{"id":341996,"date":"2026-10-03T17:40:28","date_gmt":"2026-10-03T08:40:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dei.so\/?p=341996"},"modified":"2026-10-03T17:44:32","modified_gmt":"2026-10-03T08:44:32","slug":"ecoinvent-system-models","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/ecoinvent-system-models\/","title":{"rendered":"ecoinvent-Systemmodelle erkl\u00e4rt: Warum sich Ihre LCA Ergebnisse \u00e4ndern"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"341996\" class=\"elementor elementor-341996\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7563c3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c7563c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa401b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"dfa401b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"deiso-ecosm-hero-block\">\r\n<style>\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block{width:100%;padding:30px 0;background:transparent;font-family:'Jost',system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;overflow-x:clip}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block *{box-sizing:border-box}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-outer{max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-card{position:relative;background:#0e1416 !important;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.10) !important;border-radius:22px;box-shadow:0 8px 20px rgba(26,26,26,0.04);padding:56px 56px 48px 56px !important;overflow:hidden}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .card-strap{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:6px;z-index:2;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#63976B 0%,#2D8B8A 50%,#008194 100%)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-eyebrow{display:inline-block;background:rgba(79,195,212,0.10) !important;color:#4FC3D4 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#4FC3D4;border:1px solid rgba(79,195,212,0.28) !important;padding:5px 12px !important;border-radius:999px;font-size:12px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0.08em;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:14px;line-height:1.2}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-card h1{font-family:'Jost',sans-serif !important;font-size:38px;line-height:1.25;letter-spacing:-0.5px;font-weight:700;color:#ffffff !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#ffffff;margin:0 0 14px 0;max-width:900px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-card p.hero-sub{font-family:'Jost',sans-serif !important;font-size:20px;line-height:1.55;font-weight:600;color:#4FC3D4 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#4FC3D4;margin:0;max-width:900px;overflow-wrap:break-word}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .block-actions{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px;margin-top:28px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn,.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn:link,.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn:visited{display:inline-flex !important;align-items:center !important;justify-content:center !important;min-height:48px;padding:12px 24px !important;border-radius:12px !important;font-family:'Jost',sans-serif !important;font-size:15.5px !important;font-weight:600 !important;line-height:1.2;text-decoration:none !important;white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0;transition:background .25s ease,color .25s ease,border-color .25s ease,box-shadow .25s ease,transform .25s ease}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn span{color:inherit !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:inherit;font-size:inherit !important;display:inline !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn.primary{background:#ffffff !important;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;border:1px solid #ffffff !important;box-shadow:0 8px 18px rgba(26,26,26,0.16)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn.primary:hover,.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn.primary:focus-visible{background:#4FC3D4 !important;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;border-color:#4FC3D4 !important;box-shadow:0 10px 22px rgba(0,129,148,0.20);transform:translateY(-1px)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn.secondary{background:transparent !important;color:#ffffff !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#ffffff;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35) !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn.secondary:hover,.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn.secondary:focus-visible{color:#4FC3D4 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#4FC3D4;border-color:#4FC3D4 !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(79,195,212,0.45)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn::before,.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn::after{content:none !important;display:none !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .hero-case{margin:20px 0 0 0;font-family:'Jost',sans-serif !important;font-size:16.5px;line-height:1.6;color:#c3ced6 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#c3ced6}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .hero-case a,.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .hero-case a:link,.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .hero-case a:visited{color:#4FC3D4 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#4FC3D4;text-decoration:none !important;font-weight:600 !important;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(79,195,212,0.35);word-break:break-word;transition:color .25s ease,border-color .25s ease}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .hero-case a:hover{color:#ffffff !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#ffffff;border-bottom-color:#ffffff}\r\n@media (max-width:992px){\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-outer{max-width:100%;padding:0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-card{padding:40px 32px !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-card h1{font-size:32px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-card p.hero-sub{font-size:18px}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width:767px){\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block{padding:20px 0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-card{padding:28px 20px !important;border-radius:18px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-eyebrow{font-size:11.5px;padding:5px 11px !important;margin-bottom:12px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-card h1{font-size:25px;letter-spacing:-0.2px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-card p.hero-sub{font-size:16px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .block-actions{flex-direction:column;gap:10px;margin-top:22px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn{width:100%;padding:13px 20px !important;white-space:normal;word-break:keep-all;hyphens:none}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .hero-case{font-size:15.5px}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width:380px){\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-card{padding:24px 16px !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-card h1{font-size:23px}\r\n}\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn,.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .hero-case a{transition:none}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block a.btn:hover{transform:none}\r\n}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .fee-note{margin:24px 0 0 0;padding:16px 18px 16px 20px !important;background:#fffbeb !important;border:1px solid rgba(180,116,0,0.25) !important;border-left:4px solid #b87400 !important;border-radius:14px;max-width:900px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .fee-note .note-label{display:block;font-size:11.5px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#8a5a00 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#8a5a00;margin-bottom:4px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-card .fee-note p{margin:0;font-family:'Jost',sans-serif !important;font-size:15.5px;line-height:1.6;font-weight:600;color:#5c3d00 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#5c3d00}\r\n@media (max-width:767px){.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .page-card .fee-note p{font-size:15px}}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .bg-ring{position:absolute;right:-120px;top:-120px;width:440px;height:440px;opacity:0.22;pointer-events:none;z-index:0;display:block}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .hero-content{position:relative;z-index:1}\r\n@media (max-width:992px){.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .bg-ring{width:340px;height:340px;right:-110px;top:-110px}}\r\n@media (max-width:767px){.deiso-ecosm-hero-block .bg-ring{width:240px;height:240px;right:-90px;top:-90px;opacity:0.18}}\r\n<\/style>\r\n  <div class=\"page-outer\">\r\n    <div class=\"page-card\">\r\n      <span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span>\r\n      <img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"bg-ring\" src=\"data:image\/webp;base64,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\" alt=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" width=\"440\" height=\"440\">\r\n      <div class=\"hero-content\">\r\n          <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">LCA method &middot; ecoinvent<\/span>\r\n          <h1>ecoinvent system models: why the same process gives different results<\/h1>\r\n          <p class=\"hero-sub\">Calculated in cut-off, APOS and consequential, one dataset&rsquo;s results moved by up to 34 times. Choose the system model on purpose, and be ready to defend it.<\/p>\r\n          <div class=\"block-actions\">\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/DEISO-ecoinvent-System-Model-Decision-Checklist.pdf\" class=\"btn primary\" download><span>Download the free checklist &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n            <a href=\"#evidence\" class=\"btn secondary\"><span>See the evidence &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <p class=\"hero-case\">Evidence from one dataset &middot; four system models explained &middot; <a href=\"#solution\">a five-step selection framework<\/a><\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8084e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f8084e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"deiso-ecosm-block\">\r\n<style>\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block{width:100%;padding:30px 0;background:transparent;font-family:'Jost',system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;overflow-x:clip}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block *{box-sizing:border-box}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .page-outer{max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .page-card{position:relative;background:#ffffff !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.10) !important;border-radius:22px;box-shadow:0 8px 20px rgba(26,26,26,0.04);padding:56px 56px 48px 56px !important;overflow:hidden}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .card-strap{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:6px;z-index:2;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#63976B 0%,#2D8B8A 50%,#008194 100%)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .page-eyebrow{display:inline-block;background:rgba(0,129,148,0.07) !important;color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675;border:1px solid rgba(0,129,148,0.20) !important;padding:5px 12px !important;border-radius:999px;font-size:12px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0.08em;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:14px;line-height:1.2}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block h1,.deiso-ecosm-block h2,.deiso-ecosm-block h3{font-family:'Jost',sans-serif !important;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;margin:0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block h1{font-size:38px;line-height:1.22;letter-spacing:-0.5px;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:14px;max-width:900px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block h2{font-size:26px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.3px;font-weight:600}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .meta{font-size:15px;color:#475569 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#475569;margin:0 0 26px 0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block p{font-family:'Jost',sans-serif !important;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;color:#475569 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#475569;margin:0 0 14px 0;max-width:900px;overflow-wrap:break-word}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block p.lede{font-size:19px;line-height:1.65;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .key{color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;font-weight:600}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block a,.deiso-ecosm-block a:link,.deiso-ecosm-block a:visited{color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194;text-decoration:none !important;font-weight:600;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,129,148,0.30)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block a:hover{color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block code{font-family:Consolas,Menlo,monospace;font-size:15px;background:#f7fafc;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.08);border-radius:6px;padding:1px 6px;color:#1a1a1a}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block ul.page-list{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:8px 0 14px 0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block ul.page-list li{position:relative;padding:6px 0 6px 24px;font-size:17px;line-height:1.65;color:#475569 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#475569}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block ul.page-list li::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:2px;top:16px;width:8px;height:8px;border-radius:50%;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#63976B,#008194)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .sec{border-top:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.08);margin-top:36px;padding-top:36px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .step-head{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;margin-bottom:14px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .step-n{flex:0 0 auto;width:44px;height:44px;border-radius:12px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#63976B,#008194);color:#fff;-webkit-text-fill-color:#fff;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-weight:700;font-size:19px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .step-lab{display:block;font-size:12px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675;margin-bottom:2px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .fx{margin:14px 0 18px 0;padding:16px 20px !important;background:#f7fafc !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.06) !important;border-left:4px solid #008194 !important;border-radius:14px;font-size:19px;line-height:1.55;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;overflow-x:auto}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .fx sub{font-size:0.7em}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .tbl-wrap{width:100%;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;margin:12px 0 18px 0;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.07);border-radius:14px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:0;min-width:520px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl th{background:rgba(0,129,148,0.07) !important;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;font-size:13px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0.06em;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:left !important;padding:12px 14px !important;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.07);white-space:nowrap}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl td{padding:11px 14px !important;font-size:15.5px;line-height:1.55;color:#475569 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#475569;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.07);text-align:left !important;white-space:normal !important;vertical-align:top}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl tr:last-child td{border-bottom:0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl td:first-child{color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;font-weight:600}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.num td:last-child{text-align:right !important;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .takeaways{margin:22px 0 4px 0;padding:22px 24px !important;background:#f7fafc !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.06) !important;border-radius:18px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .tk-label,.deiso-ecosm-block .warn-label,.deiso-ecosm-block .dl-label{display:block;font-size:11.5px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0.08em;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:6px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .tk-label,.deiso-ecosm-block .dl-label{color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .warn{margin:18px 0 0 0;padding:18px 20px 18px 22px !important;background:#fffbeb !important;border:1px solid rgba(180,116,0,0.25) !important;border-left:4px solid #b87400 !important;border-radius:14px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .warn-label{color:#8a5a00 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#8a5a00}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .warn p{margin:0;font-weight:600;color:#5c3d00 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#5c3d00}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .dl{margin:24px 0 0 0;padding:24px 26px !important;background:#0e1416 !important;border-radius:18px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .dl .dl-label{color:#4FC3D4 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#4FC3D4}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .dl h2{color:#fff !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#fff;font-size:24px;margin-bottom:8px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .dl p{color:#c3ced6 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#c3ced6;margin:0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block details.fq{border-top:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.08)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block details.fq:last-of-type{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.08)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block details.fq summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;padding:16px 36px 16px 0;position:relative;font-size:18px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.4;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block details.fq summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block details.fq summary::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;right:6px;top:50%;width:10px;height:10px;border-right:2px solid #008194;border-bottom:2px solid #008194;transform:translateY(-70%) rotate(45deg)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block details.fq[open] summary::after{transform:translateY(-30%) rotate(-135deg)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block details.fq summary:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 0 2px rgba(0,129,148,0.30);border-radius:6px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block details.fq p{margin:0 0 16px 0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .block-actions{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px;margin-top:22px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block a.btn,.deiso-ecosm-block a.btn:link,.deiso-ecosm-block a.btn:visited{display:inline-flex !important;align-items:center;justify-content:center;min-height:48px;padding:12px 24px !important;border-radius:12px !important;font-size:15.5px !important;font-weight:600 !important;line-height:1.2;border-bottom:0;white-space:nowrap;transition:background .25s ease,color .25s ease,border-color .25s ease,transform .25s ease}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block a.btn span{color:inherit !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:inherit}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block a.btn.primary{background:#1a1a1a !important;color:#fff !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#fff;border:1px solid #1a1a1a !important;box-shadow:0 8px 18px rgba(26,26,26,0.16)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block a.btn.primary:hover{background:#fff !important;color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194;border-color:#008194 !important;transform:translateY(-1px)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block a.btn.secondary{background:#fff !important;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.20) !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block a.btn.secondary:hover{color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194;border-color:rgba(0,129,148,0.30) !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block a.btn:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(0,129,148,0.30)}\r\n@media (max-width:992px){\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .page-outer{max-width:100%;padding:0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .page-card{padding:40px 32px !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block h1{font-size:32px} .deiso-ecosm-block h2{font-size:23px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block p,.deiso-ecosm-block ul.page-list li{font-size:16.5px}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width:767px){\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block{padding:20px 0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .page-card{padding:28px 20px !important;border-radius:18px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block h1{font-size:25px;letter-spacing:-0.2px} .deiso-ecosm-block h2{font-size:20.5px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block p,.deiso-ecosm-block ul.page-list li{font-size:15.8px} .deiso-ecosm-block p.lede{font-size:17px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .fx{font-size:16.5px;padding:14px 16px !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .step-n{width:38px;height:38px;font-size:17px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .sec{margin-top:28px;padding-top:28px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .block-actions{flex-direction:column} .deiso-ecosm-block a.btn{width:100%;white-space:normal}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width:380px){.deiso-ecosm-block .page-card{padding:24px 16px !important}}\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.deiso-ecosm-block a.btn{transition:none}.deiso-ecosm-block a.btn:hover{transform:none}}\r\n\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .chart .bar,.deiso-ecosm-block .chart .hbar{transition:transform .9s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1);transition-delay:var(--d,0s)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block.anim .chart:not(.is-in) .bar{transform:scaleX(0)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block.anim .chart:not(.is-in) .hbar{transform:scaleX(0)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .fig{margin:22px 0 18px 0;padding:24px 26px !important;background:#f7fafc !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.06) !important;border-radius:18px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .fig-title{display:block;font-size:11.5px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675;margin:0 0 16px 0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .fig-cap{display:block;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.6;color:#475569 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#475569;margin:14px 0 0 0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .legend{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px 18px;margin:0 0 14px 0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .lg{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:7px;font-size:14px;color:#475569 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#475569}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .sw{display:inline-block;width:12px;height:12px;border-radius:3px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .sw-cut{background:#1a1a1a;width:3px;border-radius:1px} .deiso-ecosm-block .sw-apos{background:#4FC3D4} .deiso-ecosm-block .sw-cons{background:#006675} .deiso-ecosm-block .sw-low{background:#63976B} .deiso-ecosm-block .sw-high{background:#b87400}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .hr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:130px minmax(0,1fr) 64px;align-items:center;gap:14px;padding:7px 0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .hl{font-size:15px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .ht{position:relative;display:block;height:26px;border-radius:7px;background:rgba(26,26,26,0.04)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .hbar{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;border-radius:7px;transform-origin:left center;display:block}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .hbar.cut{background:#1a1a1a} .deiso-ecosm-block .hbar.apos{background:#4FC3D4} .deiso-ecosm-block .hbar.cons{background:#006675}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .hv{font-size:15px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;text-align:right}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .rr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:190px minmax(0,1fr) 120px;align-items:center;gap:14px;padding:6px 0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .rl{font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .rt{position:relative;display:block;height:30px;border-radius:6px;background:rgba(26,26,26,0.03)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .gl{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background:rgba(26,26,26,0.08)} .deiso-ecosm-block .gl.one{width:2px;background:#1a1a1a;z-index:2}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .rt .bar{position:absolute;height:11px;border-radius:4px;transform-origin:left center;display:block}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .rt .bar.neg{transform-origin:right center}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .rt .bar.apos{top:4px;background:#4FC3D4} .deiso-ecosm-block .rt .bar.cons{top:15px;background:#006675}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .rt .bar.low,.deiso-ecosm-block .rt .bar.high{top:8px;height:14px} .deiso-ecosm-block .rt .bar.low{background:#63976B} .deiso-ecosm-block .rt .bar.high{background:#b87400}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .rv{display:flex;gap:10px;justify-content:flex-end;font-size:13.5px;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .rv b{font-weight:600} .deiso-ecosm-block .va{color:#2D8B8A !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#2D8B8A} .deiso-ecosm-block .vc{color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675} .deiso-ecosm-block .vl{color:#4d7a55 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#4d7a55} .deiso-ecosm-block .vh{color:#8a5a00 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#8a5a00}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .axr{padding-top:0} .deiso-ecosm-block .axis{position:relative;display:block;height:18px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .axis span{position:absolute;transform:translateX(-50%);font-size:12px;color:#94a3b8 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#94a3b8}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block ol.steps{list-style:none;counter-reset:st;padding:0;margin:14px 0 18px 0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block ol.steps li{counter-increment:st;position:relative;padding:0 0 18px 54px;min-height:40px;font-size:17px;line-height:1.65;color:#475569 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#475569}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block ol.steps li::before{content:counter(st);position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:11px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#63976B,#008194);color:#fff;-webkit-text-fill-color:#fff;font-weight:700;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block td .u{display:block;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;color:#94a3b8 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#94a3b8}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block p.note{font-size:15px;color:#94a3b8 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#94a3b8}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .tbl-wrap{border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.08) !important;border-radius:14px !important;overflow:hidden;overflow-x:auto;background:#fff !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl,.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl thead,.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl tbody,.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl tr{border:0 !important;outline:0 !important;box-shadow:none !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl th,.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl td{border:0 !important;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.07) !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl tr:last-child td{border-bottom:0 !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.num td:not(:first-child){text-align:right !important;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.num th:not(:first-child){text-align:right !important}\r\n@media (max-width:767px){\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .hr{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 56px;gap:4px 10px} .deiso-ecosm-block .hl{grid-column:1\/-1;font-size:14px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .rr{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:4px} .deiso-ecosm-block .rv{justify-content:flex-start}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .axr .rl,.deiso-ecosm-block .axr .rv{display:none}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .fig{padding:18px 14px !important;border-radius:14px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block ol.steps li{padding-left:48px;font-size:15.8px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl{min-width:0 !important} .deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl thead{display:none}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl,.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl tbody,.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl tr,.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl td{display:block;width:100%}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block .tbl-wrap{border:0 !important;overflow:visible;background:transparent !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl tr{background:#f7fafc !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.06) !important;border-radius:14px;padding:14px 16px;margin-bottom:12px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl td{border:0 !important;padding:5px 0 !important;text-align:left !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-block table.tbl td::before{content:attr(data-label);display:block;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675;margin-bottom:2px}\r\n}\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.deiso-ecosm-block .bar,.deiso-ecosm-block .hbar{transition:none !important;transform:none !important}}\r\n<\/style>\r\n  <div class=\"page-outer\">\r\n    <div class=\"page-card\">\r\n      <span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span>\r\n<p class=\"lede\">Pick a different ecoinvent system model and the same process gives you a different answer. Not a slightly different answer &mdash; sometimes a result thirty times higher, sometimes a ranking that flips from one impact category to the next.<\/p>\r\n<p>Most practitioners know the system models exist. Far fewer choose one on purpose. The model gets inherited from the last project, accepted as it comes in the software, or set to cut-off because that is what everyone seems to use. Our view is simple: the system model is a goal-and-scope decision, and it deserves the same care as the functional unit or the system boundary.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"takeaways\"><span class=\"tk-label\">In short<\/span><ul class=\"page-list\"><li>One dataset, three system models, results up to 34 times apart<\/li><li>The ranking between models changes by impact category, so conclusions can reverse<\/li><li>Cut-off is right in many studies &mdash; when a rule or the study question calls for it<\/li><li>A five-step framework, and a free checklist, to choose and defend the system model<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"evidence\"><span class=\"page-eyebrow\">The evidence<\/span><h2>One process, three answers<\/h2><p>We calculated one ecoinvent dataset &mdash; <span class=\"key\">market for magnesium, for reuse in titanium sponge production<\/span> &mdash; in three system models, with the same impact method and nothing else changed. Climate change alone moves from 8.2 to 20.9 kg CO&#8322;-eq.<\/p><div class=\"fig chart\" id=\"figure-1\"><span class=\"fig-title\">Figure 1 &middot; Climate change, kg CO&#8322;-eq per unit<\/span><div class=\"hr\"><span class=\"hl\">Cut-off<\/span><span class=\"ht\"><span class=\"hbar cut\" style=\"width:43.10%;--d:0.00s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"hv\">9.05<\/span><\/div><div class=\"hr\"><span class=\"hl\">APOS<\/span><span class=\"ht\"><span class=\"hbar apos\" style=\"width:39.09%;--d:0.12s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"hv\">8.21<\/span><\/div><div class=\"hr\"><span class=\"hl\">Consequential<\/span><span class=\"ht\"><span class=\"hbar cons\" style=\"width:99.49%;--d:0.24s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"hv\">20.89<\/span><\/div><span class=\"fig-cap\">One dataset: market for magnesium, for reuse in titanium sponge production. The consequential result is 2.3 times the cut-off result; APOS is 9% lower.<\/span><\/div><p>Climate change is the gentle case. Across the other categories the gap widens: the consequential result for human toxicity is 30.7 times the cut-off result, and terrestrial ecotoxicity 34.5 times. Freshwater ecotoxicity is around 15 times higher in both APOS and consequential.<\/p><div class=\"fig chart\" id=\"figure-2\"><span class=\"fig-title\">Figure 2 &middot; Result in APOS and consequential, relative to cut-off (log scale)<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"legend\"><span class=\"lg\"><i class=\"sw sw-cut\"><\/i>Cut-off = 1&times;<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><i class=\"sw sw-apos\"><\/i>APOS<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><i class=\"sw sw-cons\"><\/i>Consequential<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Climate change<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar neg apos\" style=\"left:12.93%;width:2.12%;--d:0.00s\"><\/span><span class=\"bar cons\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:18.16%;--d:0.03s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"va\">0.91&times;<\/b><b class=\"vc\">2.31&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Non-renewable energy<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar neg apos\" style=\"left:10.44%;width:4.61%;--d:0.06s\"><\/span><span class=\"bar cons\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:13.00%;--d:0.09s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"va\">0.81&times;<\/b><b class=\"vc\">1.82&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Acidification<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar apos\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:3.69%;--d:0.12s\"><\/span><span class=\"bar cons\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:7.26%;--d:0.15s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"va\">1.19&times;<\/b><b class=\"vc\">1.40&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Metals and minerals<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar apos\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:16.66%;--d:0.18s\"><\/span><span class=\"bar cons\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:14.20%;--d:0.21s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"va\">2.15&times;<\/b><b class=\"vc\">1.92&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Marine ecotoxicity<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar apos\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:9.33%;--d:0.24s\"><\/span><span class=\"bar cons\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:33.02%;--d:0.27s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"va\">1.54&times;<\/b><b class=\"vc\">4.57&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Photochemical oxidants<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar apos\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:21.28%;--d:0.30s\"><\/span><span class=\"bar cons\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:21.69%;--d:0.33s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"va\">2.66&times;<\/b><b class=\"vc\">2.71&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Eutrophication<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar apos\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:19.62%;--d:0.36s\"><\/span><span class=\"bar cons\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:47.41%;--d:0.39s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"va\">2.47&times;<\/b><b class=\"vc\">8.88&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Freshwater ecotoxicity<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar apos\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:58.45%;--d:0.42s\"><\/span><span class=\"bar cons\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:60.16%;--d:0.45s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"va\">14.8&times;<\/b><b class=\"vc\">16.0&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Human toxicity<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar apos\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:27.52%;--d:0.48s\"><\/span><span class=\"bar cons\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:74.35%;--d:0.51s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"va\">3.55&times;<\/b><b class=\"vc\">30.7&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Terrestrial ecotoxicity<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar apos\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:25.70%;--d:0.54s\"><\/span><span class=\"bar cons\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:76.88%;--d:0.57s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"va\">3.27&times;<\/b><b class=\"vc\">34.5&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr axr\"><span class=\"rl\"><\/span><div class=\"axis\"><span style=\"left:0.00%\">0.5&times;<\/span><span style=\"left:15.05%\">1&times;<\/span><span style=\"left:30.10%\">2&times;<\/span><span style=\"left:50.00%\">5&times;<\/span><span style=\"left:65.05%\">10&times;<\/span><span style=\"left:80.10%\">20&times;<\/span><span style=\"left:100.00%\">50&times;<\/span><\/div><span class=\"rv\"><\/span><\/div>\r\n<span class=\"fig-cap\">Same dataset, same impact method. Bars to the left of the 1&times; line are lower than cut-off; bars to the right are higher. The scale is logarithmic, so each step is a multiple.<\/span><\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\"><span class=\"page-eyebrow\">The models<\/span><h2>The four ecoinvent system models, in plain terms<\/h2><ul class=\"page-list\"><li><span class=\"key\">Allocation, cut-off by classification<\/span> &mdash; waste is the producer&rsquo;s burden, and recyclable materials enter their next life free of earlier burdens. Recycled inputs carry only the impacts of collection and reprocessing.<\/li><li><span class=\"key\">Allocation, cut-off, EN15804<\/span> &mdash; the same logic, with the cut-off point moved to the end-of-waste state, plus the inventory indicators that EN 15804 EPDs need.<\/li><li><span class=\"key\">Allocation at the point of substitution (APOS)<\/span> &mdash; the burdens of waste treatment are shared with the users of the valuable products that treatment creates, such as recovered materials or energy.<\/li><li><span class=\"key\">Substitution, consequential, long-term<\/span> &mdash; asks what changes when demand changes: marginal suppliers meet the extra demand, and by-products earn credits for the production they displace.<\/li><\/ul><p>The first three are attributional: they share out the burdens of the system as it is. The fourth is consequential: it models the effect of a change. Those are different questions, and they should not be answered with the same data by habit.<\/p><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\"><span class=\"page-eyebrow\">The mechanism<\/span><h2>Why the numbers move so much<\/h2><p>The models differ in how they treat three things: recyclable materials, by-products and markets. A product that touches none of them barely moves between models. A product that touches all three moves a lot.<\/p>\r\n<p>Our magnesium dataset is a market for a material that goes back into a production loop, so it sits right on the fault line. Under cut-off, recycled material arrives almost free of its history. Under APOS, part of the burden of the earlier life follows it. Under the consequential model, the question becomes which supplier responds to extra demand &mdash; and the answer brings in a very different supply chain.<\/p>\r\n<p>Constrained markets push results further still. ecoinvent&rsquo;s own explanation of the consequential model uses sodium hydroxide, a product made only as a by-product of chlorine; we discuss that chemical in our <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/life-cycle-assessment-sodium-hydroxide\">sodium hydroxide LCA case study<\/a>.<\/p><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\"><span class=\"page-eyebrow\">The real risk<\/span><h2>The ranking flips<\/h2><p>Large gaps are uncomfortable, but a consistent gap would at least leave the ranking intact. It doesn&rsquo;t. APOS gives a lower result than cut-off for climate change and non-renewable energy, and a higher result for every toxicity category &mdash; almost 15 times higher for freshwater ecotoxicity.<\/p><div class=\"fig chart\" id=\"figure-3\"><span class=\"fig-title\">Figure 3 &middot; APOS against cut-off: lower on some categories, far higher on others<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"legend\"><span class=\"lg\"><i class=\"sw sw-low\"><\/i>APOS lower than cut-off<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><i class=\"sw sw-high\"><\/i>APOS higher than cut-off<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Non-renewable energy<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar neg low\" style=\"left:10.44%;width:4.61%;--d:0.00s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"vl\">0.81&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Climate change<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar neg low\" style=\"left:12.93%;width:2.12%;--d:0.06s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"vl\">0.91&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Acidification<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar high\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:3.69%;--d:0.12s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"vh\">1.19&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Marine ecotoxicity<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar high\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:9.33%;--d:0.18s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"vh\">1.54&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Metals and minerals<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar high\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:16.66%;--d:0.24s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"vh\">2.15&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Eutrophication<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar high\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:19.62%;--d:0.30s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"vh\">2.47&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Photochemical oxidants<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar high\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:21.28%;--d:0.36s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"vh\">2.66&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Terrestrial ecotoxicity<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar high\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:25.70%;--d:0.42s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"vh\">3.27&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Human toxicity<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar high\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:27.52%;--d:0.48s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"vh\">3.55&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr\"><span class=\"rl\">Freshwater ecotoxicity<\/span><span class=\"rt\"><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:0.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl one\" style=\"left:15.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:30.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:50.00%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:65.05%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:80.10%\"><\/i><i class=\"gl\" style=\"left:100.00%\"><\/i><span class=\"bar high\" style=\"left:15.05%;width:58.45%;--d:0.54s\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"rv\"><b class=\"vh\">14.8&times;<\/b><\/span><\/div><div class=\"rr axr\"><span class=\"rl\"><\/span><div class=\"axis\"><span style=\"left:0.00%\">0.5&times;<\/span><span style=\"left:15.05%\">1&times;<\/span><span style=\"left:30.10%\">2&times;<\/span><span style=\"left:50.00%\">5&times;<\/span><span style=\"left:65.05%\">10&times;<\/span><span style=\"left:80.10%\">20&times;<\/span><span style=\"left:100.00%\">50&times;<\/span><\/div><span class=\"rv\"><\/span><\/div>\r\n<span class=\"fig-cap\">Judged on climate change alone, APOS makes this dataset look better than cut-off. Judged on toxicity, it looks far worse.<\/span><\/div><p>That matters for every decision an LCA supports. A hotspot can move. A &ldquo;greener&rdquo; option can lose its lead. A recycled-content claim can look strong in one model and weak in another. If the system model was never chosen deliberately, nobody can say which picture is the right one.<\/p><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\"><span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Common mistakes<\/span><h2>Where studies go wrong<\/h2><ul class=\"page-list\"><li><span class=\"key\">The inherited model<\/span> &mdash; the system model from the last project is reused without asking whether the new study has the same goal.<\/li><li><span class=\"key\">The default setting<\/span> &mdash; cut-off is used because it was already selected, not because a rule or the study question calls for it.<\/li><li><span class=\"key\">Mixed models<\/span> &mdash; background datasets from different system models end up in one product system.<\/li><li><span class=\"key\">Silent reporting<\/span> &mdash; the report never names the system model, so no reviewer or reader can check the choice.<\/li><li><span class=\"key\">Cross-model comparison<\/span> &mdash; two footprints calculated in different system models are compared as if the difference were real.<\/li><\/ul><p>It is one of the first things we check when we review a study.<\/p><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\"><span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Fair to cut-off<\/span><h2>When cut-off is the right answer<\/h2><p>None of this makes cut-off wrong. In many studies it is required. The PACT Methodology and the TfS PCF Guideline use the cut-off (recycled content) approach for product carbon footprints, Catena-X prescribes it for the automotive supply chain, and EN 15804 EPDs use the dedicated Allocation, cut-off, EN15804 model.<\/p>\r\n<p>ecoinvent itself recommends cut-off to users new to the database, because it is easier to understand, and to those who want continuity with earlier work. That is sound advice for learning. It is not a statement that cut-off fits every goal &mdash; ecoinvent is clear that the choice of system model is the user&rsquo;s responsibility.<\/p><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"solution\"><span class=\"page-eyebrow\">The solution<\/span><h2>The DEISO system model selection framework<\/h2><p>We use five steps to choose a system model, and to defend it to a reviewer.<\/p>\r\n<ol class=\"steps\">\r\n<li><span class=\"key\">Rule first.<\/span> If a PCR, a standard or a data-exchange rule sets the approach, follow it: Allocation, cut-off, EN15804 for EN 15804 EPDs; the cut-off approach under PACT, TfS or Catena-X; the Circular Footprint Formula under PEF.<\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"key\">Question second.<\/span> Accounting, reporting and product claims call for an attributional model, cut-off or APOS. A decision about a change &mdash; a new plant, a new material, a policy &mdash; calls for the consequential model.<\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"key\">Material profile.<\/span> Recycled or secondary materials, by-products, constrained markets and waste treatment with recovery all mean high sensitivity. Flag them early.<\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"key\">Three-model screening.<\/span> For sensitive products, calculate the key results in cut-off, APOS and consequential. Record the spread, and check whether hotspots and rankings hold.<\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"key\">Declare and defend.<\/span> Name the system model and the reason in the goal and scope, report the screening spread where it matters, and never compare results from different models.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"tbl-wrap\"><table class=\"tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Study goal<\/th><th scope=\"col\">System model<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Study goal\">EPD under EN 15804+A2<\/td><td data-label=\"System model\">Allocation, cut-off, EN15804<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Study goal\">Product carbon footprint under PACT, TfS or Catena-X<\/td><td data-label=\"System model\">Cut-off (recycled content) approach<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Study goal\">Product Environmental Footprint (PEF)<\/td><td data-label=\"System model\">Circular Footprint Formula, as the PEF method sets it<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Study goal\">Internal hotspot analysis or ecodesign<\/td><td data-label=\"System model\">Cut-off or APOS, with three-model screening for sensitive products<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Study goal\">Decision about a change, a policy or a new technology<\/td><td data-label=\"System model\">Substitution, consequential, long-term<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\r\n<p>The same discipline applies to carbon accounting: background datasets in a <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/greenhouse-gas-ghg-accounting-scope-1-3\">GHG inventory<\/a> should come from one stated system model too.<\/p><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"checklist\"><span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Free download<\/span><h2>The system model decision checklist<\/h2><div class=\"dl\"><span class=\"dl-label\">Free checklist<\/span><h2>Choose and defend your ecoinvent system model<\/h2><p>The five-step framework, a comparison of the four system models, a screening worksheet for your own results and a report declaration checklist &mdash; on three pages.<\/p><div class=\"block-actions\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/DEISO-ecoinvent-System-Model-Decision-Checklist.pdf\" class=\"btn primary\" download><span>Download the checklist (PDF) &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"data\"><span class=\"page-eyebrow\">The data<\/span><h2>Full results by system model<\/h2><p>All values per unit of the dataset market for magnesium, for reuse in titanium sponge production, calculated with the same impact method in each system model.<\/p><div class=\"tbl-wrap\"><table class=\"tbl num\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Impact category<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cut-off<\/th><th scope=\"col\">APOS<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Consequential<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Consequential \/ cut-off<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Climate change<span class=\"u\">kg CO&#8322;-eq<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Cut-off\">9.05<\/td><td data-label=\"APOS\">8.21<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential\">20.89<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential \/ cut-off\">2.31&times;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Non-renewable energy<span class=\"u\">MJ<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Cut-off\">107.16<\/td><td data-label=\"APOS\">86.67<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential\">195.00<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential \/ cut-off\">1.82&times;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Acidification<span class=\"u\">kg SO&#8322;-eq<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Cut-off\">0.037<\/td><td data-label=\"APOS\">0.0438<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential\">0.0517<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential \/ cut-off\">1.40&times;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Metals and minerals<span class=\"u\">kg Sb-eq<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Cut-off\">1.30&times;10<sup>&minus;5<\/sup><\/td><td data-label=\"APOS\">2.80&times;10<sup>&minus;5<\/sup><\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential\">2.50&times;10<sup>&minus;5<\/sup><\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential \/ cut-off\">1.92&times;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Marine ecotoxicity<span class=\"u\">kg 1,4-DCB-eq<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Cut-off\">37,126<\/td><td data-label=\"APOS\">57,062<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential\">169,840<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential \/ cut-off\">4.57&times;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Photochemical oxidants<span class=\"u\">kg ethylene-eq<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Cut-off\">0.00201<\/td><td data-label=\"APOS\">0.00535<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential\">0.00545<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential \/ cut-off\">2.71&times;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Eutrophication<span class=\"u\">kg PO&#8324;-eq<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Cut-off\">0.00881<\/td><td data-label=\"APOS\">0.0218<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential\">0.0782<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential \/ cut-off\">8.88&times;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Freshwater ecotoxicity<span class=\"u\">kg 1,4-DCB-eq<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Cut-off\">2.66<\/td><td data-label=\"APOS\">39.22<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential\">42.45<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential \/ cut-off\">16.0&times;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Human toxicity<span class=\"u\">kg 1,4-DCB-eq<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Cut-off\">16.10<\/td><td data-label=\"APOS\">57.20<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential\">494.18<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential \/ cut-off\">30.7&times;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Terrestrial ecotoxicity<span class=\"u\">kg 1,4-DCB-eq<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Cut-off\">0.0874<\/td><td data-label=\"APOS\">0.285<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential\">3.01<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential \/ cut-off\">34.5&times;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Ozone depletion<span class=\"u\">kg CFC-11-eq<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Cut-off\">0<\/td><td data-label=\"APOS\">0<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential\">0<\/td><td data-label=\"Consequential \/ cut-off\">&ndash;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class='note'>Results from one dataset show how sensitive a product can be to the system model. They are not a general rule for every product.<\/p><\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"faq\"><span class=\"page-eyebrow\">FAQ<\/span><h2>ecoinvent system models: frequently asked questions<\/h2><details class=\"fq\" open><summary>What are the ecoinvent system models?<\/summary><p>ecoinvent publishes its database in four system models: Allocation, cut-off by classification; Allocation, cut-off, EN15804; Allocation at the point of substitution (APOS); and Substitution, consequential, long-term. Each applies different rules for allocation, recycling and supply, so the same dataset gives different results in each.<\/p><\/details><details class=\"fq\"><summary>Which ecoinvent system model should I use?<\/summary><p>Start with the rule that governs your study. EN 15804 EPDs use Allocation, cut-off, EN15804; product carbon footprints under PACT, TfS or Catena-X use the cut-off approach. Where no rule applies, attributional questions call for cut-off or APOS, and questions about the effect of a change call for the consequential model.<\/p><\/details><details class=\"fq\"><summary>Is cut-off the default ecoinvent system model?<\/summary><p>ecoinvent recommends cut-off for users new to the database because it is easier to understand, and for users who want continuity with earlier work. That is advice about learning the database, not a statement that cut-off suits every study. The choice of system model is the user's responsibility.<\/p><\/details><details class=\"fq\"><summary>Can different ecoinvent system models change LCA results?<\/summary><p>Yes, sometimes dramatically. For the dataset market for magnesium, for reuse in titanium sponge production, the consequential model gives a climate change result 2.3 times the cut-off result and a human toxicity result 30.7 times higher, while APOS gives a lower climate change result but a higher toxicity result.<\/p><\/details><details class=\"fq\"><summary>Which ecoinvent system model is used for EPDs?<\/summary><p>Allocation, cut-off, EN15804. It follows cut-off logic with the cut-off point set at the end-of-waste state, and it includes the inventory indicators that EN 15804+A2 EPDs report.<\/p><\/details><details class=\"fq\"><summary>Can I compare LCA results calculated with different system models?<\/summary><p>No. Results from different system models rest on different rules for allocation and recycling, so a difference between them may reflect the model rather than the product. Comparisons are only valid when every result uses the same system model.<\/p><\/details><\/section>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<script>(function(){var R=document.querySelectorAll('.deiso-ecosm-block');if(!R.length||!('IntersectionObserver' in window))return;if(window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches)return;R.forEach(function(r){r.classList.add('anim');var io=new IntersectionObserver(function(es){es.forEach(function(e){if(e.isIntersecting){e.target.classList.add('is-in');io.unobserve(e.target);}});},{threshold:0.25});r.querySelectorAll('.chart').forEach(function(c){io.observe(c);});});})();<\/script>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n \"@graph\": [\r\n  {\r\n   \"@type\": \"Article\",\r\n   \"@id\": \"#article\",\r\n   \"headline\": \"ecoinvent system models: why the same process gives different results\",\r\n   \"description\": \"Why ecoinvent system models (cut-off, cut-off EN15804, APOS, consequential) give different LCA results for the same process, with evidence from one dataset and a five-step framework to choose and defend the system model.\",\r\n   \"author\": {\r\n    \"@type\": \"Organization\",\r\n    \"@id\": \"https:\/\/dei.so\/#organization\",\r\n    \"name\": \"DEISO\",\r\n    \"url\": \"https:\/\/dei.so\/\"\r\n   },\r\n   \"publisher\": {\r\n    \"@type\": \"Organization\",\r\n    \"@id\": \"https:\/\/dei.so\/#organization\",\r\n    \"name\": \"DEISO\",\r\n    \"url\": \"https:\/\/dei.so\/\"\r\n   },\r\n   \"inLanguage\": \"en\",\r\n   \"about\": [\r\n    \"ecoinvent\",\r\n    \"System models\",\r\n    \"Life cycle assessment\",\r\n    \"Allocation\"\r\n   ]\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n   \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\r\n   \"@id\": \"#faq\",\r\n   \"mainEntity\": [\r\n    {\r\n     \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n     \"name\": \"What are the ecoinvent system models?\",\r\n     \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"ecoinvent publishes its database in four system models: Allocation, cut-off by classification; Allocation, cut-off, EN15804; Allocation at the point of substitution (APOS); and Substitution, consequential, long-term. Each applies different rules for allocation, recycling and supply, so the same dataset gives different results in each.\"\r\n     }\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n     \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n     \"name\": \"Which ecoinvent system model should I use?\",\r\n     \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"Start with the rule that governs your study. EN 15804 EPDs use Allocation, cut-off, EN15804; product carbon footprints under PACT, TfS or Catena-X use the cut-off approach. Where no rule applies, attributional questions call for cut-off or APOS, and questions about the effect of a change call for the consequential model.\"\r\n     }\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n     \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n     \"name\": \"Is cut-off the default ecoinvent system model?\",\r\n     \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"ecoinvent recommends cut-off for users new to the database because it is easier to understand, and for users who want continuity with earlier work. That is advice about learning the database, not a statement that cut-off suits every study. The choice of system model is the user's responsibility.\"\r\n     }\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n     \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n     \"name\": \"Can different ecoinvent system models change LCA results?\",\r\n     \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"Yes, sometimes dramatically. For the dataset market for magnesium, for reuse in titanium sponge production, the consequential model gives a climate change result 2.3 times the cut-off result and a human toxicity result 30.7 times higher, while APOS gives a lower climate change result but a higher toxicity result.\"\r\n     }\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n     \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n     \"name\": \"Which ecoinvent system model is used for EPDs?\",\r\n     \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"Allocation, cut-off, EN15804. It follows cut-off logic with the cut-off point set at the end-of-waste state, and it includes the inventory indicators that EN 15804+A2 EPDs report.\"\r\n     }\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n     \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n     \"name\": \"Can I compare LCA results calculated with different system models?\",\r\n     \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"No. Results from different system models rest on different rules for allocation and recycling, so a difference between them may reflect the model rather than the product. Comparisons are only valid when every result uses the same system model.\"\r\n     }\r\n    }\r\n   ]\r\n  }\r\n ]\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36ce40e elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"36ce40e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"deiso-ecosm-footer-block\">\r\n<style>\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block{width:100%;padding:30px 0;background:transparent;font-family:'Jost',system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;overflow-x:clip}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block *{box-sizing:border-box}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-outer{max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-card{position:relative;background:#ffffff !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.10) !important;border-radius:22px;box-shadow:0 8px 20px rgba(26,26,26,0.04);padding:44px 40px !important;overflow:hidden}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .card-strap{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:6px;z-index:2;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#63976B 0%,#2D8B8A 50%,#008194 100%)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-eyebrow{display:inline-block;background:rgba(0,129,148,0.07) !important;color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675;border:1px solid rgba(0,129,148,0.20) !important;padding:5px 12px !important;border-radius:999px;font-size:12px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0.08em;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:14px;line-height:1.2}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-card h2{font-family:'Jost',sans-serif !important;font-size:28px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.3px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;margin:0 0 12px 0;max-width:900px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-card p{font-family:'Jost',sans-serif !important;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;color:#475569 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#475569;margin:0 0 14px 0;max-width:900px;overflow-wrap:break-word}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-card p:last-child{margin-bottom:0 !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .key{color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;font-weight:600}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-card a,.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-card a:link,.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-card a:visited{color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194;text-decoration:none !important;font-weight:600 !important;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,129,148,0.30);word-break:break-word}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-card a:hover{color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675;border-bottom-color:#006675}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block dl.facts{display:grid;grid-template-columns:200px minmax(0,1fr);margin:18px 0 0 0;border-top:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.08)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block dl.facts dt,.deiso-ecosm-footer-block dl.facts dd{font-family:'Jost',sans-serif !important;margin:0;padding:12px 0;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.08);font-size:16.5px;line-height:1.65;overflow-wrap:break-word}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block dl.facts dt{color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;font-weight:600;padding-right:16px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block dl.facts dd{color:#475569 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#475569}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .block-actions{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px;margin-top:26px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn,.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn:link,.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn:visited{display:inline-flex !important;align-items:center !important;justify-content:center !important;min-height:48px;padding:12px 24px !important;border-radius:12px !important;font-family:'Jost',sans-serif !important;font-size:15.5px !important;font-weight:600 !important;line-height:1.2;text-decoration:none !important;white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0;transition:background .25s ease,color .25s ease,border-color .25s ease,box-shadow .25s ease,transform .25s ease}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn span{color:inherit !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:inherit;font-size:inherit !important;display:inline !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn.primary{background:#1a1a1a !important;color:#ffffff !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#ffffff;border:1px solid #1a1a1a !important;box-shadow:0 8px 18px rgba(26,26,26,0.16)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn.primary:hover,.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn.primary:focus-visible{background:#ffffff !important;color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194;border-color:#008194 !important;box-shadow:0 10px 22px rgba(0,129,148,0.20);transform:translateY(-1px)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn.secondary{background:#ffffff !important;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.20) !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn.secondary:hover,.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn.secondary:focus-visible{color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194;border-color:rgba(0,129,148,0.30) !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(0,129,148,0.30)}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn::before,.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn::after{content:none !important;display:none !important}\r\n@media (max-width:992px){\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-outer{max-width:100%;padding:0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-card{padding:40px 32px !important}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-card h2{font-size:24px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-card p{font-size:16.5px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block dl.facts dt,.deiso-ecosm-footer-block dl.facts dd{font-size:16px}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width:767px){\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block{padding:20px 0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-card{padding:28px 20px !important;border-radius:18px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-eyebrow{font-size:11.5px;padding:5px 11px !important;margin-bottom:12px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-card h2{font-size:21px;letter-spacing:-0.2px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-card p{font-size:15.8px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block dl.facts{grid-template-columns:1fr}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block dl.facts dt{border-bottom:0;padding:12px 0 0 0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block dl.facts dd{padding:2px 0 12px 0;font-size:15.8px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .block-actions{flex-direction:column;gap:10px}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn{width:100%;padding:13px 20px !important;white-space:normal;word-break:keep-all;hyphens:none}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width:380px){\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .page-card{padding:24px 16px !important}\r\n}\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn{transition:none}.deiso-ecosm-footer-block a.btn:hover{transform:none}}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .cta-split{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.6fr) minmax(0,1fr);gap:36px;align-items:center}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .cta-split .block-actions{flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch;margin-top:0}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .cta-split a.btn{width:100%;white-space:normal;text-align:center}\r\n.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .cta-mail{display:block;margin-top:14px;font-size:15px;color:#475569 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#475569;text-align:center}\r\n@media (max-width:767px){.deiso-ecosm-footer-block .cta-split{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:22px}}\r\n<\/style>\r\n  <div class=\"page-outer\">\r\n    <div class=\"page-card\">\r\n      <span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span>\r\n      <div class=\"cta-split\">\r\n        <div>\r\n          <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Next step<\/span>\r\n          <h2>Not sure your system model fits your study?<\/h2>\r\n          <p>Send us your goal and scope, the rule your study follows and the system model you used. DEISO checks the choice, runs three-model screening where results are sensitive, and tells you whether your conclusions hold. For existing studies, an <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/lca-critical-review\">LCA critical review<\/a> covers the system model and much more; for a quick answer, book an <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/sustainability-advisory\">advisory hour<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div>\r\n          <div class=\"block-actions\">\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/contact-form\" class=\"btn primary\"><span>Get your system model choice reviewed &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/deiso-enterprise-life-cycle-assessment-lca-services\" class=\"btn secondary\"><span>Explore DEISO LCA services &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/DEISO-ecoinvent-System-Model-Decision-Checklist.pdf\" class=\"btn secondary\" download><span>Download the checklist (PDF) &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <span class=\"cta-mail\">Questions? Email <a href=\"mailto:info@dei.so\">info@dei.so<\/a><\/span>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>LCA method &middot; ecoinvent ecoinvent system models: why the same process gives different results Calculated in cut-off, APOS and consequential, one dataset&rsquo;s results moved by up to 34 times. Choose the system model on purpose, and be ready to defend it. Download the free checklist &rarr; See the evidence &rarr; Evidence from one dataset &middot; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":132,"featured_media":341997,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"_deiso_takeaway":"","_deiso_part":0,"_deiso_aiv_faq":[],"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[429],"tags":[743,1758,1756,1761,1757,1762,1755,504,1754,502,1763,1759,698,12,1128,1760],"deiso_standard":[],"deiso_series":[],"deiso_issue":[],"deiso-finder":[],"content-type":[],"content-filter":[],"site-search-options":[974,977],"class_list":["post-341996","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-posts","tag-allocation","tag-allocation-cut-off-en15804","tag-apos","tag-attributional-lca","tag-consequential-lca","tag-critical-review","tag-cut-off","tag-ecoinvent","tag-ecoinvent-system-models","tag-epd","tag-free-checklist","tag-lca-method","tag-lcia","tag-life-cycle-assessment","tag-product-carbon-footprint","tag-recycled-content","site-search-options-blog","site-search-options-entire-site","grve-entry-item","grve-blog-item"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-ecoinvent-system-models-1200x630-1.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/341996","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/132"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=341996"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/341996\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/341997"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=341996"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=341996"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=341996"},{"taxonomy":"deiso_standard","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso_standard?post=341996"},{"taxonomy":"deiso_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso_series?post=341996"},{"taxonomy":"deiso_issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso_issue?post=341996"},{"taxonomy":"deiso-finder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso-finder?post=341996"},{"taxonomy":"content-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-type?post=341996"},{"taxonomy":"content-filter","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-filter?post=341996"},{"taxonomy":"site-search-options","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/site-search-options?post=341996"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}