas &mdash; produces the bulk of anthropogenic emissions. And it is released as a process emission in industrial operations such as cement and lime manufacture, where carbonates are decomposed thermally.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Rather than being vented, CO&#8322; can be used as a chemical feedstock. It is already consumed industrially at scale in urea production, and a range of catalytic routes convert it into fuels, solvents, polymers, and intermediates. This article sets out those routes with their reaction chemistry.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"amber-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"amber-label\">The thermodynamic starting point<\/span>\r\n          <p>\r\n            CO&#8322; is the fully oxidised, thermodynamically stable form of carbon. Converting it into anything more useful therefore requires an energy input &mdash; usually as hydrogen, electricity, or heat. This single fact governs every route below: the chemistry works, and the question is always where the energy comes from and at what cost.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n        <h2>Carbon dioxide utilisation methods<\/h2>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Several classes of technology convert carbon dioxide into valuable chemical compounds. Each differs in the energy input required, the products accessible, the reaction rate, and the maturity of the technology.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <h3>Thermocatalytic conversion<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Heat and pressure over a solid catalyst drive CO&#8322; and hydrogen to products such as methanol, methane, dimethyl ether, and longer-chain hydrocarbons. This is the most industrially established class, since it uses reactor designs, catalysts, and engineering practice already familiar from conventional syngas chemistry.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Routes to hydrocarbons typically proceed through carbon monoxide, produced by the reverse water-gas shift reaction, which is then converted by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"rxn-label\">Reverse water-gas shift<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"rxn\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub> &#8652; CO + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span>\r\n          <p class=\"rxn-cond\">Endothermic; favoured at high temperature, typically above 700&nbsp;&deg;C over Fe- or Ni-based catalysts.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"rxn-label\">Fischer-Tropsch synthesis<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"rxn\">(2n + 1) H<sub>2<\/sub> + n CO &rarr; C<sub>n<\/sub>H<sub>2n+2<\/sub> + n H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span>\r\n          <p class=\"rxn-cond\">Fe or Co catalysts, roughly 200&ndash;350&nbsp;&deg;C and 10&ndash;40&nbsp;bar; product chain length depends on catalyst and conditions.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <h3>Direct electrochemical reduction<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Applying a potential across an electrode in contact with CO&#8322; drives its reduction to products including carbon monoxide, formate, methanol, methane, ethylene, and ethanol. Which product forms depends principally on the catalyst material and the applied potential &mdash; silver and gold favour CO, tin and bismuth favour formate, and copper is the only metal that produces multi-carbon products in significant quantity.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"rxn-label\">Electrochemical half-reactions at the cathode<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"rxn\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 2H<sup>+<\/sup> + 2e<sup>&minus;<\/sup> &rarr; CO + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"rxn\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 2H<sup>+<\/sup> + 2e<sup>&minus;<\/sup> &rarr; HCOOH<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"rxn\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 6H<sup>+<\/sup> + 6e<sup>&minus;<\/sup> &rarr; CH<sub>3<\/sub>OH + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"rxn\">2CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 12H<sup>+<\/sup> + 12e<sup>&minus;<\/sup> &rarr; C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub> + 4H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span>\r\n          <p class=\"rxn-cond\">The corresponding anode reaction is normally water oxidation: 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O &rarr; O<sub>2<\/sub> + 4H<sup>+<\/sup> + 4e<sup>&minus;<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Powered by renewable electricity, this route avoids the emissions associated with fossil-derived hydrogen. Its current limitations are the ones that keep it from commercial scale: <strong>low current density and therefore low throughput per unit of electrode area<\/strong>, competition from the hydrogen evolution reaction which lowers faradaic efficiency, catalyst and membrane durability, and the cost of separating dilute products from the electrolyte.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <h3>Photocatalytic reduction<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          A semiconductor photocatalyst &mdash; commonly titanium dioxide, often doped with transition metals or coupled with other oxides to extend absorption into the visible range &mdash; absorbs light and generates electron-hole pairs. The electrons reduce CO&#8322; at the catalyst surface, while the holes oxidise water. Reported products include carbon monoxide, formate, methanol, and methane.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"rxn-label\">Photocatalytic reduction, overall<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"rxn\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O &nbsp;&rarr;<sup>&nbsp;h&nu;, catalyst<\/sup>&nbsp; CH<sub>3<\/sub>OH + &#8323;&#8260;&#8322;O<sub>2<\/sub><\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"rxn\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O &nbsp;&rarr;<sup>&nbsp;h&nu;, catalyst<\/sup>&nbsp; CH<sub>4<\/sub> + 2O<sub>2<\/sub><\/span>\r\n          <p class=\"rxn-cond\">Requires only a light source rather than external heating, which makes it attractive in principle. Quantum efficiencies and product yields remain low, and the technology is at laboratory and pilot scale.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <h3>Microbial and enzymatic conversion<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Certain microorganisms fix CO&#8322; directly into organic products. Acetogenic bacteria such as <em>Clostridium<\/em> species convert CO&#8322; and hydrogen, or syngas, into acetate and ethanol. Methanogenic archaea produce methane. Engineered strains and cyanobacteria have been developed to produce a range of target metabolites.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"rxn-label\">Acetogenesis and methanogenesis<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"rxn\">2CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 4H<sub>2<\/sub> &rarr; CH<sub>3<\/sub>COOH + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"rxn\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 4H<sub>2<\/sub> &rarr; CH<sub>4<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span>\r\n          <p class=\"rxn-cond\">Ambient temperature and pressure, which is the principal attraction. Constraints are low volumetric productivity, dilute product streams, and the cost of downstream separation.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Enzymatic routes use isolated enzymes rather than whole cells &mdash; carbonic anhydrase to accelerate CO&#8322; hydration, or formate dehydrogenase to reduce CO&#8322; to formate. These operate under mild conditions with high selectivity, but enzyme stability, cofactor regeneration, and cost remain the barriers to scale.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n        <h2>How the methods compare<\/h2>\r\n        <span class=\"table-caption\">Conversion routes at a glance<\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"table-wrap\">\r\n          <table>\r\n            <thead>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <th style=\"width:26%;\">Route<\/th>\r\n                <th style=\"width:20%;\">Energy input<\/th>\r\n                <th style=\"width:28%;\">Typical products<\/th>\r\n                <th style=\"width:26%;\">Main constraint<\/th>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n            <\/thead>\r\n            <tbody>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Route\">Thermocatalytic<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Energy input\">Heat, pressure, hydrogen<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Typical products\">Methanol, methane, DME, hydrocarbons<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Main constraint\">Requires large volumes of low-carbon hydrogen<\/td>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Route\">Electrochemical<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Energy input\">Electricity<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Typical products\">CO, formate, methanol, ethylene, ethanol<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Main constraint\">Low current density, selectivity, and catalyst durability<\/td>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Route\">Photocatalytic<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Energy input\">Light<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Typical products\">CO, formate, methanol, methane<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Main constraint\">Low quantum efficiency; early stage<\/td>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Route\">Microbial and enzymatic<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Energy input\">Hydrogen or organic substrate; ambient conditions<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Typical products\">Acetate, ethanol, methane, formate, biomass<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Main constraint\">Low productivity and dilute product streams<\/td>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Route\">Mineralisation<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Energy input\">Low &mdash; exothermic<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Typical products\">Carbonates for construction materials<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Main constraint\">Requires suitable mineral feedstock; low product value<\/td>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n            <\/tbody>\r\n          <\/table>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n        <h2>Examples of chemical synthesis from carbon dioxide<\/h2>\r\n\r\n        <ol class=\"num-list\">\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">1<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Methanol synthesis.<\/strong> CO&#8322; is hydrogenated over a copper-zinc oxide-alumina catalyst. Water is a co-product and must be removed to drive conversion.\r\n            <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n              <span class=\"rxn-label\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> hydrogenation to methanol<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 3H<sub>2<\/sub> &#8652; CH<sub>3<\/sub>OH + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span>\r\n              <p class=\"rxn-cond\">Cu\/ZnO\/Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> catalyst, approximately 200&ndash;300&nbsp;&deg;C and 50&ndash;100&nbsp;bar. Exothermic and equilibrium-limited, so unreacted gas is recycled.<\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">2<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Methanation (the Sabatier reaction).<\/strong> A distinct reaction producing methane rather than methanol, used in power-to-gas systems to make synthetic natural gas.\r\n            <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n              <span class=\"rxn-label\">Sabatier reaction<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 4H<sub>2<\/sub> &rarr; CH<sub>4<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span>\r\n              <p class=\"rxn-cond\">Ni or Ru catalyst, approximately 300&ndash;400&nbsp;&deg;C. Strongly exothermic; heat removal governs reactor design.<\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">3<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Formic acid production.<\/strong> Obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of CO&#8322;, usually in the presence of a base to shift the equilibrium, or electrochemically on tin, bismuth, or lead cathodes.\r\n            <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n              <span class=\"rxn-label\">Formic acid<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub> &#8652; HCOOH<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 2H<sup>+<\/sup> + 2e<sup>&minus;<\/sup> &rarr; HCOOH &nbsp;&nbsp;(electrochemical)<\/span>\r\n              <p class=\"rxn-cond\">Homogeneous Ru or Ir catalysts with an amine base; the free acid is recovered from the resulting formate salt.<\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">4<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Oxalate formation.<\/strong> Produced by electrochemical reductive coupling of two CO&#8322; molecules in aprotic solvent, forming the carbon-carbon bond directly.\r\n            <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n              <span class=\"rxn-label\">Reductive coupling to oxalate<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">2CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 2e<sup>&minus;<\/sup> &rarr; C<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2&minus;<\/sup><\/span>\r\n              <p class=\"rxn-cond\">Aprotic electrolyte; the oxalate is subsequently isolated as its alkali or alkaline earth salt.<\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">5<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Urea synthesis.<\/strong> The largest existing industrial use of CO&#8322; as a feedstock, consuming CO&#8322; from the ammonia plant itself. It proceeds through ammonium carbamate.\r\n            <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n              <span class=\"rxn-label\">Bosch-Meiser urea process<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">2NH<sub>3<\/sub> + CO<sub>2<\/sub> &rarr; NH<sub>2<\/sub>COONH<sub>4<\/sub><\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">NH<sub>2<\/sub>COONH<sub>4<\/sub> &rarr; (NH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>CO + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">Overall: &nbsp; 2NH<sub>3<\/sub> + CO<sub>2<\/sub> &rarr; (NH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>CO + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span>\r\n              <p class=\"rxn-cond\">Approximately 150&ndash;200&nbsp;&deg;C and 150&ndash;250&nbsp;bar. The first step is exothermic, the second endothermic.<\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">6<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Carbonic acid and carbonates.<\/strong> CO&#8322; dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates. This equilibrium underlies carbonated beverages, ocean acidification, and mineral carbonation.\r\n            <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n              <span class=\"rxn-label\">Aqueous carbonate equilibrium<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O &#8652; H<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub> &#8652; H<sup>+<\/sup> + HCO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>&minus;<\/sup> &#8652; 2H<sup>+<\/sup> + CO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2&minus;<\/sup><\/span>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">7<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Dimethyl ether (DME).<\/strong> Made by dehydrating methanol, or directly from CO&#8322; and hydrogen over a bifunctional catalyst combining methanol synthesis and dehydration functions.\r\n            <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n              <span class=\"rxn-label\">Methanol dehydration and the direct route<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">2CH<sub>3<\/sub>OH &rarr; CH<sub>3<\/sub>OCH<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">2CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 6H<sub>2<\/sub> &rarr; CH<sub>3<\/sub>OCH<sub>3<\/sub> + 3H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span>\r\n              <p class=\"rxn-cond\">Dehydration over &gamma;-alumina or a zeolite at approximately 250&ndash;400&nbsp;&deg;C; the direct route runs at similar conditions to methanol synthesis.<\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">8<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Cyclic and polymeric carbonates.<\/strong> CO&#8322; reacts with epoxides to give cyclic carbonates, or copolymerises with them to give polycarbonates. This is the principal route by which CO&#8322; is incorporated directly into a polymer backbone, and it is commercially operating.\r\n            <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n              <span class=\"rxn-label\">Epoxide routes<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> + C<sub>3<\/sub>H<sub>6<\/sub>O &rarr; C<sub>4<\/sub>H<sub>6<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;(propylene oxide &rarr; propylene carbonate)<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">n CO<sub>2<\/sub> + n C<sub>3<\/sub>H<sub>6<\/sub>O &rarr; [&ndash;OCH(CH<sub>3<\/sub>)CH<sub>2<\/sub>OC(O)&ndash;]<sub>n<\/sub><\/span>\r\n              <p class=\"rxn-cond\">Zinc, cobalt, or chromium complexes as catalyst; mild temperatures and moderate CO<sub>2<\/sub> pressure. Up to roughly 40&nbsp;percent of the polymer mass can be CO<sub>2<\/sub>-derived.<\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">9<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Dimethyl carbonate (DMC).<\/strong> Directly from methanol and CO&#8322;, giving a route that avoids phosgene entirely. Equilibrium is unfavourable, so the water produced must be removed continuously.\r\n            <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n              <span class=\"rxn-label\">Direct DMC synthesis<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">2CH<sub>3<\/sub>OH + CO<sub>2<\/sub> &#8652; (CH<sub>3<\/sub>O)<sub>2<\/sub>CO + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span>\r\n              <p class=\"rxn-cond\">Ceria or zirconia-based catalysts with a dehydrating agent. DMC is used as a solvent, a methylating and carbonylating agent, an electrolyte component in lithium-ion batteries, and a precursor to polycarbonate.<\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">10<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Salicylic acid (Kolbe-Schmitt reaction).<\/strong> A long-established industrial carboxylation using CO&#8322;, and the route to the precursor of aspirin.\r\n            <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n              <span class=\"rxn-label\">Kolbe-Schmitt carboxylation<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>ONa + CO<sub>2<\/sub> &rarr; C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub>(OH)COONa<\/span>\r\n              <p class=\"rxn-cond\">Sodium phenoxide under approximately 100&nbsp;bar CO<sub>2<\/sub> at 125&nbsp;&deg;C; acidification liberates salicylic acid.<\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">11<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Mineral carbonation.<\/strong> CO&#8322; reacts with alkaline earth oxides and silicates to form stable carbonates &mdash; the only utilisation route in which the carbon is permanently bound.\r\n            <div class=\"rxn-panel\">\r\n              <span class=\"rxn-label\">Carbonation reactions<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">CaO + CO<sub>2<\/sub> &rarr; CaCO<sub>3<\/sub><\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"rxn\">Mg<sub>2<\/sub>SiO<sub>4<\/sub> + 2CO<sub>2<\/sub> &rarr; 2MgCO<sub>3<\/sub> + SiO<sub>2<\/sub><\/span>\r\n              <p class=\"rxn-cond\">Exothermic and thermodynamically favourable; the challenge is reaction rate, addressed by grinding, elevated temperature and pressure, or aqueous routes.<\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ol>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"callout-panel\">\r\n          <p>\r\n            Across all of these routes, the deciding variable is the same: CO&#8322; is thermodynamically stable, so every conversion consumes energy or hydrogen. Whether a given synthesis reduces emissions depends on the carbon intensity of that input and on the fate of the product, not on the chemistry alone.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20f9a17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"20f9a17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"deiso-author-credential-block\">\r\n  <style>\r\n    .deiso-author-credential-block * { box-sizing: border-box; }\r\n    .deiso-author-credential-block { width:100%; padding:14px 0 30px 0; background:transparent; font-family:'Jost', system-ui, -apple-system, \"Segoe UI\", sans-serif; }\r\n    .deiso-author-credential-block .block-outer { max-width:1200px; margin:0 auto; padding:0 24px; }\r\n    .deiso-author-credential-block .block-panel { position:relative; 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gap:10px;}\r\n      .deiso-author-credential-block a.block-btn{width:100%; padding:13px 20px !important; white-space:normal;}\r\n    }\r\n  <\/style>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-outer\">\r\n    <div class=\"block-panel\">\r\n      <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">Peer-reviewed research<\/span>\r\n      <h3>The underlying research<\/h3>\r\n      <p class=\"paper-title\">\r\n        Direct dimethyl carbonate synthesis from CO&#8322; and methanol catalyzed by CeO&#8322; and assisted by 2-cyanopyridine: a cradle-to-gate greenhouse gas emission study\r\n      <\/p>\r\n      <p>\r\n        This peer-reviewed study, co-authored by <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/mahdi-ikhlayel\">Dr. Mahdi Ikhlayel<\/a>, DEISO&rsquo;s Sustainability Director, was published in <em>Green Chemistry<\/em> by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It examines the direct DMC route described above and assesses it on a cradle-to-gate greenhouse gas basis &mdash; the point at which CO&#8322; utilisation chemistry has to be judged on life cycle evidence rather than potential alone.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n      <p>\r\n        This is the technical foundation DEISO brings to CO&#8322; utilisation work: process chemistry evaluated against life cycle evidence, and assessments that hold up under external review.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n      <p class=\"ref-line\">\r\n        <em>Green Chemistry<\/em>, Royal Society of Chemistry, volume 23, issue 1, page 457.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"block-actions\">\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/gc\/article\/23\/1\/457\/688133\/Direct-dimethyl-carbonate-synthesis-from-CO2-and\" class=\"block-btn primary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><span>Read the paper &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/mahdi-ikhlayel\" class=\"block-btn secondary\"><span>About Dr. Mahdi Ikhlayel &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ff4f273 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-7ff4f273-eed1d12 \" data-id=\"7ff4f273\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"7ff4f273\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942856e elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"942856e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"deiso-go-cta-block\">\r\n  <style>\r\n    .deiso-go-cta-block * { box-sizing: border-box; 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display: none !important; }\r\n    @media (max-width: 992px) {\r\n      .deiso-go-cta-block .block-panel { padding: 30px 24px !important; }\r\n      .deiso-go-cta-block h2 { font-size: 24px; }\r\n      .deiso-go-cta-block p { font-size: 16.5px; }\r\n    }\r\n    @media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n      .deiso-go-cta-block { padding: 12px 0 20px 0; }\r\n      .deiso-go-cta-block .block-outer { padding: 0 18px; }\r\n      .deiso-go-cta-block .block-panel { padding: 26px 20px !important; border-radius: 14px; }\r\n      .deiso-go-cta-block .block-eyebrow { font-size: 11.5px; padding: 5px 11px !important; margin-bottom: 12px; }\r\n      .deiso-go-cta-block h2 { font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.2px; }\r\n      .deiso-go-cta-block p { font-size: 15.8px; }\r\n      .deiso-go-cta-block .block-actions { flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; }\r\n      .deiso-go-cta-block a.block-btn { width: 100%; padding: 13px 20px !important; white-space: normal; }\r\n    }\r\n  <\/style>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-outer\">\r\n    <div class=\"block-panel\">\r\n      <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">Next step<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Not sure which service fits your project?<\/h2>\r\n      <p>\r\n        Tell us your scope, timeline, and target outcome &mdash; DEISO will point you to the right service or scope the work directly.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"block-actions\">\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/contact-form\" class=\"block-btn primary\"><span>Request a quotation &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/start-here\" class=\"block-btn secondary\"><span>Start at go.dei.so &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Blog posts Background Carbon dioxide is a colourless gas present in the atmosphere at approximately 0.04 percent by volume, or around 420 parts per million. The molecule contains three atoms &mdash; one carbon bonded to two oxygens in a linear, symmetrical arrangement, which is why it has no net dipole moment despite the polarity of each individual bond. It arises from three broad sources. Aerobic organisms produce it during respiration, and it is also generated by the microbial breakdown of organic matter. Combustion of fossil fuels &mdash; coal, oil, gasoline, and natural gas &mdash; produces the bulk of anthropogenic emissions. And it is released as a process emission in industrial [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":132,"featured_media":229439,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_deiso_takeaway":"","_deiso_part":0,"_deiso_aiv_faq":[{"q":"How can carbon dioxide be used as a chemical feedstock?","a":"Carbon dioxide can be converted into fuels, solvents, polymers, and chemical intermediates through thermocatalytic, electrochemical, photocatalytic, microbial, enzymatic, and mineralisation routes. These processes require energy input, usually as hydrogen, electricity, or heat."},{"q":"What products can be made from carbon dioxide?","a":"Products include methanol, methane, dimethyl ether, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, formate, ethylene, ethanol, acetate, urea, cyclic and polymeric carbonates, dimethyl carbonate, salicylic acid, and mineral carbonates. The products depend on the conversion method, catalyst, and operating conditions."},{"q":"What is the most established method for converting carbon dioxide?","a":"Thermocatalytic conversion is described as the most industrially established class. It uses heat and pressure with hydrogen over solid catalysts to produce products such as methanol, methane, dimethyl ether, and longer-chain hydrocarbons."},{"q":"Can carbon dioxide be converted into methanol?","a":"Yes, carbon dioxide can be hydrogenated to methanol over a copper-zinc oxide-alumina catalyst. The reaction operates at approximately 200\u2013300 \u00b0C and 50\u2013100 bar, produces water as a co-product, and is equilibrium-limited."},{"q":"Which carbon dioxide utilisation route permanently binds the carbon?","a":"Mineral carbonation is the utilisation route in which the carbon is permanently bound. Carbon dioxide reacts with alkaline earth oxides and silicates to form stable carbonates such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate."}],"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[429],"tags":[684,747,566,98,748,37,11,12],"deiso_standard":[],"deiso_series":[],"deiso_issue":[],"deiso-finder":[],"content-type":[],"content-filter":[],"site-search-options":[974],"class_list":["post-229434","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-posts","tag-aspen-plus","tag-carbon-dioxide","tag-chemical-engineering","tag-chemical-process-simulation","tag-chemical-synthesis","tag-co2","tag-lca","tag-life-cycle-assessment","site-search-options-blog","grve-entry-item","grve-blog-item"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_Chemical_Synthesis_from_Carbon-Dioxide_co2.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/229434","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/132"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=229434"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/229434\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/229439"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=229434"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=229434"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=229434"},{"taxonomy":"deiso_standard","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso_standard?post=229434"},{"taxonomy":"deiso_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso_series?post=229434"},{"taxonomy":"deiso_issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso_issue?post=229434"},{"taxonomy":"deiso-finder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso-finder?post=229434"},{"taxonomy":"content-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-type?post=229434"},{"taxonomy":"content-filter","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-filter?post=229434"},{"taxonomy":"site-search-options","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/site-search-options?post=229434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}