{"id":341575,"date":"2026-10-01T10:31:07","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T01:31:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dei.so\/?p=341575"},"modified":"2026-10-01T13:04:07","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T04:04:07","slug":"msw-disposal-lca-developing-countries","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/msw-disposal-lca-developing-countries\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 LCA"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"341575\" class=\"elementor elementor-341575\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a67de4 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default 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h1{font-size:23px}}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"page-outer\">\r\n<div class=\"page-card\">\r\n<span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span>\r\n<span class=\"card-pill\">DEISO Research<\/span>\r\n<h1>Environmental impacts of open dumping, uncontrolled landfilling and open burning of municipal solid waste in developing countries<\/h1>\r\n<span class=\"hero-sub\">A life cycle assessment by income level and climate zone<\/span>\r\n<p class=\"byline\">Author: <span class=\"li-key\">Dr. Mahdi Ikhlayel<\/span>. Publisher: <span class=\"li-key\">DEISO Research<\/span>, Tokyo. Study conducted in 2016; first published in 2026. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.28789.95206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">10.13140\/RG.2.2.28789.95206<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>Open burning, open dumping and uncontrolled landfilling are still the main ways municipal solid waste is disposed of across low- and middle-income countries. This study measures what those practices do to the environment, per tonne of waste, across three income groups and two climates.<\/p>\r\n<p>In short: human toxicity dominates open burning everywhere, at about 77% of the weighted impact. For open dumps and uncontrolled landfills, climate decides the profile &mdash; freshwater ecotoxicity and eutrophication lead in humid climates, human toxicity leads in arid ones.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"glance\">\r\n<span class=\"fact-label\">At a glance<\/span>\r\n<p><span class=\"li-key\">Functional unit<\/span>1 tonne of municipal solid waste disposed of<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"li-key\">Disposal methods<\/span>Open burning, open dump, uncontrolled landfill<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"li-key\">Cases<\/span>3 World Bank income groups &times; arid and humid climates<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"li-key\">Impact method<\/span>CML 2001, five midpoint categories<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"btn-row\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/contact-form\" class=\"btn primary\"><span>Request a waste LCA quotation &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/DEISO-Research_Ikhlayel-2026_MSW-disposal-LCA.pdf\" class=\"btn secondary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" download><span>Download the PDF &darr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n<a href=\"#cite\" class=\"btn secondary\"><span>How to cite this study<\/span><\/a>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"deiso-mswlca-page\">\r\n<style>\r\n.deiso-mswlca-page{width:100%;padding:30px 0;background:transparent;font-family:'Jost', system-ui, -apple-system, \"Segoe UI\", sans-serif;overflow-x:clip}\r\n.deiso-mswlca-page .page-outer{max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px}\r\n.deiso-mswlca-page .page-card{position:relative;background:#ffffff !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.10) !important;border-radius:22px;box-shadow:0 8px 20px rgba(26,26,26,0.04);padding:56px 56px 48px !important;overflow:hidden}\r\n.deiso-mswlca-page .card-strap{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:6px;z-index:2;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#63976B 0%,#2D8B8A 50%,#008194 100%)}\r\n.deiso-mswlca-page .sec{padding:34px 0;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.08)}\r\n.deiso-mswlca-page 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li::before{width:26px;height:22px;font-size:12px}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width:380px){\r\n.deiso-mswlca-page .page-card{padding:24px 16px !important}\r\n.deiso-mswlca-page .page-card h2{font-size:20px}\r\n}\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\r\n.deiso-mswlca-page .js-anim .fig .bar,.deiso-mswlca-page .js-anim .fig .hbar{transform:none;transition:none}\r\n.deiso-mswlca-page .js-anim .fig .line{stroke-dashoffset:0;transition:none}\r\n.deiso-mswlca-page .js-anim .fig .cell{opacity:1;transition:none}\r\n.deiso-mswlca-page .fq-chev,.deiso-mswlca-page .fq-qtext,.deiso-mswlca-page button.copy{transition:none}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"page-outer\">\r\n<div class=\"page-card\">\r\n<span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"key-findings\">\r\n<span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Key findings<\/span>\r\n<h2>What the study found<\/h2>\r\n<ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n<li><span class=\"li-key\">Open burning<\/span> &mdash; human toxicity is about 77% of the weighted impact in every income group and both climates, with freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity at about 21%. Per tonne, open burning gives 2,080&ndash;2,170 kg 1,4-DB-eq of human toxicity potential.<\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"li-key\">Open dumps and uncontrolled landfills, humid climate<\/span> &mdash; freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity (about 60%) and eutrophication (about 30%) dominate, because heavy metals leave the site through water.<\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"li-key\">Open dumps and uncontrolled landfills, arid climate<\/span> &mdash; human toxicity leads at about 60%, followed by freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity at about 35%; emissions go mainly to soil, with about 8% to air.<\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"li-key\">Global warming<\/span> &mdash; dumping one tonne gives 432&ndash;520 kg CO&#8322;-eq including biogenic carbon (333&ndash;399 kg excluding it), more than twice the 196 kg of open burning, and it rises with income level.<\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"li-key\">Heavy metals<\/span> &mdash; lead and zinc are the largest metal emissions; lead to water is the highest in every case.<\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"li-key\">Waste fractions<\/span> &mdash; metals cause the highest impacts, plastic drives eutrophication and ecotoxicity, and glass has the lowest impact.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"abstract\">\r\n<span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Abstract<\/span>\r\n<h2>Abstract<\/h2>\r\n<p>This life cycle assessment estimates the potential environmental impacts of disposing of municipal solid waste (MSW) in developing countries. It covers waste from three economies &mdash; low-income, lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income &mdash; in two climate zones, arid and humid, and three disposal methods: uncontrolled (unsanitary) landfilling, open dumping and open burning. Five impact categories are assessed with the CML 2001 method: acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential (FAETP), global warming potential (GWP) and human toxicity potential (HTP). The study gives a baseline for the environmental cost of poor waste handling, and shows how that cost changes with climate, income level and waste composition.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"li-key\">Keywords:<\/span> waste management; uncontrolled landfills; open dumps; open burning; environmental impacts; developing countries; life cycle assessment; heavy metals<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"background\">\r\n<span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Background<\/span>\r\n<h2>Waste disposal in developing countries<\/h2>\r\n<p>The world generated an estimated 2.01 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste in 2016, and that figure is projected to reach 3.40 billion tonnes by 2050 (<a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-kaza-2018\">Kaza et al., 2018<\/a>). Disposal practice divides sharply by income: about 93% of waste is dumped in low-income countries, against 2% in high-income countries (<a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-kaza-2018\">Kaza et al., 2018<\/a>). Collection gaps, limited budgets and weak enforcement keep open dumping and open burning in place across much of Africa, Asia and Latin America (<a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-guerrero-2013\">Guerrero et al., 2013<\/a>; <a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-ferronato-2019\">Ferronato &amp; Torretta, 2019<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n<p>Each of these practices moves pollutants into a different part of the environment. Dumps and uncontrolled landfills release leachate to soil and water and landfill gas to air. Open burning releases trace gases, particulate matter and hazardous air pollutants that are largely missing from national emission inventories (<a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-wiedinmyer-2014\">Wiedinmyer et al., 2014<\/a>). Life cycle assessment has been applied widely to solid waste management (<a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-laurent-2014\">Laurent et al., 2014<\/a>), and earlier work has used uncontrolled disposal as the baseline against which better systems for developing countries are designed (<a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-ikhlayel-2018b\">Ikhlayel, 2018b<\/a>). What is missing is a consistent picture of how the impacts of the disposal practices themselves shift with income level and climate.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"objective\">\r\n<span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Objective and scope<\/span>\r\n<h2>Objective, research questions and scope<\/h2>\r\n<p>The study assesses the environmental impacts of MSW disposal in developing countries across three economies and, for each, an arid and a humid climate. It looks at uncontrolled (unsanitary) landfilling, open dumping and open burning, because they are widely practised in many developing countries. The evaluation is built to show the impacts of these practices, how each contributes to environmental degradation, and which environmental issue is most pressing for a given economy and climate.<\/p>\r\n<p>Three research questions guide the work:<\/p>\r\n<ol class=\"step-list\">\r\n<li>Do the environmental impacts differ from one economy to another?<\/li>\r\n<li>Do climate conditions influence those impacts?<\/li>\r\n<li>How does waste composition affect each impact category?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>The study does not rank individual countries. A ranking would need accurate data on each country&rsquo;s whole waste management system &mdash; collection schemes, transport distances and energy, the share and composition of waste openly burned, and the size of informal recycling &mdash; and those data are either unavailable or do not exist.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"method\">\r\n<span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Method<\/span>\r\n<h2>Method<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Life cycle assessment and system boundaries<\/h3>\r\n<p>The assessment follows the life cycle assessment framework of ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 (<a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-iso-14040\">ISO, 2006a<\/a>; <a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-iso-14044\">ISO, 2006b<\/a>). The following were kept outside the system boundary: waste collection from the point of generation to the disposal site or a transfer station; transport to a landfill or dump; informal recycling; other treatment such as composting and formal pilot projects; and the energy used to handle waste at disposal sites. The results therefore represent the potential emissions and impacts of the disposal step itself. Countries are grouped as low-income, lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income following the World Bank classification (<a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-worldbank-2016\">World Bank, 2016<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n<h3>Functional unit<\/h3>\r\n<p>The functional unit is 1 tonne of MSW disposed of by uncontrolled landfilling, open dumping or open burning in a developing country, defined by its economic level and climate.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Inventory analysis<\/h3>\r\n<p>Emissions to air, water and soil were estimated for each disposal method, economy, climate and waste composition. Inventories for uncontrolled landfills and open dumps came from the waste-specific and climate-specific model of <a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-doka-2016a\">Doka (2016a)<\/a>; inventories for open burning came from the waste-specific model of <a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-doka-2016b\">Doka (2016b)<\/a>. Both models were run for the waste of each economy, for arid and humid conditions, and for 1 tonne of each single waste type. The climate inputs were mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation and mean actual evapotranspiration. The methane correction factor follows the IPCC guidelines (<a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-ipcc-2006\">IPCC, 2006<\/a>). Energy used at disposal sites was outside the scope, so no energy data were needed.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"note-panel\"><span class=\"note-label\">Calculation method<\/span><p>All inventory and impact calculations in this study were built and run in Microsoft Excel.<\/p><\/div>\r\n<p>Waste composition data came from the World Bank (<a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-hoornweg-2012\">Hoornweg &amp; Bhada-Tata, 2012<\/a>) and cover organic, paper, plastic, metals, glass and &ldquo;other&rdquo; waste. The source does not define &ldquo;other&rdquo; waste, and many countries do not report it. In this study it was taken as rubber, textiles, wood and a hazardous e-waste portion mixed with MSW, at 25% each, based on fractions reported for developing countries (<a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-guerrero-2013\">Guerrero et al., 2013<\/a>; <a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-wilson-2015\">Wilson et al., 2015<\/a>). E-waste in many developing countries is collected and disposed of together with MSW (<a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-ikhlayel-2017\">Ikhlayel, 2017<\/a>; <a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-ikhlayel-2018a\">Ikhlayel, 2018a<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n<span class=\"tb-cap\" id=\"t1cap\"><span class=\"li-key\">Table 1.<\/span> Parameters used in the study.<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"tb-wrap\"><table class=\"tb-table \" aria-describedby=\"t1cap\" style=\"--minw:640px\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Parameter<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Parameter\">Waste composition, low income (organic \/ paper \/ plastic \/ glass \/ metals \/ other)<\/td><td data-label=\"Value\">64 \/ 5 \/ 8 \/ 3 \/ 3 \/ 17%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-hoornweg-2012\">Hoornweg &amp; Bhada-Tata, 2012<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Parameter\">Waste composition, lower-middle income<\/td><td data-label=\"Value\">59 \/ 9 \/ 12 \/ 3 \/ 2 \/ 15%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-hoornweg-2012\">Hoornweg &amp; Bhada-Tata, 2012<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Parameter\">Waste composition, upper-middle income<\/td><td data-label=\"Value\">54 \/ 14 \/ 11 \/ 5 \/ 3 \/ 13%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-hoornweg-2012\">Hoornweg &amp; Bhada-Tata, 2012<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Parameter\">Make-up of &ldquo;other waste&rdquo;<\/td><td data-label=\"Value\">Rubber, textiles, wood and e-waste, 25% each<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Assumption; see <a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-guerrero-2013\">Guerrero et al., 2013<\/a>, <a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-wilson-2015\">Wilson et al., 2015<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Parameter\">Climate inputs per zone<\/td><td data-label=\"Value\">Mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, mean actual evapotranspiration for an arid and a humid zone<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-hijmans-2005\">Hijmans et al., 2005<\/a>; <a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-mu-2011\">Mu et al., 2011<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Parameter\">Methane correction factor (MCF)<\/td><td data-label=\"Value\">0.6, the default for uncategorised disposal sites<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-ipcc-2006\">IPCC, 2006<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Parameter\">Metal fraction burned in open burning<\/td><td data-label=\"Value\">10%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Assumption<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Parameter\">Landfill height \/ open-dump height<\/td><td data-label=\"Value\">20 m \/ 10 m<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Assumption<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Parameter\">Landfill operating time<\/td><td data-label=\"Value\">30 years<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Assumption<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Parameter\">Definitions of uncontrolled landfill, open dump and open burning<\/td><td data-label=\"Value\">As used in the inventory models<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-doka-2016a\">Doka, 2016a<\/a>; <a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-doka-2016b\">Doka, 2016b<\/a>; <a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-hoornweg-2012\">Hoornweg &amp; Bhada-Tata, 2012<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\r\n<h3>Life cycle impact assessment<\/h3>\r\n<p>Several impact assessment methods exist, including ILCD, IMPACT 2002+ and ReCiPe. The CML 2001 method (<a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-guinee-2002\">Guin&eacute;e, 2002<\/a>) was used at midpoint level because it is widely applied to municipal solid waste management. Five categories were evaluated: acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential (FAETP), global warming potential over 100 years (GWP) and human toxicity potential (HTP).<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"results\">\r\n<span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Results<\/span>\r\n<h2>Results and discussion<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Impact profile by disposal method<\/h3>\r\n<p>Open burning produces a near-identical profile in both climates and all three economies. Human toxicity is the largest share, at about 77% on average, followed by freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity at about 21%; eutrophication makes up most of the remainder.<\/p>\r\n<p>For open dumps and uncontrolled landfills the profile depends on climate. In humid conditions freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity is the largest share, at about 60% on average, followed by eutrophication at about 30% and human toxicity at about 10%. In arid conditions human toxicity leads at about 60% and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity follows at about 35%. Leaving those two categories aside, eutrophication is the largest remaining impact in the humid climate and global warming in the arid one. Acidification is noticeable in the arid climate and negligible in the humid one; global warming is similar in both.<\/p>\r\n<figure class=\"fig\" id=\"figure-1\">\r\n<div class=\"fig-legend\"><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#008194\"><\/span>Human toxicity (HTP)<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#1A1A1A\"><\/span>Global warming (GWP)<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#63976B\"><\/span>Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity (FAETP)<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#B87400\"><\/span>Eutrophication (EP)<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#4FC3D4\"><\/span>Acidification (AP)<\/span><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"fig-hint\">Scroll sideways to see the full chart.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"fig-scroll\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 900 640\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"f1t\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><title id=\"f1t\">Figure 1. Share of weighted environmental impact by disposal method, income group and climate<\/title><text x=\"14.0\" y=\"26.0\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Arid climate<\/text><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"888\" y1=\"260.0\" y2=\"260.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"56.0\" y=\"264.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >0%<\/text><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"888\" y1=\"205.0\" y2=\"205.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"56.0\" y=\"209.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >25%<\/text><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"888\" y1=\"150.0\" y2=\"150.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"56.0\" y=\"154.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >50%<\/text><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"888\" y1=\"95.0\" y2=\"95.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"56.0\" y=\"99.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >75%<\/text><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"888\" y1=\"40.0\" y2=\"40.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"56.0\" y=\"44.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >100%<\/text><text x=\"201.3\" y=\"26.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Low income<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"87.8\" y=\"93.90\" width=\"44\" height=\"166.10\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Low income, arid, open burning: Human toxicity 75.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"87.8\" y=\"92.80\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.10\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Low income, arid, open burning: Global warming 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"87.8\" y=\"45.50\" width=\"44\" height=\"47.30\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Low income, arid, open burning: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 21.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"87.8\" y=\"41.10\" width=\"44\" height=\"4.40\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Low income, arid, open burning: Eutrophication 2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"87.8\" y=\"40.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.10\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Low income, arid, open burning: Acidification 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"109.8\" y=\"278.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Open<\/text><text x=\"109.8\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >burning<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:35ms\" x=\"179.3\" y=\"132.40\" width=\"44\" height=\"127.60\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Low income, arid, open dump: Human toxicity 58%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:35ms\" x=\"179.3\" y=\"128.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"4.40\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Low income, arid, open dump: Global warming 2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:35ms\" x=\"179.3\" y=\"47.70\" width=\"44\" height=\"80.30\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Low income, arid, open dump: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 36.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:35ms\" x=\"179.3\" y=\"41.54\" width=\"44\" height=\"6.16\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Low income, arid, open dump: Eutrophication 2.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:35ms\" x=\"179.3\" y=\"40.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.54\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Low income, arid, open dump: Acidification 0.7%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"201.3\" y=\"278.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Open<\/text><text x=\"201.3\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >dump<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:70ms\" x=\"270.9\" y=\"132.40\" width=\"44\" height=\"127.60\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Low income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Human toxicity 58%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:70ms\" x=\"270.9\" y=\"128.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"4.40\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Low income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Global warming 2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:70ms\" x=\"270.9\" y=\"47.70\" width=\"44\" height=\"80.30\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Low income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 36.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:70ms\" x=\"270.9\" y=\"41.54\" width=\"44\" height=\"6.16\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Low income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Eutrophication 2.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:70ms\" x=\"270.9\" y=\"40.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.54\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Low income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Acidification 0.7%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"292.9\" y=\"278.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Uncontrolled<\/text><text x=\"292.9\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >landfill<\/text><text x=\"476.0\" y=\"26.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Lower-middle income<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:105ms\" x=\"362.4\" y=\"84.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"176.00\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Lower-middle income, arid, open burning: Human toxicity 80%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:105ms\" x=\"362.4\" y=\"83.34\" width=\"44\" height=\"0.66\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Lower-middle income, arid, open burning: Global warming 0.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:105ms\" x=\"362.4\" y=\"45.94\" width=\"44\" height=\"37.40\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Lower-middle income, arid, open burning: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 17%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:105ms\" x=\"362.4\" y=\"41.10\" width=\"44\" height=\"4.84\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Lower-middle income, arid, open burning: Eutrophication 2.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:105ms\" x=\"362.4\" y=\"40.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.10\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Lower-middle income, arid, open burning: Acidification 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"384.4\" y=\"278.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Open<\/text><text x=\"384.4\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >burning<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:140ms\" x=\"454.0\" y=\"128.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"132.00\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Lower-middle income, arid, open dump: Human toxicity 60%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:140ms\" x=\"454.0\" y=\"121.40\" width=\"44\" height=\"6.60\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Lower-middle income, arid, open dump: Global warming 3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:140ms\" x=\"454.0\" y=\"48.80\" width=\"44\" height=\"72.60\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Lower-middle income, arid, open dump: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 33%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:140ms\" x=\"454.0\" y=\"41.54\" width=\"44\" height=\"7.26\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Lower-middle income, arid, open dump: Eutrophication 3.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:140ms\" x=\"454.0\" y=\"40.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.54\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Lower-middle income, arid, open dump: Acidification 0.7%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"476.0\" y=\"278.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Open<\/text><text x=\"476.0\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >dump<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:175ms\" x=\"545.6\" y=\"128.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"132.00\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Lower-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Human toxicity 60%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:175ms\" x=\"545.6\" y=\"121.40\" width=\"44\" height=\"6.60\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Lower-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Global warming 3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:175ms\" x=\"545.6\" y=\"48.80\" width=\"44\" height=\"72.60\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Lower-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 33%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:175ms\" x=\"545.6\" y=\"41.54\" width=\"44\" height=\"7.26\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Lower-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Eutrophication 3.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:175ms\" x=\"545.6\" y=\"40.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.54\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Lower-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Acidification 0.7%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"567.6\" y=\"278.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Uncontrolled<\/text><text x=\"567.6\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >landfill<\/text><text x=\"750.7\" y=\"26.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Upper-middle income<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:210ms\" x=\"637.1\" y=\"92.80\" width=\"44\" height=\"167.20\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Upper-middle income, arid, open burning: Human toxicity 76%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:210ms\" x=\"637.1\" y=\"91.70\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.10\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Upper-middle income, arid, open burning: Global warming 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:210ms\" x=\"637.1\" y=\"45.50\" width=\"44\" height=\"46.20\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Upper-middle income, arid, open burning: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 21%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:210ms\" x=\"637.1\" y=\"41.10\" width=\"44\" height=\"4.40\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Upper-middle income, arid, open burning: Eutrophication 2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:210ms\" x=\"637.1\" y=\"40.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.10\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Upper-middle income, arid, open burning: Acidification 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"659.1\" y=\"278.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Open<\/text><text x=\"659.1\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >burning<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:245ms\" x=\"728.7\" y=\"130.20\" width=\"44\" height=\"129.80\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Upper-middle income, arid, open dump: Human toxicity 59%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:245ms\" x=\"728.7\" y=\"124.26\" width=\"44\" height=\"5.94\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Upper-middle income, arid, open dump: Global warming 2.7%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:245ms\" x=\"728.7\" y=\"46.60\" width=\"44\" height=\"77.66\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Upper-middle income, arid, open dump: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 35.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:245ms\" x=\"728.7\" y=\"41.10\" width=\"44\" height=\"5.50\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Upper-middle income, arid, open dump: Eutrophication 2.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:245ms\" x=\"728.7\" y=\"40.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.10\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Upper-middle income, arid, open dump: Acidification 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"750.7\" y=\"278.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Open<\/text><text x=\"750.7\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >dump<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:280ms\" x=\"820.2\" y=\"130.20\" width=\"44\" height=\"129.80\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Upper-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Human toxicity 59%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:280ms\" x=\"820.2\" y=\"124.26\" width=\"44\" height=\"5.94\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Upper-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Global warming 2.7%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:280ms\" x=\"820.2\" y=\"46.60\" width=\"44\" height=\"77.66\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Upper-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 35.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:280ms\" x=\"820.2\" y=\"41.10\" width=\"44\" height=\"5.50\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Upper-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Eutrophication 2.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:280ms\" x=\"820.2\" y=\"40.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.10\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Upper-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Acidification 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"842.2\" y=\"278.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Uncontrolled<\/text><text x=\"842.2\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >landfill<\/text><text x=\"14.0\" y=\"342.0\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Humid climate<\/text><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"888\" y1=\"576.0\" y2=\"576.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"56.0\" y=\"580.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >0%<\/text><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"888\" y1=\"521.0\" y2=\"521.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"56.0\" y=\"525.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >25%<\/text><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"888\" y1=\"466.0\" y2=\"466.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"56.0\" y=\"470.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >50%<\/text><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"888\" y1=\"411.0\" y2=\"411.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"56.0\" y=\"415.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >75%<\/text><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"888\" y1=\"356.0\" y2=\"356.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"56.0\" y=\"360.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >100%<\/text><text x=\"201.3\" y=\"342.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Low income<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"87.8\" y=\"409.90\" width=\"44\" height=\"166.10\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Low income, humid, open burning: Human toxicity 75.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"87.8\" y=\"408.80\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.10\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Low income, humid, open burning: Global warming 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"87.8\" y=\"361.50\" width=\"44\" height=\"47.30\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Low income, humid, open burning: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 21.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"87.8\" y=\"357.10\" width=\"44\" height=\"4.40\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Low income, humid, open burning: Eutrophication 2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"87.8\" y=\"356.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.10\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Low income, humid, open burning: Acidification 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"109.8\" y=\"594.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Open<\/text><text x=\"109.8\" y=\"608.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >burning<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:350ms\" x=\"179.3\" y=\"561.70\" width=\"44\" height=\"14.30\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Low income, humid, open dump: Human toxicity 6.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:350ms\" x=\"179.3\" y=\"557.30\" width=\"44\" height=\"4.40\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Low income, humid, open dump: Global warming 2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:350ms\" x=\"179.3\" y=\"416.50\" width=\"44\" height=\"140.80\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Low income, humid, open dump: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 64%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:350ms\" x=\"179.3\" y=\"356.66\" width=\"44\" height=\"59.84\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Low income, humid, open dump: Eutrophication 27.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:350ms\" x=\"179.3\" y=\"356.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"0.66\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Low income, humid, open dump: Acidification 0.3%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"201.3\" y=\"594.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Open<\/text><text x=\"201.3\" y=\"608.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >dump<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:385ms\" x=\"270.9\" y=\"561.70\" width=\"44\" height=\"14.30\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Low income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Human toxicity 6.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:385ms\" x=\"270.9\" y=\"557.30\" width=\"44\" height=\"4.40\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Low income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Global warming 2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:385ms\" x=\"270.9\" y=\"416.50\" width=\"44\" height=\"140.80\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Low income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 64%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:385ms\" x=\"270.9\" y=\"356.66\" width=\"44\" height=\"59.84\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Low income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Eutrophication 27.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:385ms\" x=\"270.9\" y=\"356.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"0.66\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Low income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Acidification 0.3%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"292.9\" y=\"594.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Uncontrolled<\/text><text x=\"292.9\" y=\"608.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >landfill<\/text><text x=\"476.0\" y=\"342.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Lower-middle income<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:420ms\" x=\"362.4\" y=\"400.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"176.00\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Lower-middle income, humid, open burning: Human toxicity 80%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:420ms\" x=\"362.4\" y=\"399.34\" width=\"44\" height=\"0.66\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Lower-middle income, humid, open burning: Global warming 0.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:420ms\" x=\"362.4\" y=\"361.94\" width=\"44\" height=\"37.40\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Lower-middle income, humid, open burning: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 17%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:420ms\" x=\"362.4\" y=\"357.10\" width=\"44\" height=\"4.84\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Lower-middle income, humid, open burning: Eutrophication 2.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:420ms\" x=\"362.4\" y=\"356.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.10\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Lower-middle income, humid, open burning: Acidification 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"384.4\" y=\"594.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Open<\/text><text x=\"384.4\" y=\"608.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >burning<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:455ms\" x=\"454.0\" y=\"559.50\" width=\"44\" height=\"16.50\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Lower-middle income, humid, open dump: Human toxicity 7.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:455ms\" x=\"454.0\" y=\"554.44\" width=\"44\" height=\"5.06\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Lower-middle income, humid, open dump: Global warming 2.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:455ms\" x=\"454.0\" y=\"434.54\" width=\"44\" height=\"119.90\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Lower-middle income, humid, open dump: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 54.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:455ms\" x=\"454.0\" y=\"356.88\" width=\"44\" height=\"77.66\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Lower-middle income, humid, open dump: Eutrophication 35.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:455ms\" x=\"454.0\" y=\"356.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"0.88\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Lower-middle income, humid, open dump: Acidification 0.4%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"476.0\" y=\"594.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Open<\/text><text x=\"476.0\" y=\"608.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >dump<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:490ms\" x=\"545.6\" y=\"559.50\" width=\"44\" height=\"16.50\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Lower-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Human toxicity 7.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:490ms\" x=\"545.6\" y=\"554.44\" width=\"44\" height=\"5.06\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Lower-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Global warming 2.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:490ms\" x=\"545.6\" y=\"434.54\" width=\"44\" height=\"119.90\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Lower-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 54.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:490ms\" x=\"545.6\" y=\"356.88\" width=\"44\" height=\"77.66\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Lower-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Eutrophication 35.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:490ms\" x=\"545.6\" y=\"356.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"0.88\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Lower-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Acidification 0.4%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"567.6\" y=\"594.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Uncontrolled<\/text><text x=\"567.6\" y=\"608.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >landfill<\/text><text x=\"750.7\" y=\"342.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Upper-middle income<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:525ms\" x=\"637.1\" y=\"408.80\" width=\"44\" height=\"167.20\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Upper-middle income, humid, open burning: Human toxicity 76%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:525ms\" x=\"637.1\" y=\"407.70\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.10\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Upper-middle income, humid, open burning: Global warming 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:525ms\" x=\"637.1\" y=\"361.50\" width=\"44\" height=\"46.20\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Upper-middle income, humid, open burning: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 21%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:525ms\" x=\"637.1\" y=\"357.10\" width=\"44\" height=\"4.40\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Upper-middle income, humid, open burning: Eutrophication 2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:525ms\" x=\"637.1\" y=\"356.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"1.10\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Upper-middle income, humid, open burning: Acidification 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"659.1\" y=\"594.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Open<\/text><text x=\"659.1\" y=\"608.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >burning<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:560ms\" x=\"728.7\" y=\"557.30\" width=\"44\" height=\"18.70\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Upper-middle income, humid, open dump: Human toxicity 8.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:560ms\" x=\"728.7\" y=\"552.46\" width=\"44\" height=\"4.84\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Upper-middle income, humid, open dump: Global warming 2.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:560ms\" x=\"728.7\" y=\"418.26\" width=\"44\" height=\"134.20\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Upper-middle income, humid, open dump: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 61%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:560ms\" x=\"728.7\" y=\"356.88\" width=\"44\" height=\"61.38\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Upper-middle income, humid, open dump: Eutrophication 27.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:560ms\" x=\"728.7\" y=\"356.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"0.88\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Upper-middle income, humid, open dump: Acidification 0.4%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"750.7\" y=\"594.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Open<\/text><text x=\"750.7\" y=\"608.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >dump<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:595ms\" x=\"820.2\" y=\"557.30\" width=\"44\" height=\"18.70\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Upper-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Human toxicity 8.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:595ms\" x=\"820.2\" y=\"552.46\" width=\"44\" height=\"4.84\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>Upper-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Global warming 2.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:595ms\" x=\"820.2\" y=\"418.26\" width=\"44\" height=\"134.20\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Upper-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 61%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:595ms\" x=\"820.2\" y=\"356.88\" width=\"44\" height=\"61.38\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Upper-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Eutrophication 27.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:595ms\" x=\"820.2\" y=\"356.00\" width=\"44\" height=\"0.88\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>Upper-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Acidification 0.4%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"842.2\" y=\"594.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Uncontrolled<\/text><text x=\"842.2\" y=\"608.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >landfill<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\r\n<figcaption><span class=\"li-key\">Figure 1.<\/span> Share of weighted environmental impacts of MSW disposal by uncontrolled landfill, open dump and open burning, for three economies in arid and humid climates. Values redrawn from the original analysis.<\/figcaption>\r\n<details class=\"data\"><summary>Show the data for Figure 1<\/summary><span class=\"tb-cap\" id=\"f1dcap\">Share of weighted impact (%), by case.<\/span><div class=\"tb-wrap\"><table class=\"tb-table \" aria-describedby=\"f1dcap\" style=\"--minw:760px\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Climate<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Income group<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Method<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HTP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">GWP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FAETP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">AP<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Climate\">Arid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Low<\/td><td data-label=\"Method\">Open burning<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">75.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">0.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">21.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">0.5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Climate\">Arid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Low<\/td><td data-label=\"Method\">Open dump \/ uncontrolled landfill<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">58%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">2%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">36.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.8%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">0.7%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Climate\">Arid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Lower-middle<\/td><td data-label=\"Method\">Open burning<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">80%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">0.3%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">17%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.2%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">0.5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Climate\">Arid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Lower-middle<\/td><td data-label=\"Method\">Open dump \/ uncontrolled landfill<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">60%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">3%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">33%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">3.3%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">0.7%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Climate\">Arid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Upper-middle<\/td><td data-label=\"Method\">Open burning<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">76%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">0.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">21%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">0.5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Climate\">Arid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Upper-middle<\/td><td data-label=\"Method\">Open dump \/ uncontrolled landfill<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">59%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">2.7%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">35.3%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">0.5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Climate\">Humid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Low<\/td><td data-label=\"Method\">Open burning<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">75.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">0.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">21.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">0.5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Climate\">Humid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Low<\/td><td data-label=\"Method\">Open dump \/ uncontrolled landfill<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">6.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">2%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">64%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">27.2%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">0.3%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Climate\">Humid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Lower-middle<\/td><td data-label=\"Method\">Open burning<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">80%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">0.3%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">17%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.2%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">0.5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Climate\">Humid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Lower-middle<\/td><td data-label=\"Method\">Open dump \/ uncontrolled landfill<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">7.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">2.3%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">54.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">35.3%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">0.4%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Climate\">Humid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Upper-middle<\/td><td data-label=\"Method\">Open burning<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">76%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">0.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">21%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">0.5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Climate\">Humid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Upper-middle<\/td><td data-label=\"Method\">Open dump \/ uncontrolled landfill<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">8.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">2.2%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">61%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">27.9%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">0.4%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/details>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p>By economy, human toxicity from open burning changes little, from 2,080 to 2,170 kg 1,4-DB-eq per tonne in both climates. With open dumping and uncontrolled landfilling, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity is the main concern for low-income countries in humid conditions, while human toxicity is the main contributor in arid conditions. In lower-middle-income countries with humid conditions, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity and eutrophication are both significant, and human toxicity is the most severe impact under arid conditions. Upper-middle-income countries follow the lower-middle-income pattern in arid conditions; in humid conditions freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity and human toxicity are the most severe. Table 2 gives the characterised results per tonne.<\/p>\r\n<figure class=\"fig\" id=\"chart-table-2\">\r\n<div class=\"fig-legend\"><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#B87400\"><\/span>Open burning, both climates<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#008194\"><\/span>Dump and landfill, humid<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#63976B\"><\/span>Dump and landfill, arid<\/span><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"fig-hint\">Scroll sideways to see the full chart.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"fig-scroll\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 900 386\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"t2ct\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><title id=\"t2ct\">Per-tonne global warming and human toxicity potential by disposal method, climate and income group<\/title><text x=\"112.0\" y=\"18.0\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Global warming, kg CO&#8322;-eq per tonne (incl. biogenic)<\/text><text x=\"526.0\" y=\"18.0\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Human toxicity, kg 1,4-DB-eq per tonne<\/text><text x=\"8.0\" y=\"56.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Open burning, both climates<\/text><text x=\"102.0\" y=\"82.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Low<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"112\" y=\"68\" width=\"114.6\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Open burning, both climates, Low: 196<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:500ms\"><text x=\"232.6\" y=\"82.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >196<\/text><\/g><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"526.0\" y=\"68\" width=\"298.4\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Open burning, both climates, Low: 2,130<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:500ms\"><text x=\"830.4\" y=\"82.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >2,130<\/text><\/g><text x=\"102.0\" y=\"110.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Lower-middle<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:40ms\" x=\"112\" y=\"96\" width=\"114.6\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Open burning, both climates, Lower-middle: 196<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:540ms\"><text x=\"232.6\" y=\"110.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >196<\/text><\/g><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:40ms\" x=\"526.0\" y=\"96\" width=\"291.4\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Open burning, both climates, Lower-middle: 2,080<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:540ms\"><text x=\"823.4\" y=\"110.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >2,080<\/text><\/g><text x=\"102.0\" y=\"138.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Upper-middle<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:80ms\" x=\"112\" y=\"124\" width=\"114.6\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Open burning, both climates, Upper-middle: 196<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:580ms\"><text x=\"232.6\" y=\"138.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >196<\/text><\/g><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:80ms\" x=\"526.0\" y=\"124\" width=\"304.0\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Open burning, both climates, Upper-middle: 2,170<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:580ms\"><text x=\"836.0\" y=\"138.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >2,170<\/text><\/g><text x=\"8.0\" y=\"168.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Dump and landfill, humid<\/text><text x=\"102.0\" y=\"194.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Low<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:120ms\" x=\"112\" y=\"180\" width=\"252.6\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Dump and landfill, humid, Low: 432<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:620ms\"><text x=\"370.6\" y=\"194.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >432<\/text><\/g><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:120ms\" x=\"526.0\" y=\"180\" width=\"18.1\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Dump and landfill, humid, Low: 129<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:620ms\"><text x=\"550.1\" y=\"194.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >129<\/text><\/g><text x=\"102.0\" y=\"222.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Lower-middle<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:160ms\" x=\"112\" y=\"208\" width=\"275.4\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Dump and landfill, humid, Lower-middle: 471<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:660ms\"><text x=\"393.4\" y=\"222.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >471<\/text><\/g><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:160ms\" x=\"526.0\" y=\"208\" width=\"17.7\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Dump and landfill, humid, Lower-middle: 126<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:660ms\"><text x=\"549.7\" y=\"222.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >126<\/text><\/g><text x=\"102.0\" y=\"250.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Upper-middle<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:200ms\" x=\"112\" y=\"236\" width=\"304.0\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Dump and landfill, humid, Upper-middle: 520<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:700ms\"><text x=\"422.0\" y=\"250.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >520<\/text><\/g><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:200ms\" x=\"526.0\" y=\"236\" width=\"23.8\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Dump and landfill, humid, Upper-middle: 170<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:700ms\"><text x=\"555.8\" y=\"250.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >170<\/text><\/g><text x=\"8.0\" y=\"280.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Dump and landfill, arid<\/text><text x=\"102.0\" y=\"306.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Low<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:240ms\" x=\"112\" y=\"292\" width=\"252.6\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Dump and landfill, arid, Low: 432<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:740ms\"><text x=\"370.6\" y=\"306.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >432<\/text><\/g><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:240ms\" x=\"526.0\" y=\"292\" width=\"128.3\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Dump and landfill, arid, Low: 916<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:740ms\"><text x=\"660.3\" y=\"306.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >916<\/text><\/g><text x=\"102.0\" y=\"334.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Lower-middle<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:280ms\" x=\"112\" y=\"320\" width=\"275.4\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Dump and landfill, arid, Lower-middle: 471<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:780ms\"><text x=\"393.4\" y=\"334.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >471<\/text><\/g><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:280ms\" x=\"526.0\" y=\"320\" width=\"106.8\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Dump and landfill, arid, Lower-middle: 762<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:780ms\"><text x=\"638.8\" y=\"334.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >762<\/text><\/g><text x=\"102.0\" y=\"362.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Upper-middle<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:320ms\" x=\"112\" y=\"348\" width=\"304.0\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Dump and landfill, arid, Upper-middle: 520<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:820ms\"><text x=\"422.0\" y=\"362.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >520<\/text><\/g><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:320ms\" x=\"526.0\" y=\"348\" width=\"134.1\" height=\"20\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>Dump and landfill, arid, Upper-middle: 957<\/title><\/rect><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:820ms\"><text x=\"666.1\" y=\"362.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >957<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/div>\r\n<figcaption><span class=\"li-key\">Table 2 in chart form.<\/span> Global warming and human toxicity potential per tonne of MSW, from Table 2. Dumps and uncontrolled landfills carry the larger climate burden; open burning carries by far the larger human toxicity burden.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<span class=\"tb-cap\" id=\"t2cap\"><span class=\"li-key\">Table 2.<\/span> CML 2001 characterised impacts per tonne of MSW disposed of, by disposal method, climate and economy. Open-burning results do not vary with climate, and open dumps and uncontrolled landfills give identical results in this model, so those rows are combined.<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"tb-wrap\"><table class=\"tb-table tb-auto\" aria-describedby=\"t2cap\" style=\"--minw:980px\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Disposal method<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Climate<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Income group<\/th><th scope=\"col\">AP (kg SO&#8322;-eq)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EP (kg PO&#8324;-eq)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FAETP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">GWP incl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">GWP excl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HTP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Disposal method\">Open burning<\/td><td data-label=\"Climate\">Arid and humid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Low<\/td><td data-label=\"AP (kg SO&#8322;-eq)\">0.405<\/td><td data-label=\"EP (kg PO&#8324;-eq)\">4.88<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">573<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP incl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">196<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP excl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">188<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">2,130<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Disposal method\">Open burning<\/td><td data-label=\"Climate\">Arid and humid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Lower-middle<\/td><td data-label=\"AP (kg SO&#8322;-eq)\">0.405<\/td><td data-label=\"EP (kg PO&#8324;-eq)\">4.56<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">419<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP incl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">196<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP excl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">189<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">2,080<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Disposal method\">Open burning<\/td><td data-label=\"Climate\">Arid and humid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Upper-middle<\/td><td data-label=\"AP (kg SO&#8322;-eq)\">0.405<\/td><td data-label=\"EP (kg PO&#8324;-eq)\">4.20<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">572<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP incl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">196<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP excl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">188<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">2,170<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Disposal method\">Open dump and uncontrolled landfill<\/td><td data-label=\"Climate\">Humid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Low<\/td><td data-label=\"AP (kg SO&#8322;-eq)\">0.437<\/td><td data-label=\"EP (kg PO&#8324;-eq)\">34.2<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">1,150<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP incl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">432<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP excl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">333<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">129<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Disposal method\">Open dump and uncontrolled landfill<\/td><td data-label=\"Climate\">Humid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Lower-middle<\/td><td data-label=\"AP (kg SO&#8322;-eq)\">0.411<\/td><td data-label=\"EP (kg PO&#8324;-eq)\">38.4<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">832<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP incl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">471<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP excl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">363<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">126<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Disposal method\">Open dump and uncontrolled landfill<\/td><td data-label=\"Climate\">Humid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Upper-middle<\/td><td data-label=\"AP (kg SO&#8322;-eq)\">0.378<\/td><td data-label=\"EP (kg PO&#8324;-eq)\">37.2<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">1,150<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP incl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">520<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP excl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">399<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">170<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Disposal method\">Open dump and uncontrolled landfill<\/td><td data-label=\"Climate\">Arid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Low<\/td><td data-label=\"AP (kg SO&#8322;-eq)\">0.818<\/td><td data-label=\"EP (kg PO&#8324;-eq)\">2.98<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">557<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP incl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">432<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP excl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">333<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">916<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Disposal method\">Open dump and uncontrolled landfill<\/td><td data-label=\"Climate\">Arid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Lower-middle<\/td><td data-label=\"AP (kg SO&#8322;-eq)\">0.840<\/td><td data-label=\"EP (kg PO&#8324;-eq)\">2.79<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">403<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP incl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">471<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP excl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">363<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">762<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Disposal method\">Open dump and uncontrolled landfill<\/td><td data-label=\"Climate\">Arid<\/td><td data-label=\"Income group\">Upper-middle<\/td><td data-label=\"AP (kg SO&#8322;-eq)\">0.763<\/td><td data-label=\"EP (kg PO&#8324;-eq)\">2.56<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">556<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP incl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">520<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP excl. biogenic (kg CO&#8322;-eq)\">399<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)\">957<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Heavy-metal emissions<\/h3>\r\n<p>The main heavy-metal emissions are antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, chromium (VI), cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, tin, titanium, vanadium and zinc. Lead and zinc are the most significant. Compared with other metals on the same emission path, lead emissions to water are the highest in every case, and higher in the arid climate than in the humid one; lead is also significant in soil and slight in air. Zinc emissions are significant to air, followed by soil. Figure 2 shows the mix of the remaining metals in each case.<\/p>\r\n<figure class=\"fig\" id=\"figure-2\">\r\n<div class=\"fig-legend\"><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#008194\"><\/span>Chromium<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#63976B\"><\/span>Nickel<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#B87400\"><\/span>Manganese<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#4FC3D4\"><\/span>Cobalt<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#1A1A1A\"><\/span>Tin<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#94A3B8\"><\/span>Titanium<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#2D8B8A\"><\/span>Cadmium<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#006675\"><\/span>Arsenic<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#8A5A00\"><\/span>Antimony<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><\/span>Chromium (VI)<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><\/span>Mercury<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><\/span>Selenium, vanadium, silver<\/span><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"fig-hint\">Scroll sideways to see the full chart.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"fig-scroll\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 900 380\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"f2t\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><title id=\"f2t\">Figure 2. Heavy-metal emission mix by case, excluding lead and zinc<\/title><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"892\" y1=\"316.0\" y2=\"316.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"44.0\" y=\"320.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >0%<\/text><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"892\" y1=\"241.0\" y2=\"241.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"44.0\" y=\"245.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >25%<\/text><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"892\" y1=\"166.0\" y2=\"166.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"44.0\" y=\"170.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >50%<\/text><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"892\" y1=\"91.0\" y2=\"91.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"44.0\" y=\"95.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >75%<\/text><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"892\" y1=\"16.0\" y2=\"16.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"44.0\" y=\"20.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >100%<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"59.9\" y=\"110.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"205.50\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>UMIC, humid, b: Chromium 68.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"59.9\" y=\"66.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"43.80\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>UMIC, humid, b: Nickel 14.6%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"59.9\" y=\"62.80\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.90\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>UMIC, humid, b: Manganese 1.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"59.9\" y=\"60.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.40\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>UMIC, humid, b: Cobalt 0.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"59.9\" y=\"45.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"15.00\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>UMIC, humid, b: Tin 5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"59.9\" y=\"31.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"14.10\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>UMIC, humid, b: Titanium 4.7%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"59.9\" y=\"27.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.90\" fill=\"#2D8B8A\"><title>UMIC, humid, b: Cadmium 1.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"59.9\" y=\"26.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.90\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>UMIC, humid, b: Arsenic 0.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"59.9\" y=\"19.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"7.20\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>UMIC, humid, b: Antimony 2.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"59.9\" y=\"18.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>UMIC, humid, b: Chromium (VI) 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"59.9\" y=\"18.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>UMIC, humid, b: Mercury 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"59.9\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>UMIC, humid, b: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.7%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"75.3\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >UMIC<\/text><text x=\"75.3\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >humid<\/text><text x=\"75.3\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >b<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:45ms\" x=\"106.6\" y=\"315.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>UMIC, humid, o: Chromium 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:45ms\" x=\"106.6\" y=\"307.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"8.40\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>UMIC, humid, o: Nickel 2.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:45ms\" x=\"106.6\" y=\"169.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"137.40\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>UMIC, humid, o: Manganese 45.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:45ms\" x=\"106.6\" y=\"86.20\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"83.40\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>UMIC, humid, o: Cobalt 27.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:45ms\" x=\"106.6\" y=\"82.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.60\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>UMIC, humid, o: Titanium 1.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:45ms\" x=\"106.6\" y=\"63.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"18.90\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>UMIC, humid, o: Arsenic 6.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:45ms\" x=\"106.6\" y=\"49.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"14.10\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>UMIC, humid, o: Antimony 4.7%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:45ms\" x=\"106.6\" y=\"28.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"21.00\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>UMIC, humid, o: Chromium (VI) 7%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:45ms\" x=\"106.6\" y=\"19.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"9.60\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>UMIC, humid, o: Mercury 3.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:45ms\" x=\"106.6\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.00\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>UMIC, humid, o: Selenium, vanadium, silver 1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"122.0\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >UMIC<\/text><text x=\"122.0\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >humid<\/text><text x=\"122.0\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >o<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:90ms\" x=\"153.3\" y=\"315.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>UMIC, humid, u: Chromium 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:90ms\" x=\"153.3\" y=\"307.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"8.40\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>UMIC, humid, u: Nickel 2.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:90ms\" x=\"153.3\" y=\"169.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"137.40\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>UMIC, humid, u: Manganese 45.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:90ms\" x=\"153.3\" y=\"86.20\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"83.40\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>UMIC, humid, u: Cobalt 27.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:90ms\" x=\"153.3\" y=\"82.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.60\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>UMIC, humid, u: Titanium 1.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:90ms\" x=\"153.3\" y=\"63.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"18.90\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>UMIC, humid, u: Arsenic 6.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:90ms\" x=\"153.3\" y=\"49.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"14.10\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>UMIC, humid, u: Antimony 4.7%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:90ms\" x=\"153.3\" y=\"28.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"21.00\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>UMIC, humid, u: Chromium (VI) 7%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:90ms\" x=\"153.3\" y=\"19.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"9.60\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>UMIC, humid, u: Mercury 3.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:90ms\" x=\"153.3\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.00\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>UMIC, humid, u: Selenium, vanadium, silver 1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"168.7\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >UMIC<\/text><text x=\"168.7\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >humid<\/text><text x=\"168.7\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >u<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:135ms\" x=\"199.9\" y=\"110.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"205.50\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>UMIC, arid, b: Chromium 68.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:135ms\" x=\"199.9\" y=\"66.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"43.80\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>UMIC, arid, b: Nickel 14.6%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:135ms\" x=\"199.9\" y=\"62.80\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.90\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>UMIC, arid, b: Manganese 1.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:135ms\" x=\"199.9\" y=\"60.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.40\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>UMIC, arid, b: Cobalt 0.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:135ms\" x=\"199.9\" y=\"45.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"15.00\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>UMIC, arid, b: Tin 5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:135ms\" x=\"199.9\" y=\"31.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"14.10\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>UMIC, arid, b: Titanium 4.7%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:135ms\" x=\"199.9\" y=\"27.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.90\" fill=\"#2D8B8A\"><title>UMIC, arid, b: Cadmium 1.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:135ms\" x=\"199.9\" y=\"26.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.90\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>UMIC, arid, b: Arsenic 0.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:135ms\" x=\"199.9\" y=\"19.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"7.20\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>UMIC, arid, b: Antimony 2.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:135ms\" x=\"199.9\" y=\"18.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>UMIC, arid, b: Chromium (VI) 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:135ms\" x=\"199.9\" y=\"18.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>UMIC, arid, b: Mercury 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:135ms\" x=\"199.9\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>UMIC, arid, b: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.7%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"215.3\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >UMIC<\/text><text x=\"215.3\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >arid<\/text><text x=\"215.3\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >b<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:180ms\" x=\"246.6\" y=\"313.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.40\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>UMIC, arid, o: Chromium 0.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:180ms\" x=\"246.6\" y=\"163.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"150.60\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>UMIC, arid, o: Nickel 50.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:180ms\" x=\"246.6\" y=\"147.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"15.60\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>UMIC, arid, o: Manganese 5.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:180ms\" x=\"246.6\" y=\"138.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"9.00\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>UMIC, arid, o: Cobalt 3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:180ms\" x=\"246.6\" y=\"89.80\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"48.60\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>UMIC, arid, o: Tin 16.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:180ms\" x=\"246.6\" y=\"37.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"52.80\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>UMIC, arid, o: Titanium 17.6%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:180ms\" x=\"246.6\" y=\"23.20\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"13.80\" fill=\"#2D8B8A\"><title>UMIC, arid, o: Cadmium 4.6%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:180ms\" x=\"246.6\" y=\"20.80\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.40\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>UMIC, arid, o: Arsenic 0.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:180ms\" x=\"246.6\" y=\"19.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"1.80\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>UMIC, arid, o: Antimony 0.6%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:180ms\" x=\"246.6\" y=\"18.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>UMIC, arid, o: Chromium (VI) 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:180ms\" x=\"246.6\" y=\"17.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.90\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>UMIC, arid, o: Mercury 0.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:180ms\" x=\"246.6\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"1.50\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>UMIC, arid, o: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"262.0\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >UMIC<\/text><text x=\"262.0\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >arid<\/text><text x=\"262.0\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >o<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:225ms\" x=\"293.3\" y=\"313.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.40\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>UMIC, arid, u: Chromium 0.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:225ms\" x=\"293.3\" y=\"163.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"150.60\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>UMIC, arid, u: Nickel 50.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:225ms\" x=\"293.3\" y=\"147.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"15.60\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>UMIC, arid, u: Manganese 5.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:225ms\" x=\"293.3\" y=\"138.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"9.00\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>UMIC, arid, u: Cobalt 3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:225ms\" x=\"293.3\" y=\"89.80\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"48.60\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>UMIC, arid, u: Tin 16.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:225ms\" x=\"293.3\" y=\"37.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"52.80\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>UMIC, arid, u: Titanium 17.6%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:225ms\" x=\"293.3\" y=\"23.20\" width=\"30.8\" 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font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >UMIC<\/text><text x=\"308.7\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >arid<\/text><text x=\"308.7\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >u<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:270ms\" x=\"339.9\" y=\"116.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"199.50\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LMIC, arid, b: Chromium 66.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:270ms\" x=\"339.9\" y=\"71.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"45.00\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>LMIC, arid, b: Nickel 15%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:270ms\" x=\"339.9\" y=\"66.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"5.10\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LMIC, arid, b: Manganese 1.7%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:270ms\" x=\"339.9\" y=\"62.20\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"4.20\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LMIC, arid, b: Cobalt 1.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:270ms\" x=\"339.9\" y=\"46.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"15.60\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>LMIC, arid, b: Tin 5.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:270ms\" x=\"339.9\" y=\"34.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"12.30\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>LMIC, arid, b: Titanium 4.1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:270ms\" x=\"339.9\" y=\"28.90\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"5.40\" fill=\"#2D8B8A\"><title>LMIC, arid, b: Cadmium 1.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:270ms\" x=\"339.9\" y=\"27.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"1.20\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>LMIC, arid, b: Arsenic 0.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:270ms\" x=\"339.9\" y=\"19.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"8.40\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>LMIC, arid, b: Antimony 2.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:270ms\" x=\"339.9\" y=\"19.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.30\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>LMIC, arid, b: Chromium (VI) 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:270ms\" x=\"339.9\" y=\"18.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>LMIC, arid, b: Mercury 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:270ms\" x=\"339.9\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.40\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>LMIC, arid, b: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.8%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"355.3\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LMIC<\/text><text x=\"355.3\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >arid<\/text><text x=\"355.3\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >b<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"386.6\" y=\"313.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.40\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LMIC, arid, o: Chromium 0.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"386.6\" y=\"166.90\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"146.70\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>LMIC, arid, o: Nickel 48.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"386.6\" y=\"151.90\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"15.00\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LMIC, arid, o: Manganese 5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"386.6\" y=\"136.90\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"15.00\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LMIC, arid, o: Cobalt 5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"386.6\" y=\"89.20\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"47.70\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>LMIC, arid, o: Tin 15.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"386.6\" y=\"43.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"45.90\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>LMIC, arid, o: Titanium 15.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"386.6\" y=\"24.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"18.90\" fill=\"#2D8B8A\"><title>LMIC, arid, o: Cadmium 6.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"386.6\" y=\"21.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.70\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>LMIC, arid, o: Arsenic 0.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"386.6\" y=\"19.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.40\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>LMIC, arid, o: Antimony 0.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"386.6\" y=\"18.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>LMIC, arid, o: Chromium (VI) 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"386.6\" y=\"17.80\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.90\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>LMIC, arid, o: Mercury 0.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:315ms\" x=\"386.6\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"1.80\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>LMIC, arid, o: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.6%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"402.0\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LMIC<\/text><text x=\"402.0\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >arid<\/text><text x=\"402.0\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >o<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:360ms\" x=\"433.3\" y=\"313.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.40\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LMIC, arid, u: Chromium 0.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:360ms\" x=\"433.3\" y=\"166.90\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"146.70\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>LMIC, arid, u: Nickel 48.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:360ms\" x=\"433.3\" y=\"151.90\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"15.00\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LMIC, arid, u: Manganese 5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:360ms\" x=\"433.3\" y=\"136.90\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"15.00\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LMIC, arid, u: Cobalt 5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:360ms\" x=\"433.3\" y=\"89.20\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"47.70\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>LMIC, arid, u: Tin 15.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:360ms\" x=\"433.3\" y=\"43.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"45.90\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>LMIC, arid, u: Titanium 15.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:360ms\" x=\"433.3\" y=\"24.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"18.90\" fill=\"#2D8B8A\"><title>LMIC, arid, u: Cadmium 6.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:360ms\" x=\"433.3\" y=\"21.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.70\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>LMIC, arid, u: Arsenic 0.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:360ms\" x=\"433.3\" y=\"19.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.40\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>LMIC, arid, u: Antimony 0.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:360ms\" x=\"433.3\" y=\"18.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>LMIC, arid, u: Chromium (VI) 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:360ms\" x=\"433.3\" y=\"17.80\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.90\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>LMIC, arid, u: Mercury 0.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:360ms\" x=\"433.3\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"1.80\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>LMIC, arid, u: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.6%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"448.7\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LMIC<\/text><text x=\"448.7\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >arid<\/text><text x=\"448.7\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >u<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:405ms\" x=\"479.9\" y=\"116.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"199.50\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LMIC, humid, b: Chromium 66.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:405ms\" x=\"479.9\" y=\"71.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"45.00\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>LMIC, humid, b: Nickel 15%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:405ms\" x=\"479.9\" y=\"66.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"5.10\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LMIC, humid, b: Manganese 1.7%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:405ms\" x=\"479.9\" y=\"62.20\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"4.20\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LMIC, humid, b: Cobalt 1.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:405ms\" x=\"479.9\" y=\"46.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"15.60\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>LMIC, humid, b: Tin 5.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:405ms\" x=\"479.9\" y=\"34.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"12.30\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>LMIC, humid, b: Titanium 4.1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:405ms\" x=\"479.9\" y=\"28.90\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"5.40\" fill=\"#2D8B8A\"><title>LMIC, humid, b: Cadmium 1.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:405ms\" x=\"479.9\" y=\"27.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"1.20\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>LMIC, humid, b: Arsenic 0.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:405ms\" x=\"479.9\" y=\"19.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"8.40\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>LMIC, humid, b: Antimony 2.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:405ms\" x=\"479.9\" y=\"19.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.30\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>LMIC, humid, b: Chromium (VI) 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:405ms\" x=\"479.9\" y=\"18.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>LMIC, humid, b: Mercury 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:405ms\" x=\"479.9\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.40\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>LMIC, humid, b: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.8%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"495.3\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LMIC<\/text><text x=\"495.3\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >humid<\/text><text x=\"495.3\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >b<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:450ms\" x=\"526.6\" y=\"315.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.90\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LMIC, humid, o: Chromium 0.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:450ms\" x=\"526.6\" y=\"309.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"5.40\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>LMIC, humid, o: Nickel 1.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:450ms\" x=\"526.6\" y=\"189.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"120.00\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LMIC, humid, o: Manganese 40%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:450ms\" x=\"526.6\" y=\"81.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"108.00\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LMIC, humid, o: Cobalt 36%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:450ms\" x=\"526.6\" y=\"78.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.30\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>LMIC, humid, o: Titanium 1.1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:450ms\" x=\"526.6\" y=\"57.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"21.30\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>LMIC, humid, o: Arsenic 7.1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:450ms\" x=\"526.6\" y=\"45.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"12.00\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>LMIC, humid, o: Antimony 4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:450ms\" x=\"526.6\" y=\"28.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"16.80\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>LMIC, humid, o: Chromium (VI) 5.6%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:450ms\" x=\"526.6\" y=\"19.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"9.00\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>LMIC, humid, o: Mercury 3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:450ms\" x=\"526.6\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.30\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>LMIC, humid, o: Selenium, vanadium, silver 1.1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"542.0\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LMIC<\/text><text x=\"542.0\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >humid<\/text><text x=\"542.0\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >o<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:495ms\" x=\"573.3\" y=\"315.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.90\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LMIC, humid, u: Chromium 0.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:495ms\" x=\"573.3\" y=\"309.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"5.40\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>LMIC, humid, u: Nickel 1.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:495ms\" x=\"573.3\" y=\"189.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"120.00\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LMIC, humid, u: Manganese 40%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:495ms\" x=\"573.3\" y=\"81.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"108.00\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LMIC, humid, u: Cobalt 36%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:495ms\" x=\"573.3\" y=\"78.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.30\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>LMIC, humid, u: Titanium 1.1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:495ms\" x=\"573.3\" y=\"57.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"21.30\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>LMIC, humid, u: Arsenic 7.1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:495ms\" x=\"573.3\" y=\"45.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"12.00\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>LMIC, humid, u: Antimony 4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:495ms\" x=\"573.3\" y=\"28.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"16.80\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>LMIC, humid, u: Chromium (VI) 5.6%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:495ms\" x=\"573.3\" y=\"19.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"9.00\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>LMIC, humid, u: Mercury 3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:495ms\" x=\"573.3\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.30\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>LMIC, humid, u: Selenium, vanadium, silver 1.1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"588.7\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LMIC<\/text><text x=\"588.7\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >humid<\/text><text x=\"588.7\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >u<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:540ms\" x=\"619.9\" y=\"313.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.70\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LIC, arid, o: Chromium 0.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:540ms\" x=\"619.9\" y=\"138.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"174.90\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>LIC, arid, o: Nickel 58.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:540ms\" x=\"619.9\" y=\"128.20\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"10.20\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LIC, arid, o: Manganese 3.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:540ms\" x=\"619.9\" y=\"115.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"12.90\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LIC, arid, o: Cobalt 4.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:540ms\" x=\"619.9\" y=\"57.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"57.90\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>LIC, arid, o: Tin 19.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:540ms\" x=\"619.9\" y=\"35.80\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"21.60\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>LIC, arid, o: Titanium 7.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:540ms\" x=\"619.9\" y=\"23.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"12.30\" fill=\"#2D8B8A\"><title>LIC, arid, o: Cadmium 4.1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:540ms\" x=\"619.9\" y=\"21.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.40\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>LIC, arid, o: Arsenic 0.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:540ms\" x=\"619.9\" y=\"19.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.10\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>LIC, arid, o: Antimony 0.7%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:540ms\" x=\"619.9\" y=\"18.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>LIC, arid, o: Chromium (VI) 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:540ms\" x=\"619.9\" y=\"17.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.90\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>LIC, arid, o: Mercury 0.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:540ms\" x=\"619.9\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"1.50\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>LIC, arid, o: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"635.3\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LIC<\/text><text x=\"635.3\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >arid<\/text><text x=\"635.3\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >o<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:585ms\" x=\"666.6\" y=\"313.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.70\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LIC, arid, u: Chromium 0.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:585ms\" x=\"666.6\" y=\"138.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"174.90\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>LIC, arid, u: Nickel 58.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:585ms\" x=\"666.6\" y=\"128.20\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"10.20\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LIC, arid, u: Manganese 3.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:585ms\" x=\"666.6\" y=\"115.30\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"12.90\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LIC, arid, u: Cobalt 4.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:585ms\" x=\"666.6\" y=\"57.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"57.90\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>LIC, arid, u: Tin 19.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:585ms\" x=\"666.6\" y=\"35.80\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"21.60\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>LIC, arid, u: Titanium 7.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:585ms\" x=\"666.6\" y=\"23.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"12.30\" fill=\"#2D8B8A\"><title>LIC, arid, u: Cadmium 4.1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:585ms\" x=\"666.6\" y=\"21.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.40\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>LIC, arid, u: Arsenic 0.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:585ms\" x=\"666.6\" y=\"19.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.10\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>LIC, arid, u: Antimony 0.7%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:585ms\" x=\"666.6\" y=\"18.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>LIC, arid, u: Chromium (VI) 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:585ms\" x=\"666.6\" y=\"17.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.90\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>LIC, arid, u: Mercury 0.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:585ms\" x=\"666.6\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"1.50\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>LIC, arid, u: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"682.0\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LIC<\/text><text x=\"682.0\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >arid<\/text><text x=\"682.0\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >u<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:630ms\" x=\"713.3\" y=\"103.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"213.00\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LIC, humid, b: Chromium 71%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:630ms\" x=\"713.3\" y=\"56.20\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"46.80\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>LIC, humid, b: Nickel 15.6%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:630ms\" x=\"713.3\" y=\"53.20\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.00\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LIC, humid, b: Manganese 1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:630ms\" x=\"713.3\" y=\"50.20\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.00\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LIC, humid, b: Cobalt 1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:630ms\" x=\"713.3\" y=\"34.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"16.20\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>LIC, humid, b: Tin 5.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:630ms\" x=\"713.3\" y=\"29.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"4.50\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>LIC, humid, b: Titanium 1.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:630ms\" x=\"713.3\" y=\"26.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.00\" fill=\"#2D8B8A\"><title>LIC, humid, b: Cadmium 1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:630ms\" x=\"713.3\" y=\"25.90\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>LIC, humid, b: Arsenic 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:630ms\" x=\"713.3\" y=\"18.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"7.50\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>LIC, humid, b: Antimony 2.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:630ms\" x=\"713.3\" y=\"18.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.30\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>LIC, humid, b: Chromium (VI) 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:630ms\" x=\"713.3\" y=\"17.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>LIC, humid, b: Mercury 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:630ms\" x=\"713.3\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"1.50\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>LIC, humid, b: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"728.7\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LIC<\/text><text x=\"728.7\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >humid<\/text><text x=\"728.7\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >b<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:675ms\" x=\"759.9\" y=\"103.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"213.00\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LIC, arid, b: Chromium 71%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:675ms\" x=\"759.9\" y=\"56.20\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"46.80\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>LIC, arid, b: Nickel 15.6%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:675ms\" x=\"759.9\" y=\"53.20\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.00\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LIC, arid, b: Manganese 1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:675ms\" x=\"759.9\" y=\"50.20\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.00\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LIC, arid, b: Cobalt 1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:675ms\" x=\"759.9\" y=\"34.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"16.20\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\"><title>LIC, arid, b: Tin 5.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:675ms\" x=\"759.9\" y=\"29.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"4.50\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>LIC, arid, b: Titanium 1.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:675ms\" x=\"759.9\" y=\"26.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.00\" fill=\"#2D8B8A\"><title>LIC, arid, b: Cadmium 1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:675ms\" x=\"759.9\" y=\"25.90\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>LIC, arid, b: Arsenic 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:675ms\" x=\"759.9\" y=\"18.40\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"7.50\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>LIC, arid, b: Antimony 2.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:675ms\" x=\"759.9\" y=\"18.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.30\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>LIC, arid, b: Chromium (VI) 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:675ms\" x=\"759.9\" y=\"17.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.60\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>LIC, arid, b: Mercury 0.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:675ms\" x=\"759.9\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"1.50\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>LIC, arid, b: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"775.3\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LIC<\/text><text x=\"775.3\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >arid<\/text><text x=\"775.3\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >b<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:720ms\" x=\"806.6\" y=\"315.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.90\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LIC, humid, o: Chromium 0.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:720ms\" x=\"806.6\" y=\"306.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"9.00\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>LIC, humid, o: Nickel 3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:720ms\" x=\"806.6\" y=\"216.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"90.00\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LIC, humid, o: Manganese 30%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:720ms\" x=\"806.6\" y=\"93.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"123.00\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LIC, humid, o: Cobalt 41%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:720ms\" x=\"806.6\" y=\"90.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.40\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>LIC, humid, o: Titanium 0.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:720ms\" x=\"806.6\" y=\"68.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"22.20\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>LIC, humid, o: Arsenic 7.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:720ms\" x=\"806.6\" y=\"52.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"15.90\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>LIC, humid, o: Antimony 5.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:720ms\" x=\"806.6\" y=\"28.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"24.60\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>LIC, humid, o: Chromium (VI) 8.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:720ms\" x=\"806.6\" y=\"19.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"9.00\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>LIC, humid, o: Mercury 3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:720ms\" x=\"806.6\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.00\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>LIC, humid, o: Selenium, vanadium, silver 1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"822.0\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LIC<\/text><text x=\"822.0\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >humid<\/text><text x=\"822.0\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >o<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:765ms\" x=\"853.3\" y=\"315.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"0.90\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LIC, humid, u: Chromium 0.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:765ms\" x=\"853.3\" y=\"306.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"9.00\" fill=\"#63976B\"><title>LIC, humid, u: Nickel 3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:765ms\" x=\"853.3\" y=\"216.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"90.00\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LIC, humid, u: Manganese 30%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:765ms\" x=\"853.3\" y=\"93.10\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"123.00\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LIC, humid, u: Cobalt 41%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:765ms\" x=\"853.3\" y=\"90.70\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"2.40\" fill=\"#94A3B8\"><title>LIC, humid, u: Titanium 0.8%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:765ms\" x=\"853.3\" y=\"68.50\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"22.20\" fill=\"#006675\"><title>LIC, humid, u: Arsenic 7.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:765ms\" x=\"853.3\" y=\"52.60\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"15.90\" fill=\"#8A5A00\"><title>LIC, humid, u: Antimony 5.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:765ms\" x=\"853.3\" y=\"28.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"24.60\" fill=\"rgba(99,151,107,0.45)\"><title>LIC, humid, u: Chromium (VI) 8.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:765ms\" x=\"853.3\" y=\"19.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"9.00\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.45)\"><title>LIC, humid, u: Mercury 3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:765ms\" x=\"853.3\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"30.8\" height=\"3.00\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"><title>LIC, humid, u: Selenium, vanadium, silver 1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"868.7\" y=\"333.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LIC<\/text><text x=\"868.7\" y=\"347.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >humid<\/text><text x=\"868.7\" y=\"361.0\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >u<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\r\n<figcaption><span class=\"li-key\">Figure 2.<\/span> Heavy-metal emissions by case, as a share of total metal emissions, excluding lead and zinc. LIC, LMIC and UMIC are low-, lower-middle- and upper-middle-income countries; b is open burning, o is open dump, u is uncontrolled landfill. Values redrawn from the original analysis.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p>Figure 3 shows where those emissions go. In the humid climate the fate of heavy metals from dumps and uncontrolled landfills is almost entirely water, while in the arid climate it is soil, at about 90%, and air, at about 8%. Open burning sends metal emissions to soil in every case. Across the elements examined, metal presence in soil is significant compared with air, and the same holds for emissions overall, regardless of economy and disposal method.<\/p>\r\n<figure class=\"fig\" id=\"figure-3\">\r\n<div class=\"fig-legend\"><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#008194\"><\/span>Water<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#B87400\"><\/span>Soil<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#4FC3D4\"><\/span>Air<\/span><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"fig-hint\">Scroll sideways to see the full chart.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"fig-scroll\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 900 582\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"f3t\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><title id=\"f3t\">Figure 3. Share of heavy-metal emissions to water, soil and air by case<\/title><line x1=\"118.0\" x2=\"118.0\" y1=\"8\" y2=\"548\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"118.0\" y=\"566.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >0%<\/text><line x1=\"310.0\" x2=\"310.0\" y1=\"8\" y2=\"548\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"310.0\" y=\"566.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >25%<\/text><line x1=\"502.0\" x2=\"502.0\" y1=\"8\" y2=\"548\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"502.0\" y=\"566.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >50%<\/text><line x1=\"694.0\" x2=\"694.0\" y1=\"8\" y2=\"548\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"694.0\" y=\"566.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >75%<\/text><line x1=\"886.0\" x2=\"886.0\" y1=\"8\" y2=\"548\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"886.0\" y=\"566.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >100%<\/text><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"24.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >UMIC, humid, u<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"8\" width=\"767.23\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>UMIC, humid, u: Water 99.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"885.23\" y=\"8\" width=\"0.77\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>UMIC, humid, u: Air 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"54.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >UMIC, humid, o<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:40ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"38\" width=\"767.23\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>UMIC, humid, o: Water 99.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:40ms\" x=\"885.23\" y=\"38\" width=\"0.77\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>UMIC, humid, o: Air 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"84.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >UMIC, humid, b<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:80ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"68\" width=\"767.23\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>UMIC, humid, b: Soil 99.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:80ms\" x=\"885.23\" y=\"68\" width=\"0.77\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>UMIC, humid, b: Air 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"114.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >UMIC, arid, u<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:120ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"98\" width=\"12.29\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>UMIC, arid, u: Water 1.6%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:120ms\" x=\"130.29\" y=\"98\" width=\"691.97\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>UMIC, arid, u: Soil 90.1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:120ms\" x=\"822.26\" y=\"98\" width=\"63.74\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>UMIC, arid, u: Air 8.3%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"144.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >UMIC, arid, o<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:160ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"128\" width=\"12.29\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>UMIC, arid, o: Water 1.6%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:160ms\" x=\"130.29\" y=\"128\" width=\"691.97\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>UMIC, arid, o: Soil 90.1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:160ms\" x=\"822.26\" y=\"128\" width=\"63.74\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>UMIC, arid, o: Air 8.3%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"174.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >UMIC, arid, b<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:200ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"158\" width=\"767.23\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>UMIC, arid, b: Soil 99.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:200ms\" x=\"885.23\" y=\"158\" width=\"0.77\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>UMIC, arid, b: Air 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"204.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LMIC, humid, u<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:240ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"188\" width=\"767.23\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LMIC, humid, u: Water 99.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:240ms\" x=\"885.23\" y=\"188\" width=\"0.77\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LMIC, humid, u: Air 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"234.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LMIC, humid, o<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:280ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"218\" width=\"767.23\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LMIC, humid, o: Water 99.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:280ms\" x=\"885.23\" y=\"218\" width=\"0.77\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LMIC, humid, o: Air 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"264.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LMIC, humid, b<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:320ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"248\" width=\"767.23\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LMIC, humid, b: Soil 99.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:320ms\" x=\"885.23\" y=\"248\" width=\"0.77\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LMIC, humid, b: Air 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"294.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LMIC, arid, u<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:360ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"278\" width=\"9.98\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LMIC, arid, u: Water 1.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:360ms\" x=\"127.98\" y=\"278\" width=\"692.74\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LMIC, arid, u: Soil 90.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:360ms\" x=\"820.72\" y=\"278\" width=\"65.28\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LMIC, arid, u: Air 8.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"324.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LMIC, arid, o<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:400ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"308\" width=\"9.98\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LMIC, arid, o: Water 1.3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:400ms\" x=\"127.98\" y=\"308\" width=\"692.74\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LMIC, arid, o: Soil 90.2%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:400ms\" x=\"820.72\" y=\"308\" width=\"65.28\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LMIC, arid, o: Air 8.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"354.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LMIC, arid, b<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:440ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"338\" width=\"767.23\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LMIC, arid, b: Soil 99.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:440ms\" x=\"885.23\" y=\"338\" width=\"0.77\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LMIC, arid, b: Air 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"384.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LIC, humid, u<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:480ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"368\" width=\"767.23\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LIC, humid, u: Water 99.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:480ms\" x=\"885.23\" y=\"368\" width=\"0.77\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LIC, humid, u: Air 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"414.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LIC, humid, o<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:520ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"398\" width=\"767.23\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LIC, humid, o: Water 99.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:520ms\" x=\"885.23\" y=\"398\" width=\"0.77\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LIC, humid, o: Air 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"444.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LIC, arid, b<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:560ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"428\" width=\"767.23\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LIC, arid, b: Soil 99.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:560ms\" x=\"885.23\" y=\"428\" width=\"0.77\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LIC, arid, b: Air 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"474.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LIC, humid, b<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:600ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"458\" width=\"767.23\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LIC, humid, b: Soil 99.9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:600ms\" x=\"885.23\" y=\"458\" width=\"0.77\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LIC, humid, b: Air 0.1%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"504.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LIC, arid, u<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:640ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"488\" width=\"10.75\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LIC, arid, u: Water 1.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:640ms\" x=\"128.75\" y=\"488\" width=\"694.27\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LIC, arid, u: Soil 90.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:640ms\" x=\"823.02\" y=\"488\" width=\"62.98\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LIC, arid, u: Air 8.2%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"108.0\" y=\"534.0\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LIC, arid, o<\/text><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:680ms\" x=\"118.00\" y=\"518\" width=\"10.75\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>LIC, arid, o: Water 1.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:680ms\" x=\"128.75\" y=\"518\" width=\"694.27\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>LIC, arid, o: Soil 90.4%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"hbar\" style=\"--d:680ms\" x=\"823.02\" y=\"518\" width=\"62.98\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#4FC3D4\"><title>LIC, arid, o: Air 8.2%<\/title><\/rect><\/svg><\/div>\r\n<figcaption><span class=\"li-key\">Figure 3.<\/span> Share of heavy-metal emissions to water, soil and air by case. Abbreviations as in Figure 2. Values redrawn from the original analysis.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n<h3>Impacts by economy and climate<\/h3>\r\n<p>Figure 4 aggregates the weighted impacts by economy and climate. Human toxicity is more significant in arid conditions, highest in upper-middle-income countries (21.6%). Global warming is highest in upper-middle-income countries in both climates (18.0%). Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity is significant in humid conditions, at 23.1% for both low-income and upper-middle-income countries, and lowest for lower-middle-income countries in arid conditions (9.9%). Eutrophication is significant in humid conditions, particularly in lower-middle-income (30.8%), upper-middle-income (29.8%) and low-income (27.9%) countries. Acidification is higher in arid conditions, at 21.4% for lower-middle-income and 21.0% for low-income countries.<\/p>\r\n<figure class=\"fig\" id=\"figure-4\">\r\n<p class=\"fig-hint\">Scroll sideways to see the full chart.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"fig-scroll\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 900 348\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"f4t\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><title id=\"f4t\">Figure 4. Aggregated and weighted impacts by income group and climate<\/title><text x=\"285.3\" y=\"22.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LIC arid<\/text><text x=\"396.0\" y=\"22.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LIC humid<\/text><text x=\"506.7\" y=\"22.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LMIC arid<\/text><text x=\"617.3\" y=\"22.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >LMIC humid<\/text><text x=\"728.0\" y=\"22.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >UMIC arid<\/text><text x=\"838.7\" y=\"22.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >UMIC humid<\/text><text x=\"216.0\" y=\"67.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Acidification<\/text><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:0ms\"><rect x=\"232.0\" y=\"34\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.64)\"\/><text x=\"285.3\" y=\"68.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >21.02%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:30ms\"><rect x=\"342.7\" y=\"34\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.40)\"\/><text x=\"396.0\" y=\"68.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >13.11%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:60ms\"><rect x=\"453.3\" y=\"34\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.66)\"\/><text x=\"506.7\" y=\"68.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >21.42%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:90ms\"><rect x=\"564.0\" y=\"34\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.38)\"\/><text x=\"617.3\" y=\"68.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >12.63%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:120ms\"><rect x=\"674.7\" y=\"34\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.61)\"\/><text x=\"728.0\" y=\"68.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >19.89%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:150ms\"><rect x=\"785.3\" y=\"34\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.36)\"\/><text x=\"838.7\" y=\"68.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >11.94%<\/text><\/g><text x=\"216.0\" y=\"129.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Eutrophication<\/text><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:180ms\"><rect x=\"232.0\" y=\"96\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.12)\"\/><text x=\"285.3\" y=\"130.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >4.11%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:210ms\"><rect x=\"342.7\" y=\"96\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.86)\"\/><text x=\"396.0\" y=\"130.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >27.86%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:240ms\"><rect x=\"453.3\" y=\"96\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.11)\"\/><text x=\"506.7\" y=\"130.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >3.86%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:270ms\"><rect x=\"564.0\" y=\"96\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.95)\"\/><text x=\"617.3\" y=\"130.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >30.83%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:300ms\"><rect x=\"674.7\" y=\"96\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.10)\"\/><text x=\"728.0\" y=\"130.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >3.55%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:330ms\"><rect x=\"785.3\" y=\"96\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.92)\"\/><text x=\"838.7\" y=\"130.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >29.79%<\/text><\/g><text x=\"216.0\" y=\"191.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity<\/text><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:360ms\"><rect x=\"232.0\" y=\"158\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.41)\"\/><text x=\"285.3\" y=\"192.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >13.56%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:390ms\"><rect x=\"342.7\" y=\"158\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.71)\"\/><text x=\"396.0\" y=\"192.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >23.11%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:420ms\"><rect x=\"453.3\" y=\"158\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.30)\"\/><text x=\"506.7\" y=\"192.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >9.87%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:450ms\"><rect x=\"564.0\" y=\"158\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.51)\"\/><text x=\"617.3\" y=\"192.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >16.80%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:480ms\"><rect x=\"674.7\" y=\"158\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.41)\"\/><text x=\"728.0\" y=\"192.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >13.56%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:510ms\"><rect x=\"785.3\" y=\"158\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.71)\"\/><text x=\"838.7\" y=\"192.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >23.11%<\/text><\/g><text x=\"216.0\" y=\"253.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Global warming<\/text><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:540ms\"><rect x=\"232.0\" y=\"220\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.47)\"\/><text x=\"285.3\" y=\"254.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >15.42%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:570ms\"><rect x=\"342.7\" y=\"220\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.47)\"\/><text x=\"396.0\" y=\"254.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >15.41%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:600ms\"><rect x=\"453.3\" y=\"220\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.51)\"\/><text x=\"506.7\" y=\"254.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >16.57%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:630ms\"><rect x=\"564.0\" y=\"220\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.51)\"\/><text x=\"617.3\" y=\"254.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >16.57%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:660ms\"><rect x=\"674.7\" y=\"220\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.55)\"\/><text x=\"728.0\" y=\"254.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >18.02%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:690ms\"><rect x=\"785.3\" y=\"220\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.55)\"\/><text x=\"838.7\" y=\"254.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >18.02%<\/text><\/g><text x=\"216.0\" y=\"315.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Human toxicity<\/text><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:720ms\"><rect x=\"232.0\" y=\"282\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.64)\"\/><text x=\"285.3\" y=\"316.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >20.98%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:750ms\"><rect x=\"342.7\" y=\"282\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.38)\"\/><text x=\"396.0\" y=\"316.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >12.65%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:780ms\"><rect x=\"453.3\" y=\"282\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.58)\"\/><text x=\"506.7\" y=\"316.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >19.10%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:810ms\"><rect x=\"564.0\" y=\"282\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.37)\"\/><text x=\"617.3\" y=\"316.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >12.35%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:840ms\"><rect x=\"674.7\" y=\"282\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.66)\"\/><text x=\"728.0\" y=\"316.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >21.62%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:870ms\"><rect x=\"785.3\" y=\"282\" width=\"106.7\" height=\"58\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(0,129,148,0.40)\"\/><text x=\"838.7\" y=\"316.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >13.30%<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/div>\r\n<figcaption><span class=\"li-key\">Figure 4.<\/span> Aggregated and weighted environmental impacts by economy and climate. Each value is the share of that economy-climate case within the impact category, so each row sums to 100%. Darker cells mark larger shares.<\/figcaption>\r\n<details class=\"data\"><summary>Show the data for Figure 4<\/summary><span class=\"tb-cap\" id=\"f4dcap\">Aggregated and weighted impacts (%).<\/span><div class=\"tb-wrap\"><table class=\"tb-table \" aria-describedby=\"f4dcap\" style=\"--minw:760px\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Impact category<\/th><th scope=\"col\">LIC arid<\/th><th scope=\"col\">LIC humid<\/th><th scope=\"col\">LMIC arid<\/th><th scope=\"col\">LMIC humid<\/th><th scope=\"col\">UMIC arid<\/th><th scope=\"col\">UMIC humid<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Acidification<\/td><td data-label=\"LIC arid\">21.02%<\/td><td data-label=\"LIC humid\">13.11%<\/td><td data-label=\"LMIC arid\">21.42%<\/td><td data-label=\"LMIC humid\">12.63%<\/td><td data-label=\"UMIC arid\">19.89%<\/td><td data-label=\"UMIC humid\">11.94%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Eutrophication<\/td><td data-label=\"LIC arid\">4.11%<\/td><td data-label=\"LIC humid\">27.86%<\/td><td data-label=\"LMIC arid\">3.86%<\/td><td data-label=\"LMIC humid\">30.83%<\/td><td data-label=\"UMIC arid\">3.55%<\/td><td data-label=\"UMIC humid\">29.79%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity<\/td><td data-label=\"LIC arid\">13.56%<\/td><td data-label=\"LIC humid\">23.11%<\/td><td data-label=\"LMIC arid\">9.87%<\/td><td data-label=\"LMIC humid\">16.80%<\/td><td data-label=\"UMIC arid\">13.56%<\/td><td data-label=\"UMIC humid\">23.11%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Global warming<\/td><td data-label=\"LIC arid\">15.42%<\/td><td data-label=\"LIC humid\">15.41%<\/td><td data-label=\"LMIC arid\">16.57%<\/td><td data-label=\"LMIC humid\">16.57%<\/td><td data-label=\"UMIC arid\">18.02%<\/td><td data-label=\"UMIC humid\">18.02%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Impact category\">Human toxicity<\/td><td data-label=\"LIC arid\">20.98%<\/td><td data-label=\"LIC humid\">12.65%<\/td><td data-label=\"LMIC arid\">19.10%<\/td><td data-label=\"LMIC humid\">12.35%<\/td><td data-label=\"UMIC arid\">21.62%<\/td><td data-label=\"UMIC humid\">13.30%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/details>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n<h3>Impacts by waste type<\/h3>\r\n<p>To isolate the effect of composition, 1 tonne of each waste type &mdash; organic, paper, plastic, glass, metals and other waste &mdash; from low-income countries was modelled through open dumping and uncontrolled landfilling in both climates. The worst impacts come from the disposal of metals, in both climates. The next worst come from plastic, other waste and paper in the humid climate. Glass has the lowest impacts in both climates.<\/p>\r\n<p>Each fraction points to a particular concern: metals to human toxicity and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity; paper to human toxicity; plastic to eutrophication and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity; organic waste to global warming, human toxicity and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity; glass to human toxicity and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity; and other waste to eutrophication, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity and human toxicity. These findings agree with the results for whole waste compositions.<\/p>\r\n<figure class=\"fig\" id=\"figure-5\">\r\n<div class=\"fig-legend\"><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#B87400\"><\/span>Arid climate<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#008194\"><\/span>Humid climate<\/span><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"fig-hint\">Scroll sideways to see the full chart.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"fig-scroll\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 900 332\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"f5t\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><title id=\"f5t\">Figure 5. Split of each impact category between arid and humid climates, by waste type<\/title><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"892\" y1=\"276.0\" y2=\"276.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"44.0\" y=\"280.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >0%<\/text><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"892\" y1=\"211.0\" y2=\"211.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"44.0\" y=\"215.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >25%<\/text><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"892\" y1=\"146.0\" y2=\"146.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"44.0\" y=\"150.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >50%<\/text><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"892\" y1=\"81.0\" y2=\"81.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"44.0\" y=\"85.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >75%<\/text><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"892\" y1=\"16.0\" y2=\"16.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"44.0\" y=\"20.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >100%<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:0ms\" x=\"59.0\" y=\"120.00\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"156.00\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Organic, AP: arid 60%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:22ms\" x=\"69.9\" y=\"172.00\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"104.00\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Organic, AP: humid 40%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"69.9\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >AP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:44ms\" x=\"84.9\" y=\"252.60\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"23.40\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Organic, EP: arid 9%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:66ms\" x=\"95.8\" y=\"39.40\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"236.60\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Organic, EP: humid 91%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"95.8\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >EP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:88ms\" x=\"110.9\" y=\"190.20\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"85.80\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Organic, FAETP: arid 33%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:110ms\" x=\"121.7\" y=\"101.80\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"174.20\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Organic, FAETP: humid 67%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"121.7\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >FAETP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:132ms\" x=\"136.8\" y=\"146.00\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"130.00\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Organic, GWP: arid 50%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:154ms\" x=\"147.7\" y=\"146.00\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"130.00\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Organic, GWP: humid 50%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"147.7\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >GWP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:176ms\" x=\"162.7\" y=\"73.20\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"202.80\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Organic, HTP: arid 78%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:198ms\" x=\"173.6\" y=\"218.80\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"57.20\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Organic, HTP: humid 22%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"173.6\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >HTP<\/text><text x=\"122.0\" y=\"314.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Organic<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:220ms\" x=\"199.0\" y=\"152.50\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"123.50\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Paper, AP: arid 47.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:242ms\" x=\"209.9\" y=\"139.50\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"136.50\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Paper, AP: humid 52.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"209.9\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >AP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:264ms\" x=\"224.9\" y=\"268.20\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"7.80\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Paper, EP: arid 3%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:286ms\" x=\"235.8\" y=\"23.80\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"252.20\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Paper, EP: humid 97%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"235.8\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >EP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:308ms\" x=\"250.9\" y=\"191.50\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"84.50\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Paper, FAETP: arid 32.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:330ms\" x=\"261.7\" y=\"100.50\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"175.50\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Paper, FAETP: humid 67.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"261.7\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >FAETP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:352ms\" x=\"276.8\" y=\"146.00\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"130.00\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Paper, GWP: arid 50%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:374ms\" x=\"287.7\" y=\"146.00\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"130.00\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Paper, GWP: humid 50%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"287.7\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >GWP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:396ms\" x=\"302.7\" y=\"136.90\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"139.10\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Paper, HTP: arid 53.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:418ms\" x=\"313.6\" y=\"155.10\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"120.90\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Paper, HTP: humid 46.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"313.6\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >HTP<\/text><text x=\"262.0\" y=\"314.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Paper<\/text><line x1=\"192.0\" x2=\"192.0\" y1=\"16\" y2=\"320\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:440ms\" x=\"339.0\" y=\"38.10\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"237.90\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Plastic, AP: arid 91.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:462ms\" x=\"349.9\" y=\"253.90\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"22.10\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Plastic, AP: humid 8.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"349.9\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >AP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:484ms\" x=\"364.9\" y=\"273.40\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"2.60\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Plastic, EP: arid 1%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:506ms\" x=\"375.8\" y=\"18.60\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"257.40\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Plastic, EP: humid 99%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"375.8\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >EP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:528ms\" x=\"390.9\" y=\"190.20\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"85.80\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Plastic, FAETP: arid 33%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:550ms\" x=\"401.7\" y=\"101.80\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"174.20\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Plastic, FAETP: humid 67%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"401.7\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >FAETP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:572ms\" x=\"416.8\" y=\"146.00\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"130.00\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Plastic, GWP: arid 50%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:594ms\" x=\"427.7\" y=\"146.00\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"130.00\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Plastic, GWP: humid 50%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"427.7\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >GWP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:616ms\" x=\"442.7\" y=\"19.90\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"256.10\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Plastic, HTP: arid 98.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:638ms\" x=\"453.6\" y=\"272.10\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"3.90\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Plastic, HTP: humid 1.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"453.6\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >HTP<\/text><text x=\"402.0\" y=\"314.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Plastic<\/text><line x1=\"332.0\" x2=\"332.0\" y1=\"16\" y2=\"320\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:660ms\" x=\"479.0\" y=\"16.00\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"260.00\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Glass, AP: arid 100%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"489.9\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >AP<\/text><text x=\"515.8\" y=\"270.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&ndash;<\/text><text x=\"515.8\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >EP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:704ms\" x=\"530.9\" y=\"190.20\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"85.80\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Glass, FAETP: arid 33%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:726ms\" x=\"541.7\" y=\"101.80\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"174.20\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Glass, FAETP: humid 67%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"541.7\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >FAETP<\/text><text x=\"567.7\" y=\"270.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&ndash;<\/text><text x=\"567.7\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >GWP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:748ms\" x=\"582.7\" y=\"17.30\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"258.70\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Glass, HTP: arid 99.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:770ms\" x=\"593.6\" y=\"274.70\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"1.30\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Glass, HTP: humid 0.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"593.6\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >HTP<\/text><text x=\"542.0\" y=\"314.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Glass<\/text><line x1=\"472.0\" x2=\"472.0\" y1=\"16\" y2=\"320\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"629.9\" y=\"270.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&ndash;<\/text><text x=\"629.9\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >AP<\/text><text x=\"655.8\" y=\"270.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&ndash;<\/text><text x=\"655.8\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >EP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:792ms\" x=\"670.9\" y=\"191.50\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"84.50\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Metals, FAETP: arid 32.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:814ms\" x=\"681.7\" y=\"100.50\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"175.50\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Metals, FAETP: humid 67.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"681.7\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >FAETP<\/text><text x=\"707.7\" y=\"270.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&ndash;<\/text><text x=\"707.7\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >GWP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:836ms\" x=\"722.7\" y=\"42.00\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"234.00\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Metals, HTP: arid 90%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:858ms\" x=\"733.6\" y=\"250.00\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"26.00\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Metals, HTP: humid 10%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"733.6\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >HTP<\/text><text x=\"682.0\" y=\"314.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Metals<\/text><line x1=\"612.0\" x2=\"612.0\" y1=\"16\" y2=\"320\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:880ms\" x=\"759.0\" y=\"116.10\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"159.90\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Other waste, AP: arid 61.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:902ms\" x=\"769.9\" y=\"175.90\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"100.10\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Other waste, AP: humid 38.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"769.9\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >AP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:924ms\" x=\"784.9\" y=\"244.80\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"31.20\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Other waste, EP: arid 12%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:946ms\" x=\"795.8\" y=\"47.20\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"228.80\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Other waste, EP: humid 88%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"795.8\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >EP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:968ms\" x=\"810.9\" y=\"190.20\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"85.80\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Other waste, FAETP: arid 33%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:990ms\" x=\"821.7\" y=\"101.80\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"174.20\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Other waste, FAETP: humid 67%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"821.7\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >FAETP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:1012ms\" x=\"836.8\" y=\"146.00\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"130.00\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Other waste, GWP: arid 50%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:1034ms\" x=\"847.7\" y=\"146.00\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"130.00\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Other waste, GWP: humid 50%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"847.7\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >GWP<\/text><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:1056ms\" x=\"862.7\" y=\"22.50\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"253.50\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#B87400\"><title>Other waste, HTP: arid 97.5%<\/title><\/rect><rect class=\"bar\" style=\"--d:1078ms\" x=\"873.6\" y=\"269.50\" width=\"9.9\" height=\"6.50\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#008194\"><title>Other waste, HTP: humid 2.5%<\/title><\/rect><text x=\"873.6\" y=\"292.0\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >HTP<\/text><text x=\"822.0\" y=\"314.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Other waste<\/text><line x1=\"752.0\" x2=\"752.0\" y1=\"16\" y2=\"320\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\r\n<figcaption><span class=\"li-key\">Figure 5.<\/span> Split of each impact category between arid and humid climates for 1 tonne of each waste type disposed of in open dumps and uncontrolled landfills (both methods give identical results). A dash marks a category with no contribution from that fraction. Values redrawn from the original analysis.<\/figcaption>\r\n<details class=\"data\"><summary>Show the data for Figure 5<\/summary><span class=\"tb-cap\" id=\"f5dcap\">Share of each impact category, arid \/ humid.<\/span><div class=\"tb-wrap\"><table class=\"tb-table \" aria-describedby=\"f5dcap\" style=\"--minw:700px\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Waste type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">AP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FAETP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">GWP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HTP<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Waste type\">Organic<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">60% \/ 40%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">9% \/ 91%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">33% \/ 67%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">50% \/ 50%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">78% \/ 22%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Waste type\">Paper<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">47.5% \/ 52.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">3% \/ 97%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">32.5% \/ 67.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">50% \/ 50%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">53.5% \/ 46.5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Waste type\">Plastic<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">91.5% \/ 8.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">1% \/ 99%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">33% \/ 67%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">50% \/ 50%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">98.5% \/ 1.5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Waste type\">Glass<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">100% \/ 0%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">&ndash;<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">33% \/ 67%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">&ndash;<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">99.5% \/ 0.5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Waste type\">Metals<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">&ndash;<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">&ndash;<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">32.5% \/ 67.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">&ndash;<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">90% \/ 10%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Waste type\">Other waste<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">61.5% \/ 38.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">12% \/ 88%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">33% \/ 67%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">50% \/ 50%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">97.5% \/ 2.5%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/details>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"uncertainty\">\r\n<span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Uncertainty<\/span>\r\n<h2>Sensitivity and Monte Carlo analysis<\/h2>\r\n<p>The sensitivity analysis used waste disposal in low-income countries with arid conditions, through uncontrolled landfills and open dumps, for a composition of 64% organic, 5% paper, 8% plastic, 3% glass, 3% metals and 17% other waste (<a class=\"cite-a\" href=\"#ref-hoornweg-2012\">Hoornweg &amp; Bhada-Tata, 2012<\/a>). Each fraction was varied by one standard deviation of &minus;50% and +50%. The overall results do not change, but the analysis shows which inputs carry influence: the metals fraction and the organic fraction have the strongest effect, and glass and other waste also move the results in some cases.<\/p>\r\n<span class=\"tb-cap\" id=\"t3cap\"><span class=\"li-key\">Table 3.<\/span> Results of the sensitivity analysis.<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"tb-wrap\"><table class=\"tb-table \" aria-describedby=\"t3cap\" style=\"--minw:700px\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Case<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Organic<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Paper<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Plastic<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Glass<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Metals<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Other waste<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Case\">1 &minus; SD<\/td><td data-label=\"Organic\">&minus;2.7%<\/td><td data-label=\"Paper\">&minus;0.7%<\/td><td data-label=\"Plastic\">&minus;1.7%<\/td><td data-label=\"Glass\">&minus;29.3%<\/td><td data-label=\"Metals\">&minus;13.2%<\/td><td data-label=\"Other waste\">&minus;2.4%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Case\">1 + SD<\/td><td data-label=\"Organic\">2.7%<\/td><td data-label=\"Paper\">0.7%<\/td><td data-label=\"Plastic\">1.7%<\/td><td data-label=\"Glass\">29.3%<\/td><td data-label=\"Metals\">13.2%<\/td><td data-label=\"Other waste\">2.4%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Case\">2 &minus; SD<\/td><td data-label=\"Organic\">&minus;1.2%<\/td><td data-label=\"Paper\">&minus;0.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"Plastic\">&minus;0.9%<\/td><td data-label=\"Glass\">&minus;7.3%<\/td><td data-label=\"Metals\">&minus;35.9%<\/td><td data-label=\"Other waste\">&minus;4.4%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Case\">2 + SD<\/td><td data-label=\"Organic\">1.2%<\/td><td data-label=\"Paper\">0.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"Plastic\">0.9%<\/td><td data-label=\"Glass\">7.3%<\/td><td data-label=\"Metals\">35.9%<\/td><td data-label=\"Other waste\">4.4%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Case\">3 &minus; SD<\/td><td data-label=\"Organic\">&minus;9.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Paper\">&minus;0.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"Plastic\">&minus;7.4%<\/td><td data-label=\"Glass\">&minus;13.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Metals\">0.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Other waste\">&minus;20.1%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Case\">3 + SD<\/td><td data-label=\"Organic\">9.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Paper\">0.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"Plastic\">7.4%<\/td><td data-label=\"Glass\">13.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Metals\">0.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Other waste\">20.1%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Case\">4 &minus; SD<\/td><td data-label=\"Organic\">&minus;33.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Paper\">&minus;9.2%<\/td><td data-label=\"Plastic\">&minus;1.1%<\/td><td data-label=\"Glass\">0.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Metals\">0.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Other waste\">&minus;6.8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Case\">4 + SD<\/td><td data-label=\"Organic\">33.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Paper\">9.2%<\/td><td data-label=\"Plastic\">1.1%<\/td><td data-label=\"Glass\">0.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Metals\">0.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Other waste\">6.8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Case\">5 &minus; SD<\/td><td data-label=\"Organic\">&minus;14.3%<\/td><td data-label=\"Paper\">&minus;1.3%<\/td><td data-label=\"Plastic\">&minus;1.7%<\/td><td data-label=\"Glass\">0.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Metals\">0.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Other waste\">&minus;32.7%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Case\">5 + SD<\/td><td data-label=\"Organic\">14.3%<\/td><td data-label=\"Paper\">1.3%<\/td><td data-label=\"Plastic\">1.7%<\/td><td data-label=\"Glass\">0.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Metals\">0.0%<\/td><td data-label=\"Other waste\">32.7%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\r\n<figure class=\"fig\" id=\"chart-table-3\">\r\n<p class=\"fig-hint\">Scroll sideways to see the full chart.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"fig-scroll\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 900 338\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"t3ct\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><title id=\"t3ct\">Sensitivity analysis: change in result for plus or minus one standard deviation, by waste fraction and case<\/title><text x=\"206.4\" y=\"22.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Case 1<\/text><text x=\"359.2\" y=\"22.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Case 2<\/text><text x=\"512.0\" y=\"22.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Case 3<\/text><text x=\"664.8\" y=\"22.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Case 4<\/text><text x=\"817.6\" y=\"22.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#006675\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Case 5<\/text><text x=\"116.0\" y=\"61.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Organic<\/text><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:0ms\"><rect x=\"132.0\" y=\"34\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.12)\"\/><text x=\"206.4\" y=\"62.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;2.7%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:25ms\"><rect x=\"284.8\" y=\"34\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.09)\"\/><text x=\"359.2\" y=\"62.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;1.2%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:50ms\"><rect x=\"437.6\" y=\"34\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.28)\"\/><text x=\"512.0\" y=\"62.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;9%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:75ms\"><rect x=\"590.4\" y=\"34\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.85)\"\/><text x=\"664.8\" y=\"62.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;33%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:100ms\"><rect x=\"743.2\" y=\"34\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.40)\"\/><text x=\"817.6\" y=\"62.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;14.3%<\/text><\/g><text x=\"116.0\" y=\"111.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Paper<\/text><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:125ms\"><rect x=\"132.0\" y=\"84\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"206.4\" y=\"112.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;0.7%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:150ms\"><rect x=\"284.8\" y=\"84\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.07)\"\/><text x=\"359.2\" y=\"112.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;0.5%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:175ms\"><rect x=\"437.6\" y=\"84\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.07)\"\/><text x=\"512.0\" y=\"112.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;0.5%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:200ms\"><rect x=\"590.4\" y=\"84\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.28)\"\/><text x=\"664.8\" y=\"112.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;9.2%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:225ms\"><rect x=\"743.2\" y=\"84\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.09)\"\/><text x=\"817.6\" y=\"112.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;1.3%<\/text><\/g><text x=\"116.0\" y=\"161.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Plastic<\/text><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:250ms\"><rect x=\"132.0\" y=\"134\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.10)\"\/><text x=\"206.4\" y=\"162.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;1.7%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:275ms\"><rect x=\"284.8\" y=\"134\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"359.2\" y=\"162.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;0.9%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:300ms\"><rect x=\"437.6\" y=\"134\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.24)\"\/><text x=\"512.0\" y=\"162.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;7.4%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:325ms\"><rect x=\"590.4\" y=\"134\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.09)\"\/><text x=\"664.8\" y=\"162.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;1.1%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:350ms\"><rect x=\"743.2\" y=\"134\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.10)\"\/><text x=\"817.6\" y=\"162.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;1.7%<\/text><\/g><text x=\"116.0\" y=\"211.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Glass<\/text><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:375ms\"><rect x=\"132.0\" y=\"184\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.76)\"\/><text x=\"206.4\" y=\"212.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;29.3%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:400ms\"><rect x=\"284.8\" y=\"184\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.23)\"\/><text x=\"359.2\" y=\"212.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;7.3%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:425ms\"><rect x=\"437.6\" y=\"184\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.37)\"\/><text x=\"512.0\" y=\"212.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;13%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:450ms\"><rect x=\"590.4\" y=\"184\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.06)\"\/><text x=\"664.8\" y=\"212.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >0%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:475ms\"><rect x=\"743.2\" y=\"184\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.06)\"\/><text x=\"817.6\" y=\"212.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >0%<\/text><\/g><text x=\"116.0\" y=\"261.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Metals<\/text><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:500ms\"><rect x=\"132.0\" y=\"234\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.38)\"\/><text x=\"206.4\" y=\"262.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;13.2%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:525ms\"><rect x=\"284.8\" y=\"234\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.92)\"\/><text x=\"359.2\" y=\"262.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;35.9%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:550ms\"><rect x=\"437.6\" y=\"234\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.06)\"\/><text x=\"512.0\" y=\"262.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >0%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:575ms\"><rect x=\"590.4\" y=\"234\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.06)\"\/><text x=\"664.8\" y=\"262.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >0%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:600ms\"><rect x=\"743.2\" y=\"234\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.06)\"\/><text x=\"817.6\" y=\"262.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >0%<\/text><\/g><text x=\"116.0\" y=\"311.0\" font-size=\"12.5\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Other waste<\/text><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:625ms\"><rect x=\"132.0\" y=\"284\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.12)\"\/><text x=\"206.4\" y=\"312.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;2.4%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:650ms\"><rect x=\"284.8\" y=\"284\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.17)\"\/><text x=\"359.2\" y=\"312.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;4.4%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:675ms\"><rect x=\"437.6\" y=\"284\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.54)\"\/><text x=\"512.0\" y=\"312.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;20.1%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:700ms\"><rect x=\"590.4\" y=\"284\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.22)\"\/><text x=\"664.8\" y=\"312.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1A1A1A\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;6.8%<\/text><\/g><g class=\"cell\" style=\"--d:725ms\"><rect x=\"743.2\" y=\"284\" width=\"148.8\" height=\"46\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"rgba(184,116,0,0.84)\"\/><text x=\"817.6\" y=\"312.0\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"600\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&plusmn;32.7%<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/div>\r\n<figcaption><span class=\"li-key\">Table 3 in chart form.<\/span> Size of the change in result for &plusmn;1 standard deviation in each waste fraction, by case. Darker cells mark larger changes.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top:22px\">Uncertainty was tested with a Monte Carlo analysis of 1,000 runs with randomly generated parameters. Table 4 lists, for each impact category, the share of runs that changed the result by a given amount. Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity results cluster tightly: about 62% of runs changed the result by no more than &plusmn;0.5%, about 92% by no more than &plusmn;1.5%, and none by more than &plusmn;4.5%. Human toxicity spreads a little wider, with about 74% of runs within &plusmn;2.5%. For acidification, global warming and eutrophication, no single change band holds more than 5% of runs. All recorded changes stay within &plusmn;9.5% of the base result, so the results are stable.<\/p>\r\n<span class=\"tb-cap\" id=\"t4cap\"><span class=\"li-key\">Table 4.<\/span> Monte Carlo analysis: share of 1,000 runs, by change in result and impact category.<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"tb-wrap\"><table class=\"tb-table \" aria-describedby=\"t4cap\" style=\"--minw:640px\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Change in result<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HTP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FAETP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">AP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">GWP<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EP<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">&minus;9.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">0.06%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">0%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">2.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.03%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.06%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">&minus;8.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">0.07%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">0%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">2.88%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.11%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.37%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">&minus;7.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">0.33%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">0%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">2.98%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.25%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.39%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">&minus;6.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">0.75%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">0%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">3.39%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.33%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.36%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">&minus;5.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">2.03%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">0%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">3.61%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.05%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.59%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">&minus;4.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">3.39%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">0.05%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">3.78%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.19%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.53%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">&minus;3.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">6.3%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">0.46%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">4.01%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.41%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.79%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">&minus;2.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">9.53%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">3.79%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">4.14%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">0.97%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.71%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">&minus;1.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">12.28%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">14.87%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">4.48%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.4%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.73%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">&minus;0.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">14.91%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">30.49%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">4.51%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.21%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.96%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">+0.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">14.55%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">31.14%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">4.45%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.12%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.83%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">+1.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">13.31%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">15.15%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">4.12%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.37%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.64%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">+2.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">9.43%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">3.64%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">4.18%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.14%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.51%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">+3.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">6.32%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">0.39%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">4.4%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.05%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.78%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">+4.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">3.79%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">0.02%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">4.14%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.23%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.69%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">+5.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">1.83%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">0%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">3.66%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.1%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.68%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">+6.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">0.74%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">0%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">3.62%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.07%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.87%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">+7.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">0.29%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">0%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">3.07%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.15%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.46%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">+8.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">0.06%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">0%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">2.63%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.23%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.3%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Change in result\">+9.5%<\/td><td data-label=\"HTP\">0.03%<\/td><td data-label=\"FAETP\">0%<\/td><td data-label=\"AP\">2.54%<\/td><td data-label=\"GWP\">1.13%<\/td><td data-label=\"EP\">2.27%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\r\n<figure class=\"fig\" id=\"chart-table-4\">\r\n<div class=\"fig-legend\"><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#008194\"><\/span>HTP<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#63976B\"><\/span>FAETP<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#4FC3D4\"><\/span>AP<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#1A1A1A\"><\/span>GWP<\/span><span class=\"lg\"><span class=\"sw\" style=\"background:#B87400\"><\/span>EP<\/span><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"fig-hint\">Scroll sideways to see the full chart.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"fig-scroll\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 900 340\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"t4ct\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><title id=\"t4ct\">Monte Carlo analysis: share of 1,000 runs by change in result, per impact category<\/title><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"886\" y1=\"294.0\" y2=\"294.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"44.0\" y=\"298.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >0%<\/text><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"886\" y1=\"214.0\" y2=\"214.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"44.0\" y=\"218.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >10%<\/text><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"886\" y1=\"134.0\" y2=\"134.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"44.0\" y=\"138.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >20%<\/text><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"886\" y1=\"54.0\" y2=\"54.0\" stroke=\"rgba(26,26,26,0.08)\"\/><text x=\"44.0\" y=\"58.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >30%<\/text><text x=\"72.8\" y=\"312.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&minus;9.5%<\/text><text x=\"239.7\" y=\"312.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&minus;5.5%<\/text><text x=\"406.4\" y=\"312.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >&minus;1.5%<\/text><text x=\"531.5\" y=\"312.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >+1.5%<\/text><text x=\"698.4\" y=\"312.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >+5.5%<\/text><text x=\"865.1\" y=\"312.0\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#94A3B8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >+9.5%<\/text><text x=\"469.0\" y=\"332.0\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#475569\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"400\" style=\"font-family:Jost,system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',sans-serif\" >Change in result<\/text><polyline class=\"line\" style=\"--d:0ms\" points=\"72.8,293.5 114.5,293.4 156.2,291.4 197.9,288.0 239.7,277.8 281.4,266.9 323.1,243.6 364.8,217.8 406.4,195.8 448.1,174.7 489.9,177.6 531.5,187.5 573.2,218.6 615.0,243.4 656.6,263.7 698.4,279.4 740.0,288.1 781.8,291.7 823.5,293.5 865.1,293.8\" pathLength=\"1\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#008194\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><title>HTP<\/title><\/polyline><polyline class=\"line\" style=\"--d:180ms\" points=\"72.8,294.0 114.5,294.0 156.2,294.0 197.9,294.0 239.7,294.0 281.4,293.6 323.1,290.3 364.8,263.7 406.4,175.0 448.1,50.1 489.9,44.9 531.5,172.8 573.2,264.9 615.0,290.9 656.6,293.8 698.4,294.0 740.0,294.0 781.8,294.0 823.5,294.0 865.1,294.0\" pathLength=\"1\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#63976B\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><title>FAETP<\/title><\/polyline><polyline class=\"line\" style=\"--d:360ms\" points=\"72.8,274.0 114.5,271.0 156.2,270.2 197.9,266.9 239.7,265.1 281.4,263.8 323.1,261.9 364.8,260.9 406.4,258.2 448.1,257.9 489.9,258.4 531.5,261.0 573.2,260.6 615.0,258.8 656.6,260.9 698.4,264.7 740.0,265.0 781.8,269.4 823.5,273.0 865.1,273.7\" pathLength=\"1\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#4FC3D4\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><title>AP<\/title><\/polyline><polyline class=\"line\" style=\"--d:540ms\" points=\"72.8,285.8 114.5,285.1 156.2,284.0 197.9,283.4 239.7,285.6 281.4,284.5 323.1,282.7 364.8,286.2 406.4,282.8 448.1,284.3 489.9,285.0 531.5,283.0 573.2,284.9 615.0,285.6 656.6,284.2 698.4,285.2 740.0,285.4 781.8,284.8 823.5,284.2 865.1,285.0\" pathLength=\"1\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#1A1A1A\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><title>GWP<\/title><\/polyline><polyline class=\"line\" style=\"--d:720ms\" points=\"72.8,277.5 114.5,275.0 156.2,274.9 197.9,275.1 239.7,273.3 281.4,273.8 323.1,271.7 364.8,272.3 406.4,272.2 448.1,270.3 489.9,271.4 531.5,272.9 573.2,273.9 615.0,271.8 656.6,272.5 698.4,272.6 740.0,271.0 781.8,274.3 823.5,275.6 865.1,275.8\" pathLength=\"1\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#B87400\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><title>EP<\/title><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div>\r\n<figcaption><span class=\"li-key\">Table 4 in chart form.<\/span> Share of 1,000 Monte Carlo runs in each change band, by impact category. The sharp FAETP and HTP peaks around zero show how tightly those results cluster.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"conclusion\">\r\n<span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Conclusion<\/span>\r\n<h2>Conclusion and implications<\/h2>\r\n<p>All three disposal practices damage the environment, but not in the same way. The answer to the first research question is yes, though less than expected: income level shifts the size of individual impacts by a few percentage points, while the ranking of concerns stays much the same. The answer to the second is strongly yes: for dumps and uncontrolled landfills, climate decides whether the main burden falls on freshwater ecosystems or on human health. The answer to the third is that a few fractions &mdash; metals above all, then plastic and organic waste &mdash; carry most of the impact.<\/p>\r\n<h3>What this study adds<\/h3>\r\n<ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n<li><span class=\"li-key\">One consistent comparison<\/span> &mdash; three income groups, two climates, three disposal methods and six waste fractions are assessed per tonne with the same models and impact method, instead of one city or one country at a time.<\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"li-key\">Climate outweighs income<\/span> &mdash; for dumps and uncontrolled landfills, moving from an arid to a humid climate changes which impact dominates, while moving between income groups changes impact shares by only a few percentage points.<\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"li-key\">The mechanism behind the climate effect<\/span> &mdash; heavy-metal emissions are traced to their receiving medium: water in humid climates, soil and air in arid ones.<\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"li-key\">Fraction-level priorities<\/span> &mdash; metals, plastic and organic waste are identified as the fractions that carry most of the impact, which points to where separation pays off first.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top:18px\">Three practical priorities follow from the results:<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n<li><span class=\"li-key\">End open burning first<\/span> &mdash; its human toxicity burden is the highest in absolute terms and does not ease with income level or climate.<\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"li-key\">Match site controls to climate<\/span> &mdash; in humid regions, leachate containment protects water; in arid regions, cover and soil protection limit metal exposure.<\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"li-key\">Keep metals and e-waste out of mixed waste<\/span> &mdash; the metals fraction drives human toxicity and ecotoxicity and is among the most influential inputs in the sensitivity analysis.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"note-panel\">\r\n<span class=\"note-label\">Limitations<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n<li>Collection, transport, informal recycling and site energy are outside the system boundary.<\/li>\r\n<li>Open dumps and uncontrolled landfills share the same inventory model and parameters here, so they give identical results.<\/li>\r\n<li>Waste composition data date from 2012; Figures 1 to 5 show weighted shares, while Table 2 gives absolute characterised results.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"faq\">\r\n<span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span>\r\n<h2>Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\r\n<details class=\"fq-item\"><summary class=\"fq-q\"><span class=\"fq-chev\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"fq-qtext\">Which waste disposal method has the highest human toxicity impact in developing countries?<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"fq-a\"><p>Open burning. In this study it carries about 77% of the weighted impact as human toxicity in every income group and climate, and its characterised human toxicity potential is 2,080 to 2,170 kg 1,4-DB-eq per tonne of waste, against 126 to 957 kg for open dumps and uncontrolled landfills.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"fq-item\"><summary class=\"fq-q\"><span class=\"fq-chev\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"fq-qtext\">How does climate change the environmental impact of open dumps and uncontrolled landfills?<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"fq-a\"><p>In humid climates heavy metals leave the site mostly through water, so freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity (about 60% of the weighted impact) and eutrophication (about 30%) dominate. In arid climates emissions go mainly to soil and air, and human toxicity leads at about 60%, followed by freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity at about 35%.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"fq-item\"><summary class=\"fq-q\"><span class=\"fq-chev\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"fq-qtext\">What is the carbon footprint of open dumping one tonne of municipal solid waste?<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"fq-a\"><p>Between 432 and 520 kg CO&#8322;-eq per tonne including biogenic carbon, or 333 to 399 kg CO&#8322;-eq excluding it, rising with income level. Open burning of the same tonne gives about 196 kg CO&#8322;-eq including biogenic carbon.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"fq-item\"><summary class=\"fq-q\"><span class=\"fq-chev\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"fq-qtext\">Which waste fractions cause the most environmental impact when dumped?<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"fq-a\"><p>Metals, through human toxicity and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity. Plastic raises eutrophication and ecotoxicity, organic waste contributes to global warming, human toxicity and ecotoxicity, and glass has the lowest impact of the fractions studied.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"fq-item\"><summary class=\"fq-q\"><span class=\"fq-chev\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"fq-qtext\">Can DEISO run a life cycle assessment of a waste management system?<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"fq-a\"><p>Yes. DEISO runs life cycle assessments of waste collection, treatment and disposal systems, from inventory modelling through scenario comparison to reporting. Requests go through the DEISO quotation form.<\/p><\/div><\/details>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"cite\">\r\n<span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Citation<\/span>\r\n<h2>How to cite this study<\/h2>\r\n<p>Researchers are welcome to cite this study, and the full study is available as a <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/DEISO-Research_Ikhlayel-2026_MSW-disposal-LCA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PDF<\/a>. Please credit Dr. Mahdi Ikhlayel as the author and DEISO Research as the publisher, using one of the formats below; the link to this page is added automatically.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"cite-box\"><div class=\"cite-head\"><span class=\"fact-label\">APA 7<\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy\" data-copy=\"cite-apa\">Copy<\/button><\/div><p id=\"cite-apa\">Ikhlayel, M. (2026). <em>Environmental impacts of open dumping, uncontrolled landfilling and open burning of municipal solid waste in developing countries: a life cycle assessment by income level and climate zone<\/em>. DEISO Research. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.28789.95206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.28789.95206<\/a><\/p><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cite-box\"><div class=\"cite-head\"><span class=\"fact-label\">Harvard<\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy\" data-copy=\"cite-harv\">Copy<\/button><\/div><p id=\"cite-harv\">Ikhlayel, M. (2026) <em>Environmental impacts of open dumping, uncontrolled landfilling and open burning of municipal solid waste in developing countries: a life cycle assessment by income level and climate zone<\/em>. Tokyo: DEISO Research. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.28789.95206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.28789.95206<\/a><\/p><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cite-box\"><div class=\"cite-head\"><span class=\"fact-label\">BibTeX<\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"copy\" data-copy=\"cite-bib\">Copy<\/button><\/div><pre id=\"cite-bib\">@techreport{ikhlayel2026msw,\r\n  author      = {Ikhlayel, Mahdi},\r\n  title       = {Environmental impacts of open dumping, uncontrolled landfilling and open burning of municipal solid waste in developing countries: a life cycle assessment by income level and climate zone},\r\n  institution = {DEISO Research},\r\n  publisher   = {DEISO Research},\r\n  address     = {Tokyo, Japan},\r\n  year        = {2026},\r\n  doi         = {10.13140\/RG.2.2.28789.95206}<span class=\"cite-url-bib\"><\/span>\r\n}<\/pre><\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"work-with-deiso\">\r\n<div class=\"block-panel\">\r\n<span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Next step<\/span>\r\n<h2>Need this analysis for your own waste system?<\/h2>\r\n<p>DEISO runs life cycle assessments of waste collection, treatment and disposal systems, from inventory modelling to scenario comparison and reporting. DEISO also trains teams to run these studies themselves.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"btn-row\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/deiso-enterprise-life-cycle-assessment-lca-services\/\" class=\"btn primary\"><span>Explore LCA project execution services &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/training-finder\" class=\"btn secondary\"><span>Find LCA training &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/DEISO-Research_Ikhlayel-2026_MSW-disposal-LCA.pdf\" class=\"btn secondary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" download><span>Download the PDF &darr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"references\">\r\n<span class=\"page-eyebrow\">References<\/span>\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol class=\"ref-list\">\r\n<li id=\"ref-doka-2016a\">Doka, G. (2016a). <em>A model for waste-specific and climate-specific life cycle inventories of open and unsanitary landfilling of waste.<\/em> Doka Life Cycle Assessments, Zurich, Switzerland. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.doka.ch\/publications.htm\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.doka.ch\/publications.htm<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-doka-2016b\">Doka, G. (2016b). <em>A model for waste-specific life cycle inventories of open burning of waste.<\/em> Doka Life Cycle Assessments, Zurich, Switzerland. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.doka.ch\/publications.htm\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.doka.ch\/publications.htm<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-ferronato-2019\">Ferronato, N., &amp; Torretta, V. (2019). Waste mismanagement in developing countries: A review of global issues. <em>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16<\/em>(6), 1060. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16061060\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16061060<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-guerrero-2013\">Guerrero, L. A., Maas, G., &amp; Hogland, W. (2013). Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries. <em>Waste Management, 33<\/em>(1), 220&ndash;232. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2012.09.008\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2012.09.008<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-guinee-2002\">Guin&eacute;e, J. B. (Ed.). (2002). <em>Handbook on life cycle assessment: Operational guide to the ISO standards.<\/em> Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/0-306-48055-7\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/0-306-48055-7<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-hijmans-2005\">Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G., &amp; Jarvis, A. (2005). Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. <em>International Journal of Climatology, 25<\/em>(15), 1965&ndash;1978. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/joc.1276\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/joc.1276<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-hoornweg-2012\">Hoornweg, D., &amp; Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). <em>What a waste: A global review of solid waste management.<\/em> Urban Development Series Knowledge Papers No. 15. World Bank, Washington, DC. <a href=\"https:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT\/Resources\/336387-1334852610766\/What_a_Waste2012_Final.pdf\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT\/Resources\/336387-1334852610766\/What_a_Waste2012_Final.pdf<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-ikhlayel-2017\">Ikhlayel, M. (2017). Environmental impacts and benefits of state-of-the-art technologies for e-waste management. <em>Waste Management, 68<\/em>, 458&ndash;474. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.06.038\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.06.038<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-ikhlayel-2018a\">Ikhlayel, M. (2018a). An integrated approach to establish e-waste management systems for developing countries. <em>Journal of Cleaner Production, 170<\/em>, 119&ndash;130. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.09.137\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.09.137<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-ikhlayel-2018b\">Ikhlayel, M. (2018b). Development of management systems for sustainable municipal solid waste in developing countries: A systematic life cycle thinking approach. <em>Journal of Cleaner Production, 180<\/em>, 571&ndash;586. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.057\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.057<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-ikhlayel-2018c\">Ikhlayel, M. (2018c). <em>Life cycle assessment of integrated e-waste management systems for developing countries: Assessment in Jordan<\/em> (Doctoral dissertation). The University of Tokyo. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15083\/00075347\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15083\/00075347<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-ipcc-2006\">IPCC. (2006). Chapter 3: Solid waste disposal. In <em>2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 5: Waste<\/em> (prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme). IGES, Hayama, Japan.<\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-iso-14040\">ISO. (2006a). <em>ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management &mdash; Life cycle assessment &mdash; Principles and framework.<\/em> International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.<\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-iso-14044\">ISO. (2006b). <em>ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management &mdash; Life cycle assessment &mdash; Requirements and guidelines.<\/em> International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.<\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-kaza-2018\">Kaza, S., Yao, L., Bhada-Tata, P., &amp; Van Woerden, F. (2018). <em>What a waste 2.0: A global snapshot of solid waste management to 2050.<\/em> World Bank, Washington, DC. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-1329-0\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-1329-0<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-laurent-2014\">Laurent, A., Bakas, I., Clavreul, J., Bernstad, A., Niero, M., Gentil, E., Hauschild, M. Z., &amp; Christensen, T. H. (2014). Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systems &mdash; Part I: Lessons learned and perspectives. <em>Waste Management, 34<\/em>(3), 573&ndash;588. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.10.045\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.10.045<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-mu-2011\">Mu, Q., Zhao, M., &amp; Running, S. W. (2011). Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm. <em>Remote Sensing of Environment, 115<\/em>(8), 1781&ndash;1800. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.019\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.019<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-wiedinmyer-2014\">Wiedinmyer, C., Yokelson, R. J., &amp; Gullett, B. K. (2014). Global emissions of trace gases, particulate matter, and hazardous air pollutants from open burning of domestic waste. <em>Environmental Science &amp; Technology, 48<\/em>(16), 9523&ndash;9530. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es502250z\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es502250z<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-wilson-2015\">Wilson, D. C., Rodic, L., Modak, P., Soos, R., Carpintero, A., Velis, C. A., Iyer, M., &amp; Simonett, O. (2015). <em>Global waste management outlook.<\/em> United Nations Environment Programme and International Solid Waste Association.<\/li>\r\n<li id=\"ref-worldbank-2016\">World Bank. (2016). <em>New country classifications.<\/em> Income level based on gross national income (GNI) per capita; accessed 3 June 2016. <a href=\"http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/news\/new-country-classifications-2015\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/news\/new-country-classifications-2015<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\nvar root=document.currentScript&&document.currentScript.parentNode;\r\nif(!root||!root.classList)root=document.querySelector('.deiso-mswlca-page');\r\nif(!root)return;\r\nvar reduce=window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches;\r\nif(!reduce&&'IntersectionObserver' in window){\r\n root.classList.add('js-anim');\r\n var io=new IntersectionObserver(function(es){es.forEach(function(e){if(e.isIntersecting){e.target.classList.add('is-in');io.unobserve(e.target);}});},{threshold:0.25});\r\n root.querySelectorAll('.fig').forEach(function(f){io.observe(f);});\r\n}\r\nvar can=document.querySelector('link[rel=\"canonical\"]');\r\nvar url=(can&&can.href)||(location.origin+location.pathname);\r\nvar d=new Date();\r\nvar acc=d.getDate()+' '+['January','February','March','April','May','June','July','August','September','October','November','December'][d.getMonth()]+' '+d.getFullYear();\r\nvar a=root.querySelector('.cite-url');if(a)a.textContent=url;\r\nvar h=root.querySelector('.cite-url-harv');if(h)h.textContent='Available at: '+url+' (Accessed: '+acc+').';\r\nvar b=root.querySelector('.cite-url-bib');if(b)b.textContent=',\\n  url         = {'+url+'}';\r\nroot.querySelectorAll('button.copy').forEach(function(btn){\r\n btn.addEventListener('click',function(){\r\n  var el=document.getElementById(btn.getAttribute('data-copy'));if(!el)return;\r\n  var txt=el.innerText;\r\n  var done=function(){btn.textContent='Copied';setTimeout(function(){btn.textContent='Copy';},1800);};\r\n  if(navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText){navigator.clipboard.writeText(txt).then(done,function(){});}\r\n  else{var t=document.createElement('textarea');t.value=txt;document.body.appendChild(t);t.select();try{document.execCommand('copy');done();}catch(e){}document.body.removeChild(t);}\r\n });\r\n});\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@graph\": [\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"ScholarlyArticle\",\r\n      \"@id\": \"#study\",\r\n      \"headline\": \"Environmental impacts of open dumping, uncontrolled landfilling and open burning of municipal solid waste in d\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Environmental impacts of open dumping, uncontrolled landfilling and open burning of municipal solid waste in developing countries: a life cycle assessment by income level and climate zone\",\r\n      \"alternativeHeadline\": \"A life cycle assessment by income level and climate zone\",\r\n      \"abstract\": \"This life cycle assessment estimates the potential environmental impacts of disposing of municipal solid waste in developing countries, covering low-income, lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income economies in arid and humid climates, and three disposal methods: uncontrolled landfilling, open dumping and open burning. 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center}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .bars li.top .bf{background:#1a1a1a}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .bars .bv{font-size:15px;font-weight:600;text-align:right;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .bars .bv small{display:block;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;color:#94A3B8 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#94A3B8}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block.naoh-js .anim.is-on .bf{animation:naohBar 1s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1) both}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block.naoh-js .anim.is-on li:nth-child(2) .bf{animation-delay:.08s}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block.naoh-js .anim.is-on li:nth-child(3) .bf{animation-delay:.16s}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block.naoh-js .anim.is-on li:nth-child(4) .bf{animation-delay:.24s}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block.naoh-js .anim.is-on li:nth-child(n+5) .bf{animation-delay:.32s}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block.naoh-js .anim:not(.is-on) .bf{transform:scaleX(0)}\r\n@keyframes naohBar{from{transform:scaleX(0)}to{transform:scaleX(1)}}\r\n@media (max-width:992px){\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .page-outer{max-width:100%;padding:0}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .page-card{padding:40px 32px !important}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .page-card h2{font-size:24px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .page-card h3,.deiso-lca-hire-block .tb-title .tt{font-size:18.5px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .page-card p,.deiso-lca-hire-block ul.page-list li{font-size:16.5px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .scroll-hint{display:block}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block table.tb-table{table-layout:auto}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width:767px){\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block{padding:20px 0}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .page-card{padding:28px 20px !important;border-radius:18px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .page-section{padding:26px 0}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .page-eyebrow{font-size:11.5px;padding:5px 11px !important;margin-bottom:12px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .page-card h2{font-size:21px;letter-spacing:-0.2px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .page-card h3,.deiso-lca-hire-block .tb-title .tt{font-size:17.5px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .page-card p,.deiso-lca-hire-block ul.page-list li{font-size:15.8px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block ul.page-list li{padding-left:22px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block ul.page-list li::before{width:7px;height:7px;top:15px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .note-panel{border-radius:14px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .scroll-hint{display:none}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .tb-wrap{border:0;border-radius:0;overflow-x:visible}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block table.tb-table{min-width:0 !important;table-layout:auto}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block table.tb-table thead{display:none}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block table.tb-table,.deiso-lca-hire-block table.tb-table tbody,.deiso-lca-hire-block table.tb-table tr,.deiso-lca-hire-block table.tb-table td{display:block;width:100%}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block table.tb-table tr{background:#f7fafc !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.06) !important;border-radius:14px;padding:14px 16px;margin-bottom:12px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block table.tb-table td{padding:6px 0 !important;border:0 !important;width:100% !important;font-size:15.8px;white-space:normal !important}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block table.tb-table td::before{content:attr(data-label);display:block;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675;margin-bottom:3px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block table.tb-table tr.hl td{background:transparent}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block table.tb-table tr.hl{border-color:rgba(0,129,148,0.30) !important;background:rgba(0,129,148,0.05) !important}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .bars li{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) auto;grid-template-areas:\"l v\" \"b b\";gap:6px 12px;padding:10px 0}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .bars .bl{grid-area:l;font-size:15px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .bars .bv{grid-area:v}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .bars .bt{grid-area:b}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width:380px){\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .page-card{padding:24px 16px !important}\r\n}\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .anim .bf,.deiso-lca-hire-block.naoh-js .anim .bf{animation:none !important;transform:none !important}\r\n}\r\n\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .intro-sub{font-size:19px !important;line-height:1.6 !important;font-weight:600;color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675 !important}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .grp{margin:30px 0 0 0}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .grp-head{display:flex;align-items:baseline;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 14px;margin:0 0 14px 0}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .grp-head .gt{font-size:19px;line-height:1.35;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:-0.2px;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .grp-head .gn{font-size:14.5px;color:#94A3B8 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#94A3B8}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:22px;align-items:stretch}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-card{position:relative;display:flex !important;flex-direction:column !important;background:#f7fafc !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.08) !important;border-radius:22px;padding:30px 28px 26px 28px !important;overflow:clip;transition:background .25s ease,border-color .25s ease,box-shadow .25s ease,transform .25s ease}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-card:hover{background:#ffffff !important;border-color:rgba(0,129,148,0.30) !important;box-shadow:0 14px 28px rgba(0,129,148,0.10);transform:translateY(-4px)}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-top{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;margin:0 0 12px 0}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .ico{flex:0 0 auto;width:46px;height:46px;border-radius:13px;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(99,151,107,0.18) 0%,rgba(45,139,138,0.12) 48%,rgba(0,129,148,0.10) 100%)}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .ico svg{width:22px;height:22px;fill:none;stroke:#008194;stroke-width:1.7;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-card h3{margin:0 !important;font-size:19px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-card p{font-size:15.5px;line-height:1.65;margin:0 0 20px 0 !important;flex-grow:1}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-card p a,.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-card p a:link,.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-card p a:visited{color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194;text-decoration:none !important;font-weight:600 !important;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,129,148,0.30)}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-card p a:hover{color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675;border-bottom-color:#006675}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .fact-panel{margin:14px 0 0 0;padding:18px 20px !important;background:#ffffff !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.08) !important;border-radius:18px;display:flex;gap:14px;align-items:flex-start}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .fact-panel .ico{width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:11px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .fact-panel .ico svg{width:19px;height:19px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .fact-panel p{font-size:15.5px;line-height:1.65;margin:0 !important}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn,.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn:link,.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn:visited{display:inline-flex !important;align-items:center !important;justify-content:center !important;min-height:48px;padding:12px 24px !important;border-radius:12px !important;font-size:15.5px !important;font-weight:600 !important;line-height:1.2;text-decoration:none !important;white-space:nowrap;margin-top:auto;transition:background .25s ease,color .25s ease,border-color .25s ease,box-shadow .25s ease,transform .25s ease}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn span{color:inherit !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:inherit;font-size:inherit !important;display:inline !important}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn.primary{background:#1a1a1a !important;color:#ffffff !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#ffffff;border:1px solid #1a1a1a !important;box-shadow:0 8px 18px rgba(26,26,26,0.16)}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn.primary:hover,.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn.primary:focus-visible{background:#ffffff !important;color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194;border-color:#008194 !important;box-shadow:0 10px 22px rgba(0,129,148,0.20);transform:translateY(-1px)}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn.secondary{background:#ffffff !important;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,0.20) !important;align-self:flex-start}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn.secondary:hover,.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn.secondary:focus-visible{color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194;border-color:rgba(0,129,148,0.30) !important}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(0,129,148,0.30)}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn::before,.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn::after{content:none !important;display:none !important}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .block-panel{margin:34px 0 0 0;padding:36px 40px !important;background:#1a1a1a !important;border-radius:18px;text-align:center;position:relative;overflow:clip}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .block-panel::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:6px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#63976B 0%,#2D8B8A 50%,#008194 100%)}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .block-panel h2{color:#ffffff !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#ffffff;margin:0 auto 10px auto !important}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .block-panel p{color:#c3ced6 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#c3ced6;margin:0 auto 22px auto !important}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .block-panel a.btn.primary{background:#ffffff !important;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;border-color:#ffffff !important;box-shadow:none}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .block-panel a.btn.primary:hover,.deiso-lca-hire-block .block-panel a.btn.primary:focus-visible{background:#1a1a1a !important;color:#4FC3D4 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#4FC3D4;border-color:#4FC3D4 !important}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .block-panel a.btn:focus-visible{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(79,195,212,0.45)}\r\n@media (max-width:992px){\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-grid{gap:18px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-card{padding:26px 22px 22px 22px !important}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .intro-sub{font-size:18px !important}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width:767px){\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .intro-sub{font-size:16px !important}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .grp{margin-top:26px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .grp-head .gt{font-size:17.5px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:16px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-card{padding:24px 20px !important;border-radius:18px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-card h3{font-size:17.5px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .ico{width:42px;height:42px;border-radius:12px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .fact-panel{border-radius:14px;padding:16px !important}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .block-panel{padding:28px 20px !important;border-radius:14px}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn{width:100%;padding:13px 20px !important;white-space:normal;word-break:keep-all;overflow-wrap:anywhere;hyphens:none;text-align:center}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn.secondary{align-self:stretch}\r\n}\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-card,.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn{transition:none}\r\n.deiso-lca-hire-block .nav-card:hover,.deiso-lca-hire-block a.btn:hover{transform:none}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"page-outer\">\r\n  <div class=\"page-card\">\r\n    <span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span>\r\n\r\n    <section class=\"page-section\">\r\n      <span class=\"page-eyebrow\">Work with DEISO<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Hire DEISO for your LCA work<\/h2>\r\n      <p class=\"intro-sub\">Need results like these for your own product? DEISO can run the study, review one you already have, or train your team to do it in-house.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"grp\">\r\n        <div class=\"grp-head\"><span class=\"gt\">Studies, review and advisory<\/span><span class=\"gn\">DEISO does the technical work<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"nav-grid\"><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M3 20h18\"\/><path d=\"M6 16l4-5 3 3 5-7\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"16\" r=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"11\" r=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"13\" cy=\"14\" r=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"7\" r=\"1.2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>LCA project execution<\/h3><\/div><p>Full LCA studies for products, systems and value chains, from scope and modelling to a report that holds up under review.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/deiso-enterprise-life-cycle-assessment-lca-services\"><span>See LCA studies &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 3l7 4v5c0 5-3.5 7.5-7 9-3.5-1.5-7-4-7-9V7l7-4z\"\/><path d=\"M9 12l2 2 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>LCA critical review, ISO 14040 and 14044<\/h3><\/div><p>An independent technical check of a finished LCA: whether the method is consistent, the assumptions are stated, and the study conforms to ISO 14040 and 14044.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/lca-critical-review\"><span>See critical review &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M6 6a6 6 0 0 0 12 0\"\/><path d=\"M20 6h-5a3 3 0 0 0-6 0H4\"\/><path d=\"M12 12v8\"\/><path d=\"M8 16l4 4 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>Senior LCA strategic advisory<\/h3><\/div><p>Senior input on scope decisions, method choices and study planning for ISO-aligned LCA and EPD work, including <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/pre-submission-readiness-advisory\">advisory support<\/a> before a study goes out.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/lca-strategic-advisory\"><span>See advisory &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><ellipse cx=\"12\" cy=\"5\" rx=\"7\" ry=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M5 5v7c0 1.7 3.1 3 7 3s7-1.3 7-3V5\"\/><path d=\"M5 12v7c0 1.7 3.1 3 7 3s7-1.3 7-3v-7\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>DEISO agri and industrial LCI database<\/h3><\/div><p>Curated inventory records and emission factors for agricultural and industrial processes, to cut modelling time and fill the gaps in a study.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/deiso-agri-industrial-lci-database\"><span>See the LCI database &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"grp\">\r\n        <div class=\"grp-head\"><span class=\"gt\">Training<\/span><span class=\"gn\">Your team learns to do it<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"nav-grid\"><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M4 19.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 6.5 17H20\"\/><path d=\"M6.5 3H20v18H6.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4 18.5v-13A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 6.5 3z\"\/><path d=\"M9 8h7\"\/><path d=\"M9 12h5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>LCA capacity building, ISO-aligned program<\/h3><\/div><p>Training for individuals and teams in LCA method, study design, interpretation and reporting, built around doing the work rather than watching slides.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/deiso-life-cycle-assessment-lca-professional-training-programs\"><span>See the LCA program &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><rect x=\"3\" y=\"4\" width=\"18\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M7 20h10\"\/><path d=\"M12 18v2\"\/><path d=\"M8 9h8\"\/><path d=\"M8 13h5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>GaBi (LCA for Experts) capacity building<\/h3><\/div><p>For professionals who need firmer control of GaBi: advanced modelling logic, database use and scenario set-up.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/gabi-lca-training-programs\"><span>See GaBi training &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"9\"\/><path d=\"M3 12h18\"\/><path d=\"M12 3a15 15 0 0 1 0 18\"\/><path d=\"M12 3a15 15 0 0 0 0 18\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>openLCA capacity building<\/h3><\/div><p>Practical openLCA training for professionals who want to model with confidence in one of the most widely used open-source LCA tools.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/openlca-training-programs\"><span>See openLCA training &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M7 17l-4-4 4-4\"\/><path d=\"M17 7l4 4-4 4\"\/><path d=\"M14 4l-4 16\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>SimaPro capacity building<\/h3><\/div><p>SimaPro training for corporate and professional users, focused on sound modelling and results a team can act on.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/simapro-lca-training-programs\"><span>See SimaPro training &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"grp\">\r\n        <div class=\"grp-head\"><span class=\"gt\">Coaching<\/span><span class=\"gn\">Expert help on your own model<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"nav-grid\"><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M14 10a4 4 0 1 1-8 0 4 4 0 0 1 8 0z\"\/><path d=\"M14 10h7\"\/><path d=\"M17 7l4 3-4 3\"\/><path d=\"M3 20c1.5-3 4.5-4.5 7-4.5s5.5 1.5 7 4.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>SimaPro advanced coaching<\/h3><\/div><p>For experienced SimaPro users stuck on something specific: refining a model, tracking down an error, or reading the results correctly.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/simapro-advanced-coaching\"><span>See SimaPro coaching &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M12 2v3\"\/><path d=\"M12 19v3\"\/><path d=\"M4.93 4.93l2.12 2.12\"\/><path d=\"M16.95 16.95l2.12 2.12\"\/><path d=\"M2 12h3\"\/><path d=\"M19 12h3\"\/><path d=\"M4.93 19.07l2.12-2.12\"\/><path d=\"M16.95 7.05l2.12-2.12\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>GaBi coaching for professionals<\/h3><\/div><p>Focused help for GaBi users who want leaner models, faster workflows and a surer hand with advanced project practice.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/gabi-professional-coaching\"><span>See GaBi coaching &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><article class=\"nav-card\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"nav-top\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M21 15a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7l-4 4V5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h14a2 2 0 0 1 2 2z\"\/><path d=\"M8 9h8\"\/><path d=\"M8 13h5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><h3>openLCA professional coaching<\/h3><\/div><p>One-to-one or team coaching for experienced openLCA users who need direction on a live project.<\/p><a class=\"btn secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/openlca-professional-coaching\"><span>See openLCA coaching &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/article><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"fact-panel\"><span class=\"ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"9\"\/><path d=\"M12 7v5l3 2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Training and coaching run one-to-one or for a group and start as soon as the schedule and payment are confirmed, with no waiting for a cohort. Coaching is booked by the hour. Every DEISO trainer and coach is a PhD-level LCA expert.<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"block-panel\">\r\n        <h2>Tell us what you need<\/h2>\r\n        <p>Send a short brief: the product or study, the scope, and what the result is for. DEISO will come back with a quotation built around it.<\/p>\r\n        <a class=\"btn primary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/contact-form\"><span>Request a quotation &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DEISO Research Environmental impacts of open dumping, uncontrolled landfilling and open burning of municipal solid waste in developing countries A life cycle assessment by income level and climate zone Author: Dr. Mahdi Ikhlayel. Publisher: DEISO Research, Tokyo. Study conducted in 2016; first published in 2026. DOI: 10.13140\/RG.2.2.28789.95206 Open burning, open dumping and uncontrolled landfilling are [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":132,"featured_media":341576,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"_deiso_takeaway":"","_deiso_part":0,"_deiso_aiv_faq":[],"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1720],"tags":[1735,1734,1733,1721,721,1730,1731,1732,1728,1729,1736,11,12,1723,1722,1724,1725,1726,1727,95],"deiso_standard":[],"deiso_series":[],"deiso_issue":[],"deiso-finder":[],"content-type":[],"content-filter":[],"site-search-options":[974,977],"class_list":["post-341575","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-deiso-research","tag-arid-climate","tag-climate-zones","tag-cml-2001","tag-deiso-research","tag-developing-countries","tag-ecotoxicity","tag-eutrophication","tag-global-warming-potential","tag-heavy-metals","tag-human-toxicity","tag-humid-climate","tag-lca","tag-life-cycle-assessment","tag-msw","tag-municipal-solid-waste","tag-open-burning","tag-open-dumping","tag-uncontrolled-landfill","tag-unsanitary-landfill","tag-waste-management","site-search-options-blog","site-search-options-entire-site","grve-entry-item","grve-blog-item"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-research-msw-disposal-lca-featured.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/341575","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/132"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=341575"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/341575\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/341576"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=341575"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=341575"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=341575"},{"taxonomy":"deiso_standard","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso_standard?post=341575"},{"taxonomy":"deiso_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso_series?post=341575"},{"taxonomy":"deiso_issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso_issue?post=341575"},{"taxonomy":"deiso-finder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso-finder?post=341575"},{"taxonomy":"content-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-type?post=341575"},{"taxonomy":"content-filter","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-filter?post=341575"},{"taxonomy":"site-search-options","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/site-search-options?post=341575"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}