{"id":229380,"date":"2023-01-24T19:01:18","date_gmt":"2023-01-24T10:01:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dei.so\/?p=229380"},"modified":"2026-10-03T15:11:24","modified_gmt":"2026-10-03T06:11:24","slug":"what-is-allocation-and-system-expansion-in-life-cycle-assessment-lca","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/what-is-allocation-and-system-expansion-in-life-cycle-assessment-lca\/","title":{"rendered":"Que sont l\u2019allocation et l\u2019expansion du syst\u00e8me en analyse du cycle de vie (LCA)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"229380\" class=\"elementor elementor-229380\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31a7c23 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"31a7c23\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1f9744 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"e1f9744\" 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.step-body p{font-size:15.5px;}.deiso-alloc-b1 .callout-panel{padding:18px 20px !important;border-radius:14px;}}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"block-outer\">\r\n<div class=\"block-card\">\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n    <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">Multifonctionnalit\u00e9<\/span>\r\n    <h2>Allocation et \u00e9largissement du syst\u00e8me en analyse du cycle de vie<\/h2>\r\n    <p>Most real production systems make more than one thing. A refinery yields a dozen fractions from one barrel. Chlor-alkali electrolysis yields sodium hydroxide, chlorine, and hydrogen simultaneously. A dairy yields milk and, eventually, meat. Recycling turns one system&rsquo;s waste into another&rsquo;s input.<\/p>\r\n    <p>Dans chaque cas, le praticien LCA est confront\u00e9 \u00e0 la m\u00eame question : le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 pr\u00e9sente un ensemble d\u2019intrants et d\u2019\u00e9missions, mais plusieurs produits utiles. Quelle part de cette charge revient \u00e0 chacun ? C\u2019est le probl\u00e8me de la <strong>multifonctionnalit\u00e9<\/strong>, auquel r\u00e9pondent deux grandes approches : l\u2019allocation et l\u2019\u00e9largissement du syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\r\n    <p>It matters because the choice is not marginal. On the same inventory data, switching from mass to economic allocation can move a co-product&rsquo;s carbon footprint by a factor of five or more. Two studies of the same product, both technically correct, can reach opposite conclusions purely on this decision. That is why ISO requires the choice to be justified, documented, and tested &mdash; not simply made.<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n    <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">ISO 14044<\/span>\r\n    <h2>La hi\u00e9rarchie d\u2019allocation n\u2019est pas facultative<\/h2>\r\n    <p>La clause 4.3.4.2 de ISO 14044 \u00e9tablit un ordre de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence strict. Les praticiens passent souvent directement \u00e0 la troisi\u00e8me \u00e9tape, car elle est plus simple ; un v\u00e9rificateur demandera pourquoi les premi\u00e8re et deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9tapes n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 envisag\u00e9es.<\/p>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"step-list\">\r\n      <div class=\"step-card\">\r\n        <span class=\"step-badge\">1<\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"step-body\">\r\n          <h3>\u00c9viter l\u2019allocation autant que possible<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Soit par <strong>subdivision<\/strong> \u2014 en d\u00e9composant le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 unitaire multifonctionnel en sous-proc\u00e9d\u00e9s et en collectant des donn\u00e9es distinctes pour chacun \u2014 soit par <strong>\u00e9largissement du syst\u00e8me<\/strong>, qui \u00e9tend les fronti\u00e8res du syst\u00e8me afin d\u2019inclure les fonctions suppl\u00e9mentaires. La subdivision est \u00e0 privil\u00e9gier lorsque les donn\u00e9es de l\u2019installation le permettent, car elle ne requiert aucune hypoth\u00e8se.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"step-card\">\r\n        <span class=\"step-badge\">2<\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"step-body\">\r\n          <h3>Allouer selon une relation physique sous-jacente<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Lorsque l\u2019allocation ne peut \u00eatre \u00e9vit\u00e9e, r\u00e9partissez les charges selon une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 physique qui refl\u00e8te r\u00e9ellement la mani\u00e8re dont les produits d\u00e9terminent le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 \u2014 masse, contenu \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, st\u0153chiom\u00e9trie, exergie. Le terme essentiel ici est <em>sous-jacente<\/em>: la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 doit entretenir une relation causale avec la charge, et non \u00eatre simplement mesurable.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"step-card\">\r\n        <span class=\"step-badge\">3<\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"step-body\">\r\n          <h3>Allouer selon une autre relation<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Lorsqu\u2019aucune relation physique ne peut \u00eatre \u00e9tablie, utilisez une autre relation \u2014 en pratique, presque toujours la valeur \u00e9conomique. Il s\u2019agit de la solution de repli, qui doit \u00eatre d\u00e9clar\u00e9e comme telle, en indiquant pourquoi l\u2019approche physique a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9cart\u00e9e.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"callout-panel\">\r\n      <p>ISO 14044 exige \u00e9galement que la somme des intrants et des extrants allou\u00e9s soit \u00e9gale aux intrants et extrants non allou\u00e9s du proc\u00e9d\u00e9 unitaire. Tout sch\u00e9ma d\u2019allocation qui fait dispara\u00eetre ou cr\u00e9e de la masse et de l\u2019\u00e9nergie est erron\u00e9, quelle que soit la pertinence apparente du facteur.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n    <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">Cadre de mod\u00e9lisation<\/span>\r\n    <h2>Attributionnelle ou cons\u00e9quentielle \u2014 d\u00e9cidez avant d\u2019allouer<\/h2>\r\n    <p>La question de l\u2019allocation d\u00e9coule d\u2019une interrogation plus fondamentale : quel est l\u2019objectif de l\u2019\u00e9tude ?<\/p>\r\n    <ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n      <li><strong>La mod\u00e9lisation attributionnelle<\/strong> asks what share of global burdens belongs to this product as the system currently operates. It partitions existing flows, which means it allocates. This is the frame for EPDs, product carbon footprints under ISO 14067, and corporate reporting.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>La mod\u00e9lisation cons\u00e9quentielle<\/strong> d\u00e9termine ce qui change lorsque la demande pour ce produit \u00e9volue. Elle suit les effets marginaux, ce qui implique d\u2019\u00e9largir le syst\u00e8me et de cr\u00e9diter la production \u00e9vit\u00e9e. C\u2019est le cadre adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019analyse des politiques publiques et aux d\u00e9cisions d\u2019investissement majeures.<\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n    <p>M\u00e9langer les deux au sein d\u2019une m\u00eame \u00e9tude est une erreur courante et grave. Des cr\u00e9dits de substitution int\u00e9gr\u00e9s \u00e0 un mod\u00e8le par ailleurs attributionnel produisent des r\u00e9sultats qui ne peuvent pas \u00eatre additionn\u00e9s \u00e0 d\u2019autres r\u00e9sultats attributionnels \u2014 ce qui annule l\u2019objectif d\u2019une d\u00e9claration comparable.<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de7043c elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"de7043c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"deiso-alloc-b2\">\r\n<style>\r\n.deiso-alloc-b2,.deiso-alloc-b2 *,.deiso-alloc-b2 *::before,.deiso-alloc-b2 *::after{box-sizing:border-box;}\r\n.deiso-alloc-b2{width:100%;padding:30px 0 !important;background:transparent !important;font-family:'Jost', system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, sans-serif 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Chaque intrant du proc\u00e9d\u00e9 unitaire \u2014 \u00e9nergie, mati\u00e8res auxiliaires, eau, \u00e9missions \u2014 est r\u00e9parti entre les coproduits proportionnellement \u00e0 leur masse produite.<\/p>\r\n    <p>Consid\u00e9rez un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 unitaire produisant 700\u00a0kg de coproduit A et 300\u00a0kg de coproduit B par unit\u00e9 fonctionnelle.<\/p>\r\n\r\n    <figure class=\"fig\">\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/edge.dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/allocation-deiso-1.png\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/edge.dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/allocation-deiso-1.png\" alt=\"Diagramme pr\u00e9sentant les intrants et les coproduits d\u2019un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 unitaire pour une allocation massique\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\r\n      <\/a>\r\n      <figcaption>Figure 1 \u2014 Proc\u00e9d\u00e9 unitaire avec deux coproduits, illustrant l\u2019allocation fond\u00e9e sur la masse.<\/figcaption>\r\n    <\/figure>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"calc-panel\">\r\n      <p>Facteur d\u2019allocation pour A = 700 \u00f7 (700 + 300) = <strong>0.70<\/strong><\/p>\r\n      <p>Facteur d\u2019allocation pour B = 300 \u00f7 (700 + 300) = <strong>0.30<\/strong><\/p>\r\n      <p>70% de chaque flux d\u2019intrant, d\u2019\u00e9mission et de d\u00e9chet est attribu\u00e9 \u00e0 A ; 30% \u00e0 B. La somme des facteurs est \u00e9gale \u00e0 1,00, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019exigence de bilan massique de ISO 14044.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n    <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">Choisir la propri\u00e9t\u00e9<\/span>\r\n    <h2>Quand la masse n\u2019est pas la bonne base physique<\/h2>\r\n    <p>La masse est pratique, mais pas automatiquement causale. ISO exige une <em>sous-jacente<\/em> relation physique, ce qui signifie que la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 de r\u00e9partition doit refl\u00e9ter la raison pour laquelle le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 consomme ce qu\u2019il consomme. La masse ne r\u00e9pond pas \u00e0 ce crit\u00e8re dans plusieurs situations bien identifi\u00e9es\u00a0:<\/p>\r\n    <ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n      <li><strong>Produits \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques.<\/strong> Les flux issus du raffinage diff\u00e8rent consid\u00e9rablement par leur contenu \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique par kilogramme. L\u2019allocation selon le contenu \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique refl\u00e8te bien mieux que la masse leur fonction \u2014 fournir de l\u2019\u00e9nergie.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Co-produits tr\u00e8s l\u00e9gers \u00e0 forte valeur.<\/strong> L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne ne p\u00e8se presque rien, mais remplit une fonction importante et a une valeur substantielle. Une allocation massique lui attribue une charge quasi nulle, ce qui ne refl\u00e8te pas de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9fendable le proc\u00e9d\u00e9.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Proc\u00e9d\u00e9s r\u00e9gis par la chimie.<\/strong> Lorsque les ratios de production sont fix\u00e9s par la st\u0153chiom\u00e9trie plut\u00f4t que par des choix op\u00e9rationnels, c\u2019est l\u2019\u00e9quation de r\u00e9action, et non l\u2019\u00e9chelle, qui d\u00e9finit la relation.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Services et sorties non mat\u00e9rielles.<\/strong> Le traitement des d\u00e9chets, le stockage et le transport n\u2019ont pas de masse de sortie pertinente sur laquelle fonder une r\u00e9partition.<\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n    <h3>Autres bases physiques<\/h3>\r\n    <ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n      <li><strong>Contenu \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique<\/strong> \u2014 pouvoir calorifique inf\u00e9rieur ou sup\u00e9rieur, pratique courante dans les secteurs des carburants et du raffinage LCA<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Exergie<\/strong> \u2014 rend compte de la qualit\u00e9 thermodynamique plut\u00f4t que de la quantit\u00e9\u00a0; m\u00e9thode solide, mais rarement utilis\u00e9e car jug\u00e9e opaque par les r\u00e9viseurs et les lecteurs<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>St\u0153chiom\u00e9trie<\/strong> \u2014 lorsqu\u2019une r\u00e9action fixe d\u00e9termine le ratio de production<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Teneur \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire<\/strong> \u2014 teneur en carbone ou en azote, courante dans les syst\u00e8mes agricoles et alimentaires<\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4beacd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"4beacd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"deiso-alloc-b3\">\r\n<style>\r\n.deiso-alloc-b3,.deiso-alloc-b3 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!important;font-size:15.5px;}\r\n  .deiso-alloc-b3 tbody td:last-child{border-bottom:none !important;padding-bottom:0 !important;}\r\n  .deiso-alloc-b3 tbody td::before{content:attr(data-label);display:block;color:#006675 !important;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0.08em;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:4px;line-height:1.3;}\r\n  .deiso-alloc-b3 td.col-key{font-size:17px;padding-top:0 !important;}\r\n  .deiso-alloc-b3 td.col-key::before{display:none;}\r\n  .deiso-alloc-b3 .amber-panel,.deiso-alloc-b3 .callout-panel{padding:18px 20px !important;border-radius:14px;}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"block-outer\">\r\n<div class=\"block-card\">\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n    <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">Cas pratique<\/span>\r\n    <h2>\u00c9lectrolyse chlore-soude\u00a0: quand le choix change tout<\/h2>\r\n    <p>Le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 chlore-soude est un cas d\u2019\u00e9cole, car son ratio de production est fix\u00e9 par la chimie et non par les pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences op\u00e9rationnelles. L\u2019\u00e9lectrolyse de saumure de chlorure de sodium g\u00e9n\u00e8re trois co-produits selon un ratio d\u00e9termin\u00e9 par la st\u0153chiom\u00e9trie. Une usine ne peut pas produire davantage de soude caustique sans produire proportionnellement davantage de chlore.<\/p>\r\n\r\n    <figure class=\"fig\">\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/edge.dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/allocation-deiso-2.png\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/edge.dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/allocation-deiso-2.png\" alt=\"\u00c9lectrolyse du chlorure de sodium produisant de l\u2019hydroxyde de sodium, du chlore et de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\r\n      <\/a>\r\n      <figcaption>Figure 2 \u2014 \u00c9lectrolyse chlore-soude\u00a0: hydroxyde de sodium, chlore et hydrog\u00e8ne comme co-produits \u00e0 ratio fixe.<\/figcaption>\r\n    <\/figure>\r\n\r\n    <p style=\"margin-top:22px;\">En masse, les produits sont l\u2019hydroxyde de sodium (NaOH) \u00e0 52,3%, le chlore (Cl\u2082) \u00e0 46,4% et l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne (H\u2082) \u00e0 1,3%. L\u2019hydroxyde de sodium est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le produit principal sur le plan commercial, mais les trois disposent de march\u00e9s\u00a0: aucun ne peut donc \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un d\u00e9chet.<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n    <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">Comparison<\/span>\r\n    <h2>Allocation massique et \u00e9conomique, \u00e0 donn\u00e9es identiques<\/h2>\r\n    <p>Prenons une base de 1 000\u00a0kg de produits au total\u00a0: 523\u00a0kg de NaOH, 464\u00a0kg de Cl\u2082 et 13\u00a0kg de H\u2082. Appliquons ensuite des prix de march\u00e9 illustratifs de USD 400\/t pour le NaOH, USD 250\/t pour le Cl\u2082 et USD 2 000\/t pour le H\u2082.<\/p>\r\n    <div class=\"table-wrap\">\r\n      <table>\r\n        <thead>\r\n          <tr>\r\n            <th scope=\"col\">Co-produit<\/th>\r\n            <th scope=\"col\">Masse (kg)<\/th>\r\n            <th scope=\"col\">Allocation massique<\/th>\r\n            <th scope=\"col\">Chiffre d\u2019affaires (USD)<\/th>\r\n            <th scope=\"col\">Allocation \u00e9conomique<\/th>\r\n          <\/tr>\r\n        <\/thead>\r\n        <tbody>\r\n          <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Co-product\">Hydroxyde de sodium (NaOH)<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Mass (kg)\">523<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Mass allocation\">52.3%<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Revenue (USD)\">209.20<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Economic allocation\">59.6%<\/td>\r\n          <\/tr>\r\n          <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Co-product\">Chlore (Cl\u2082)<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Mass (kg)\">464<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Mass allocation\">46.4%<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Revenue (USD)\">116.00<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Economic allocation\">33.0%<\/td>\r\n          <\/tr>\r\n          <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Co-product\">Hydrog\u00e8ne (H\u2082)<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Mass (kg)\">13<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Mass allocation\">1.3%<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Revenue (USD)\">26.00<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Economic allocation\">7.4%<\/td>\r\n          <\/tr>\r\n          <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Co-product\">Total<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Mass (kg)\">1,000<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Mass allocation\">100.0%<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Revenue (USD)\">351.20<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Economic allocation\">100.0%<\/td>\r\n          <\/tr>\r\n        <\/tbody>\r\n      <\/table>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"callout-panel\">\r\n      <p>La charge attribu\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne passe de 1,3% \u00e0 7,4% \u2014 soit un facteur de 5,7 \u2014 du seul fait du choix de la base d\u2019allocation. Celle du chlore diminue d\u2019environ un tiers. Les donn\u00e9es d\u2019inventaire n\u2019ont pas chang\u00e9 du tout.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"amber-panel\">\r\n      <span class=\"amber-label\">Note sur les chiffres<\/span>\r\n      <p>Les prix ci-dessus sont illustratifs et ont \u00e9t\u00e9 choisis pour rendre le m\u00e9canisme visible. L\u2019\u00e9conomie r\u00e9elle du secteur chlore-soude est volatile et sp\u00e9cifique \u00e0 chaque r\u00e9gion\u00a0; les prix du chlore et de la soude caustique \u00e9voluent souvent en sens inverse selon le cycle de march\u00e9. Toute allocation \u00e9conomique utilis\u00e9e dans une \u00e9tude doit s\u2019appuyer sur des prix document\u00e9s pour la p\u00e9riode de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence effective, laquelle doit \u00eatre pr\u00e9cis\u00e9e.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n    <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">Allocation \u00e9conomique<\/span>\r\n    <h2>Utiliser la valeur \u00e9conomique de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9fendable<\/h2>\r\n    <p>L\u2019allocation \u00e9conomique est la solution de repli ISO, et elle est l\u00e9gitime \u2014 mais elle introduit la volatilit\u00e9 des march\u00e9s dans un r\u00e9sultat physique, raison pour laquelle les r\u00e9viseurs l\u2019examinent attentivement. Quatre r\u00e8gles permettent de la rendre robuste\u00a0:<\/p>\r\n    <p><strong>Utilisez le prix au point de s\u00e9paration<\/strong>, et non au stade de la vente finale. La valeur ajout\u00e9e par la transformation en aval rel\u00e8ve de cette transformation, et non de la charge partag\u00e9e en amont.<\/p>\r\n    <p><strong>\u00c9tablissez une moyenne sur une p\u00e9riode d\u00e9fendable.<\/strong> Un prix spot unique \u00e0 une date donn\u00e9e n\u2019est pas repr\u00e9sentatif. Une moyenne sur douze mois couvrant l\u2019ann\u00e9e de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de l\u2019inventaire est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement attendue.<\/p>\r\n    <p><strong>Documentez la source.<\/strong> Indices publi\u00e9s, transactions effectivement factur\u00e9es ou registres d\u2019usine \u2014 et pr\u00e9cisez lesquels. Les prix sans source attribu\u00e9e constituent un constat de v\u00e9rification fr\u00e9quent.<\/p>\r\n    <p><strong>Testez le r\u00e9sultat.<\/strong> Recalculez aux niveaux haut et bas de la fourchette de prix sur la p\u00e9riode de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence et indiquez l\u2019effet sur les conclusions.<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d1119e elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"6d1119e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"deiso-alloc-b4\">\r\n<style>\r\n.deiso-alloc-b4,.deiso-alloc-b4 *,.deiso-alloc-b4 *::before,.deiso-alloc-b4 *::after{box-sizing:border-box;}\r\n.deiso-alloc-b4{width:100%;padding:30px 0 !important;background:transparent !important;font-family:'Jost', system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, sans-serif 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thead{display:none;}\r\n  .deiso-alloc-b4 tbody{display:block;}\r\n  .deiso-alloc-b4 tbody tr{display:block;background:#f7fafc !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.08) !important;border-radius:14px;padding:16px 16px !important;margin-bottom:12px;}\r\n  .deiso-alloc-b4 tbody tr:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}\r\n  .deiso-alloc-b4 tbody tr:hover td{background:transparent !important;}\r\n  .deiso-alloc-b4 tbody td{display:block;padding:9px 0 !important;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.07) !important;font-size:15.5px;}\r\n  .deiso-alloc-b4 tbody td:last-child{border-bottom:none !important;padding-bottom:0 !important;}\r\n  .deiso-alloc-b4 tbody td::before{content:attr(data-label);display:block;color:#006675 !important;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0.08em;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:4px;line-height:1.3;}\r\n  .deiso-alloc-b4 td.col-key{font-size:17px;padding-top:0 !important;}\r\n  .deiso-alloc-b4 td.col-key::before{display:none;}\r\n  .deiso-alloc-b4 .callout-panel{padding:18px 20px !important;border-radius:14px;}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"block-outer\">\r\n<div class=\"block-card\">\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n    <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">Extension du syst\u00e8me<\/span>\r\n    <h2>\u00c9largissement du syst\u00e8me et substitution<\/h2>\r\n    <p>L\u2019\u00e9largissement du syst\u00e8me se situe au sommet de la hi\u00e9rarchie ISO, aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la subdivision, car il contourne le probl\u00e8me de r\u00e9partition au lieu de le r\u00e9soudre. Au lieu de r\u00e9partir les charges, le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre est \u00e9largi afin que les syst\u00e8mes compar\u00e9s assurent le m\u00eame ensemble de fonctions.<\/p>\r\n    <p>Deux formes m\u00e9ritent d\u2019\u00eatre distingu\u00e9es, m\u00eame si les termes sont souvent employ\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re impr\u00e9cise en pratique\u00a0:<\/p>\r\n    <ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n      <li><strong>V\u00e9ritable \u00e9largissement du syst\u00e8me<\/strong> \u2014 le syst\u00e8me alternatif est \u00e9largi pour inclure la fonction suppl\u00e9mentaire, de sorte que les deux syst\u00e8mes fournissent le m\u00eame ensemble de produits et restent directement comparables. Aucune charge n\u2019est soustraite.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Substitution, ou approche des charges \u00e9vit\u00e9es<\/strong> \u2014 la charge de la production que le coproduit remplace ailleurs est soustraite sous forme de cr\u00e9dit. C\u2019est ce que la plupart des praticiens entendent par \u00e9largissement du syst\u00e8me.<\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n    <p>ISO 14044 et ISO 14067 placent toutes deux cette approche avant l\u2019allocation. En pratique, elle pr\u00e9sente sa propre difficult\u00e9\u00a0: le cr\u00e9dit d\u00e9pend enti\u00e8rement de ce que vous supposez \u00eatre remplac\u00e9, et dans quelle proportion.<\/p>\r\n    <div class=\"callout-panel\">\r\n      <p>La substitution d\u00e9place l\u2019incertitude au lieu de l\u2019\u00e9liminer. Le facteur d\u2019allocation est remplac\u00e9 par une hypoth\u00e8se sur le produit marginal remplac\u00e9 \u2014 g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement plus difficile \u00e0 justifier, et non plus facile.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <h3>Les trois hypoth\u00e8ses requises par la substitution<\/h3>\r\n    <ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n      <li><strong>Ce qui est remplac\u00e9.<\/strong> L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9 peut remplacer de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne produit par vaporeformage du m\u00e9thane, ou de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 du r\u00e9seau s\u2019il est br\u00fbl\u00e9 pour produire de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. Les deux cr\u00e9dits diff\u00e8rent d\u2019un ordre de grandeur.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Selon quel taux de substitution.<\/strong> Les mati\u00e8res recycl\u00e9es remplacent rarement les mati\u00e8res vierges \u00e0 parts \u00e9gales\u00a0; la perte de qualit\u00e9 implique un ratio inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 1,0 qui doit \u00eatre \u00e9tay\u00e9.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Par rapport \u00e0 quelle technologie marginale.<\/strong> La production remplac\u00e9e est celle du fournisseur marginal, et non la moyenne \u2014 identifier ce fournisseur marginal constitue en soi un exercice de mod\u00e9lisation.<\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n    <p>Des cr\u00e9dits suffisamment importants pour rendre n\u00e9gatif le r\u00e9sultat net d\u2019un produit indiquent qu\u2019il faut r\u00e9examiner ces trois hypoth\u00e8ses avant publication.<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n    <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">Recyclage<\/span>\r\n    <h2>Allocation li\u00e9e au recyclage\u00a0: les quatre approches op\u00e9rationnelles<\/h2>\r\n    <p>Le recyclage pose un probl\u00e8me de multifonctionnalit\u00e9 entre deux cycles de vie, plut\u00f4t qu\u2019au sein d\u2019un m\u00eame proc\u00e9d\u00e9. Les charges de production primaire et de r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration doivent \u00eatre partag\u00e9es entre le syst\u00e8me qui a utilis\u00e9 le mat\u00e9riau en premier et celui qui l\u2019utilise ensuite.<\/p>\r\n    <div class=\"table-wrap\">\r\n      <table>\r\n        <thead>\r\n          <tr>\r\n            <th scope=\"col\" class=\"h-a\">Approche<\/th>\r\n            <th scope=\"col\" class=\"h-b\">Comment \u00e7a marche<\/th>\r\n            <th scope=\"col\" class=\"h-c\">Domaines d\u2019utilisation<\/th>\r\n          <\/tr>\r\n        <\/thead>\r\n        <tbody>\r\n          <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Approach\">Cut-off (100:0)<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"How it works\">Chaque syst\u00e8me ne porte que ses propres charges. La mati\u00e8re recycl\u00e9e entrante est sans charge au point de collecte\u00a0; la mati\u00e8re recycl\u00e9e sortante ne donne droit \u00e0 aucun cr\u00e9dit. Cette approche est simple, prudente et additive entre syst\u00e8mes.<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Where it is used\">Approche par d\u00e9faut du mod\u00e8le cut-off d\u2019ecoinvent\u00a0; largement utilis\u00e9e dans les \u00e9tudes attributionnelles et les EPD.<\/td>\r\n          <\/tr>\r\n          <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Approach\">Charges \u00e9vit\u00e9es (0:100)<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"How it works\">Le premier syst\u00e8me re\u00e7oit un cr\u00e9dit pour la production primaire que sa mati\u00e8re recycl\u00e9e remplace. Cette approche valorise la recyclabilit\u00e9, mais le cr\u00e9dit repose sur des hypoth\u00e8ses de substitution et les r\u00e9sultats ne sont pas additifs.<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Where it is used\">\u00c9tudes cons\u00e9quentielles\u00a0; arguments relatifs au recyclage en fin de vie.<\/td>\r\n          <\/tr>\r\n          <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Approach\">R\u00e9partition 50:50<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"How it works\">Les charges et les cr\u00e9dits sont r\u00e9partis \u00e0 parts \u00e9gales entre le syst\u00e8me fournisseur et le syst\u00e8me receveur. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019un compromis pragmatique sans fondement th\u00e9orique solide, qui \u00e9vite n\u00e9anmoins les extr\u00eames des deux approches ci-dessus.<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Where it is used\">Certaines PCR sectorielles et documents d\u2019orientation nationaux.<\/td>\r\n          <\/tr>\r\n          <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Approach\">Formule d\u2019empreinte circulaire<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"How it works\">Formule param\u00e9tr\u00e9e combinant le contenu recycl\u00e9 et le recyclage en fin de vie via un facteur d\u2019allocation A, avec des ratios de qualit\u00e9 explicites et un param\u00e8tre d\u2019approvisionnement du march\u00e9. Transparente quant \u00e0 ses hypoth\u00e8ses, elle est exigeante en donn\u00e9es.<\/td>\r\n            <td data-label=\"Where it is used\">Obligatoire dans la m\u00e9thode EU Product Environmental Footprint\u00a0; mentionn\u00e9e dans les discussions sur le module D de EN 15804+A2.<\/td>\r\n          <\/tr>\r\n        <\/tbody>\r\n      <\/table>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <p style=\"margin-top:18px;\">Selon EN 15804+A2, les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices et charges au-del\u00e0 des fronti\u00e8res du syst\u00e8me sont d\u00e9clar\u00e9s dans <strong>le module D<\/strong>, s\u00e9par\u00e9ment du total du berceau \u00e0 la tombe, et ne lui sont jamais ajout\u00e9s. Cette s\u00e9paration permet \u00e0 la norme de rendre visibles les cr\u00e9dits de substitution plut\u00f4t que de les enfouir dans un indicateur global.<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51a2cd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"51a2cd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"deiso-alloc-b5\">\r\n<style>\r\n.deiso-alloc-b5,.deiso-alloc-b5 *,.deiso-alloc-b5 *::before,.deiso-alloc-b5 *::after{box-sizing:border-box;}\r\n.deiso-alloc-b5{width:100%;padding:30px 0 !important;background:transparent !important;font-family:'Jost', system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, sans-serif !important;}\r\n.deiso-alloc-b5 .block-outer{max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px !important;}\r\n.deiso-alloc-b5 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.step-badge{width:36px;height:36px;border-radius:11px;font-size:15px;}.deiso-alloc-b5 .step-body p{font-size:15.5px;}.deiso-alloc-b5 .callout-panel{padding:18px 20px !important;border-radius:14px;}.deiso-alloc-b5 .block-actions{flex-direction:column;gap:10px;}.deiso-alloc-b5 a.block-btn{width:100%;padding:13px 20px !important;white-space:normal;}}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"block-outer\">\r\n<div class=\"block-card\">\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n    <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">Analyse de sensibilit\u00e9<\/span>\r\n    <h2>Tester ce choix est une exigence, pas une bonne pratique facultative<\/h2>\r\n    <p>ISO 14044 exige une analyse de sensibilit\u00e9 des proc\u00e9dures d\u2019allocation. Comme ce choix peut multiplier les r\u00e9sultats, une \u00e9tude qui pr\u00e9sente une seule base d\u2019allocation sans montrer l\u2019effet des alternatives ne d\u00e9montre pas la robustesse de ses conclusions.<\/p>\r\n    <div class=\"step-list\">\r\n      <div class=\"step-card\">\r\n        <span class=\"step-badge\">1<\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"step-body\">\r\n          <h3>Recalculez selon chaque base plausible<\/h3>\r\n          <p>R\u00e9alisez l\u2019\u00e9valuation compl\u00e8te des impacts selon une allocation massique, \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique et \u00e9conomique, ainsi que par substitution lorsqu\u2019elle s\u2019applique. Pr\u00e9sentez la plage de r\u00e9sultats, et pas uniquement la valeur retenue.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"step-card\">\r\n        <span class=\"step-badge\">2<\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"step-body\">\r\n          <h3>Indiquez si la conclusion reste valable<\/h3>\r\n          <p>La question \u00e0 laquelle un d\u00e9cideur doit obtenir une r\u00e9ponse est de savoir si le classement change, et non si le chiffre change. Si le produit A surpasse le produit B selon toutes les m\u00e9thodes, la conclusion est robuste au choix d\u2019allocation et peut \u00eatre formul\u00e9e comme telle. Si le classement s\u2019inverse, cela doit \u00eatre clairement indiqu\u00e9.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"step-card\">\r\n        <span class=\"step-badge\">3<\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"step-body\">\r\n          <h3>Documentez la justification, pas seulement la m\u00e9thode<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Consignez les raisons du choix de la m\u00e9thode, celles pour lesquelles les niveaux sup\u00e9rieurs de la hi\u00e9rarchie ISO n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9s, les donn\u00e9es \u00e9tayant les facteurs et la p\u00e9riode de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence concern\u00e9e. C\u2019est ce qu\u2019un r\u00e9viseur critique au titre de la norme ISO 14071 examinera en premier.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n    <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">Constats fr\u00e9quents<\/span>\r\n    <h2>Erreurs courantes d\u2019allocation en pratique<\/h2>\r\n    <ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n      <li><strong>Passer directement \u00e0 l\u2019allocation \u00e9conomique<\/strong> sans documenter pourquoi la subdivision et les relations physiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9cart\u00e9es. C\u2019est l\u2019observation la plus fr\u00e9quente lors de la revue des syst\u00e8mes multifonctionnels.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Facteurs d\u2019allocation dont la somme n\u2019est pas \u00e9gale \u00e0 un<\/strong>, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement apr\u00e8s l\u2019ajout ou le retrait d\u2019un coproduit en cours d\u2019\u00e9tude sans recalcul.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Reprise implicite des hypoth\u00e8ses de la base de donn\u00e9es d\u2019arri\u00e8re-plan.<\/strong> Les jeux de donn\u00e9es d\u2019arri\u00e8re-plan int\u00e8grent leurs propres hypoth\u00e8ses d\u2019allocation. Utiliser une base de donn\u00e9es \u00ab cut-off \u00bb tout en appliquant la substitution au premier plan produit un mod\u00e8le incoh\u00e9rent en interne.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Consid\u00e9rer un coproduit comme un d\u00e9chet<\/strong> pour \u00e9viter de lui attribuer des impacts. S\u2019il a un march\u00e9 et un prix positif, il s\u2019agit d\u2019un coproduit, quel que soit le nom que lui donne l\u2019usine.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Cr\u00e9dits de substitution sans produit substitu\u00e9 identifi\u00e9<\/strong>, sans ratio de substitution ni technologie marginale \u2014 un cr\u00e9dit impossible \u00e0 v\u00e9rifier.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Prix relev\u00e9s lors de la vente finale<\/strong> plut\u00f4t qu\u2019au point de s\u00e9paration, ce qui gonfle la part attribu\u00e9e au coproduit le plus transform\u00e9.<\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n    <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">R\u00e9capitulatif<\/span>\r\n    <h2>\u00c0 retenir<\/h2>\r\n    <p>L\u2019allocation r\u00e9partit les impacts d\u2019un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 partag\u00e9 entre ses diff\u00e9rents produits. L\u2019expansion du syst\u00e8me \u00e9vite cette r\u00e9partition en \u00e9largissant le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement en cr\u00e9ditant la production \u00e9vit\u00e9e. ISO 14044 privil\u00e9gie l\u2019\u00e9vitement, puis les relations physiques, puis la valeur \u00e9conomique \u2014 dans cet ordre, en documentant le raisonnement \u00e0 chaque \u00e9tape.<\/p>\r\n    <p>Aucune des deux approches ne constitue une solution optimale, ce qui explique pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment la marge de man\u0153uvre laiss\u00e9e par les normes. Cette flexibilit\u00e9 n\u2019est pas une libert\u00e9 sans contrainte : elle impose de choisir de mani\u00e8re r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie, de documenter le choix, de le tester et de pr\u00e9senter la plage de r\u00e9sultats.<\/p>\r\n    <div class=\"callout-panel\">\r\n      <p>La d\u00e9cision d\u2019allocation est le point sur lequel deux \u00e9tudes techniquement correctes divergent le plus souvent. Traitez-la comme une d\u00e9cision \u00e0 justifier, et non comme un param\u00e8tre du logiciel.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"block-actions\">\r\n      <a class=\"block-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/lca-critical-review\/\">Revue critique LCA \u2192<\/a>\r\n      <a class=\"block-btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/lca-strategic-advisory\/\">Conseil strat\u00e9gique LCA \u2192<\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25f3b3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"25f3b3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"deiso-lca-hub-block\">\r\n<style>\r\n.deiso-lca-hub-block,.deiso-lca-hub-block *,.deiso-lca-hub-block *::before,.deiso-lca-hub-block 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!important;border-radius:18px;}\r\n  .deiso-lca-hub-block .grid-card:hover{transform:none;}\r\n  .deiso-lca-hub-block .card-icon{width:44px;height:44px;border-radius:12px;}\r\n  .deiso-lca-hub-block .card-icon svg{width:22px;height:22px;}\r\n  .deiso-lca-hub-block h3{font-size:17.5px;}\r\n  .deiso-lca-hub-block .grid-card p{font-size:15.5px;}\r\n  .deiso-lca-hub-block a.card-btn{padding:13px 20px !important;}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"block-outer\">\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-head\">\r\n    <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">LCA \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me<\/span>\r\n    <h2>D\u00e9couvrez l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me DEISO d\u2019analyse du cycle de vie (LCA)<\/h2>\r\n    <p>L\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me int\u00e9gr\u00e9 de DEISO LCA couvre la r\u00e9alisation de projets, la revue ind\u00e9pendante, le conseil, la formation professionnelle et les syst\u00e8mes techniques con\u00e7us pour soutenir des d\u00e9marches de durabilit\u00e9 de haute qualit\u00e9, align\u00e9es sur ISO.<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"card-grid\">\r\n\r\n    <!-- 1 \u2014 Execution -->\r\n    <div class=\"grid-card\">\r\n      <div class=\"card-top\">\r\n        <span class=\"card-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n          <svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M3 20h18\"><\/path><path d=\"M6 16l4-5 3 3 5-7\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n        <\/span>\r\n        <h3>LCA r\u00e9alisation de projets<\/h3>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <p>R\u00e9alisation d\u2019ACV de bout en bout pour les produits, les syst\u00e8mes et les cha\u00eenes de valeur, avec des flux de travail structur\u00e9s et une haute qualit\u00e9 technique.<\/p>\r\n      <a class=\"card-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/deiso-enterprise-life-cycle-assessment-lca-services\/\">D\u00e9couvrir le service \u2192<\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <!-- 2 \u2014 Critical review -->\r\n    <div class=\"grid-card\">\r\n      <div class=\"card-top\">\r\n        <span class=\"card-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n          <svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M12 3l7 4v5c0 5-3.5 7.5-7 9-3.5-1.5-7-4-7-9V7l7-4z\"><\/path><path d=\"M9 12l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n        <\/span>\r\n        <h3>Revue critique LCA (ISO 14040\/44)<\/h3>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <p>Revue technique ind\u00e9pendante confirmant la coh\u00e9rence m\u00e9thodologique, la transparence et l\u2019alignement sur ISO.<\/p>\r\n      <a class=\"card-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/lca-critical-review\/\">D\u00e9couvrir le service \u2192<\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <!-- 3 \u2014 Advisory -->\r\n    <div class=\"grid-card\">\r\n      <div class=\"card-top\">\r\n        <span class=\"card-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n          <svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M12 20v-8\"><\/path><path d=\"M8 16l4 4 4-4\"><\/path><path d=\"M5 6h14\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n        <\/span>\r\n        <h3>Conseil strat\u00e9gique LCA de haut niveau<\/h3>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <p>Conseil de niveau expert pour la conception des \u00e9tudes, la m\u00e9thodologie et la prise de d\u00e9cision dans les projets LCA et EPD.<\/p>\r\n      <a class=\"card-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/lca-strategic-advisory\/\">D\u00e9couvrir le conseil \u2192<\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <!-- 4 \u2014 Professional training -->\r\n    <div class=\"grid-card\">\r\n      <div class=\"card-top\">\r\n        <span class=\"card-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n          <svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M4 19.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 6.5 17H20\"><\/path><path d=\"M6.5 3H20v18H6.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4 18.5v-13A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 6.5 3z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n        <\/span>\r\n        <h3>Formation professionnelle LCA<\/h3>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <p>Formation professionnelle structur\u00e9e permettant aux \u00e9quipes de d\u00e9velopper de solides comp\u00e9tences en LCA, conformes aux normes ISO.<\/p>\r\n      <a class=\"card-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/deiso-life-cycle-assessment-lca-professional-training-programs\/\">D\u00e9couvrir la formation \u2192<\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <!-- 5 \u2014 Software training -->\r\n    <div class=\"grid-card\">\r\n      <div class=\"card-top\">\r\n        <span class=\"card-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n          <svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><rect x=\"3\" y=\"4\" width=\"18\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\"><\/rect><path d=\"M8 9h8\"><\/path><path d=\"M8 13h5\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n        <\/span>\r\n        <h3>Formation aux logiciels LCA (openLCA, GaBi, SimaPro)<\/h3>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <p>Programmes de formation pratiques, centr\u00e9s sur les logiciels, con\u00e7us pour les professionnels utilisant openLCA, GaBi et SimaPro.<\/p>\r\n      <a class=\"card-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/training-finder\/?_training_programs=lca-software-training\">Explorer les programmes \u2192<\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <!-- 6 \u2014 Data system -->\r\n    <div class=\"grid-card\">\r\n      <div class=\"card-top\">\r\n        <span class=\"card-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n          <svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M4 6h16\"><\/path><path d=\"M4 12h10\"><\/path><path d=\"M4 18h16\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n        <\/span>\r\n        <h3>Syst\u00e8me de collecte de donn\u00e9es LCA<\/h3>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <p>Cadre structur\u00e9 de collecte de donn\u00e9es pour am\u00e9liorer la coh\u00e9rence, r\u00e9duire les erreurs et acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer la r\u00e9alisation des projets LCA.<\/p>\r\n      <a class=\"card-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/deiso-lca-data-collection-template\/\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le syst\u00e8me \u2192<\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <!-- 7 \u2014 Quotation -->\r\n    <div class=\"grid-card span-full\">\r\n      <div class=\"card-top\">\r\n        <span class=\"card-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n          <svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M21 15a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7l-4 4V5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h14a2 2 0 0 1 2 2z\"><\/path><path d=\"M8 9h8\"><\/path><path d=\"M8 13h6\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n        <\/span>\r\n        <h3>Demander un devis<\/h3>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <p>Demandez un devis personnalis\u00e9 adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 vos besoins en LCA, en revue ou en formation.<\/p>\r\n      <a class=\"card-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/contact-form\/\">Demander un devis \u2192<\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Multifunctionality Allocation and system expansion in life cycle assessment Most real production systems make more than one thing. A refinery yields a dozen fractions from one barrel. Chlor-alkali electrolysis yields sodium hydroxide, chlorine, and hydrogen simultaneously. A dairy yields milk and, eventually, meat. Recycling turns one system\u2019s waste into another\u2019s input. In each case the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":132,"featured_media":229387,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_deiso_takeaway":"","_deiso_part":0,"_deiso_aiv_faq":[{"q":"What is the multifunctionality problem in life cycle assessment?","a":"The multifunctionality problem arises when one process has a single set of inputs and emissions but produces several useful outputs. Allocation and system expansion are the two main approaches used to determine how the burdens relate to each output."},{"q":"What is the ISO 14044 allocation hierarchy in LCA?","a":"The hierarchy first avoids allocation through subdivision or system expansion, then uses an underlying physical relationship, and finally uses another relationship such as economic value. The choice must be justified, documented, and tested, and allocated inputs and outputs must equal the unallocated totals."},{"q":"How is mass allocation calculated for two co-products?","a":"For outputs of 700 kg of co-product A and 300 kg of co-product B, A receives 700 \u00f7 (700 + 300) = 0.70 and B receives 300 \u00f7 (700 + 300) = 0.30. Therefore, 70% of each input, emission, and waste flow is assigned to A and 30% to B."},{"q":"What is the difference between attributional and consequential LCA modelling?","a":"Attributional modelling assigns a share of existing global burdens to a product and is used for EPDs, product carbon footprints under ISO 14067, and corporate reporting. Consequential modelling examines changes caused by a change in demand, expands the system, and credits avoided production; it is used for policy analysis and major investment decisions."},{"q":"What illustrative market prices are used for economic allocation in the chlor-alkali example?","a":"The example uses illustrative market prices of USD 400\/t for sodium hydroxide, USD 250\/t for chlorine, and USD 2,000\/t for hydrogen. These prices are presented to show the allocation mechanism, and the text states that actual economic allocation should use documented prices for the relevant reference period."}],"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1737],"tags":[743,11,12,744],"deiso_standard":[],"deiso_series":[],"deiso_issue":[],"deiso-finder":[],"content-type":[],"content-filter":[],"site-search-options":[974],"class_list":["post-229380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tutorials","tag-allocation","tag-lca","tag-life-cycle-assessment","tag-system-expansion","site-search-options-blog","grve-entry-item","grve-blog-item"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_allocation.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/229380","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/132"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=229380"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/229380\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/229387"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=229380"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=229380"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=229380"},{"taxonomy":"deiso_standard","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso_standard?post=229380"},{"taxonomy":"deiso_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso_series?post=229380"},{"taxonomy":"deiso_issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso_issue?post=229380"},{"taxonomy":"deiso-finder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso-finder?post=229380"},{"taxonomy":"content-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-type?post=229380"},{"taxonomy":"content-filter","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-filter?post=229380"},{"taxonomy":"site-search-options","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/site-search-options?post=229380"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}