{"id":255021,"date":"2025-03-18T20:40:09","date_gmt":"2025-03-18T11:40:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dei.so\/?p=255021"},"modified":"2026-08-13T03:07:59","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T18:07:59","slug":"exploring-scope-4-ghg-emissions-concept-examples-and-future-trends","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/exploring-scope-4-ghg-emissions-concept-examples-and-future-trends\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 4 GHG: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"255021\" class=\"elementor elementor-255021\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7af8249 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-0436c74 \" data-id=\"7af8249\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"7af8249\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69cdf63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"69cdf63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"deiso-scope4-avoided-emissions-block\">\r\n  <style>\r\n    .deiso-scope4-avoided-emissions-block * { box-sizing: border-box; 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text-transform:uppercase; color:#006675 !important; margin-bottom:2px; }\r\n      .deiso-scope4-avoided-emissions-block tbody tr:hover td{ background:transparent !important; }\r\n      .deiso-scope4-avoided-emissions-block tbody tr.total-row td{ background:transparent !important; }\r\n    }\r\n  <\/style>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"block-outer\">\r\n    <div class=\"block-card\">\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n        <span class=\"block-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/blog-posts\">Blog posts<\/a><\/span>\r\n        <h2>Introduction<\/h2>\r\n        <p>\r\n          As organisations intensify efforts on climate change, accurately measuring and managing greenhouse gas emissions has become a core commercial capability. Emissions are conventionally categorised into Scopes 1, 2, and 3 according to whether they are direct, energy-related, or spread across the value chain. Alongside these, a further concept has gained attention: <strong>avoided emissions<\/strong>, informally called &ldquo;Scope 4&rdquo;, which addresses emissions prevented elsewhere through the adoption of a product, service, or solution.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"amber-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"amber-label\">A necessary clarification before anything else<\/span>\r\n          <p>\r\n            &ldquo;Scope 4&rdquo; is <strong>not an official scope<\/strong>. The GHG Protocol defines three scopes, and avoided emissions sit outside the corporate inventory entirely. They must be reported <strong>separately<\/strong> and can never be subtracted from Scopes 1, 2, or 3 to produce a lower net figure. A company reporting 500,000 tonnes of emissions and one million tonnes avoided still emitted 500,000 tonnes.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n        <h2>What are avoided emissions?<\/h2>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Avoided emissions are the difference between the emissions that occurred and the emissions that <em>would have occurred<\/em> had a reference solution been used instead. Where Scopes 1 to 3 measure emissions attributable to an organisation, avoided emissions quantify a comparative benefit occurring in someone else&rsquo;s inventory &mdash; typically a customer&rsquo;s.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <p>\r\n          The distinction matters for how the figure behaves. An inventory figure is <strong>attributional<\/strong>: it allocates real, measured emissions. An avoided emissions figure is <strong>consequential<\/strong>: it compares reality against a counterfactual that did not happen and therefore cannot be measured, only argued.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <span class=\"table-caption\">How avoided emissions differ from the three scopes<\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"table-wrap\">\r\n          <table>\r\n            <thead>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <th style=\"width:22%;\">Aspect<\/th>\r\n                <th style=\"width:39%;\">Scopes 1, 2, and 3<\/th>\r\n                <th style=\"width:39%;\">Avoided emissions<\/th>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n            <\/thead>\r\n            <tbody>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Aspect\">What is measured<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Scopes 1-3\">Emissions that occurred<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Avoided emissions\">Difference against emissions that would have occurred<\/td>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Aspect\">Approach<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Scopes 1-3\">Attributional<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Avoided emissions\">Consequential<\/td>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Aspect\">Where the effect occurs<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Scopes 1-3\">Within the company or its value chain<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Avoided emissions\">Usually in the customer&rsquo;s or society&rsquo;s inventory<\/td>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Aspect\">Verifiability<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Scopes 1-3\">Verifiable against records and meters<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Avoided emissions\">Depends entirely on the reference scenario chosen<\/td>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Aspect\">Reporting treatment<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Scopes 1-3\">Reported as the inventory<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Avoided emissions\">Reported separately, never netted against the inventory<\/td>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Aspect\">Target setting<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Scopes 1-3\">Basis for science-based targets<\/td>\r\n                <td data-label=\"Avoided emissions\">Not accepted toward reduction targets<\/td>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n            <\/tbody>\r\n          <\/table>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n        <h2>Background and development<\/h2>\r\n        <p>\r\n          The three scopes were introduced by the <strong>Greenhouse Gas Protocol<\/strong>, developed by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), which established the standardised approach organisations use to measure and report emissions consistently.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <p>\r\n          The avoided emissions concept developed later, driven by companies whose products reduce emissions in use &mdash; renewable technology, efficiency solutions, insulation, software &mdash; and whose corporate inventories therefore understate their climate contribution. WBCSD has published guidance on avoided emissions, and CDP and other frameworks have addressed how such claims should be presented.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <p>\r\n          There is currently <strong>no dedicated ISO standard for avoided emissions<\/strong>. The methodological reference points are ISO 14064-2 for project-level emission reductions, ISO 14067 and ISO 14040\/14044 for the product footprints the comparison rests on, and the GHG Protocol Project Protocol for comparative quantification.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n        <h2>The mathematics<\/h2>\r\n        <p>\r\n          The core calculation is a difference between two life cycle footprints delivering the same function. Everything difficult about avoided emissions is contained in defining the second term.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"eq-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"eq-label\">Core avoided emissions equation<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"eq\">AE = ( E<sub>reference<\/sub> &minus; E<sub>solution<\/sub> ) &times; Q<\/span>\r\n          <p class=\"eq-note\">\r\n            <strong>AE<\/strong> &mdash; avoided emissions, in tonnes CO&#8322;e. <strong>E<sub>reference<\/sub><\/strong> &mdash; life cycle emissions per functional unit of the reference solution. <strong>E<sub>solution<\/sub><\/strong> &mdash; life cycle emissions per functional unit of the solution being assessed. <strong>Q<\/strong> &mdash; quantity of functional units supplied in the reporting period.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <p>\r\n          Both terms must cover the <strong>full life cycle<\/strong>, not the use phase alone. A solution that reduces operational emissions while carrying a higher manufacturing footprint may avoid far less than its use-phase difference suggests, or nothing at all.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"eq-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"eq-label\">Full life cycle form<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"eq\">AE = [ ( E<sub>prod,ref<\/sub> + E<sub>use,ref<\/sub> + E<sub>eol,ref<\/sub> ) &minus; ( E<sub>prod,sol<\/sub> + E<sub>use,sol<\/sub> + E<sub>eol,sol<\/sub> ) ] &times; Q<\/span>\r\n          <p class=\"eq-note\">\r\n            Production, use, and end-of-life for each option. Omitting the production term is the most common way an avoided emissions figure is overstated.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <h3>The attribution problem<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          A solution rarely delivers its benefit alone. Where several actors contribute &mdash; the technology provider, the installer, the financier, the customer who chose it &mdash; the same avoided tonne can be claimed several times over. An attribution factor addresses this.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"eq-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"eq-label\">Attributed avoided emissions<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"eq\">AE<sub>attributed<\/sub> = AE<sub>total<\/sub> &times; &alpha;<\/span>\r\n          <p class=\"eq-note\">\r\n            <strong>&alpha;<\/strong> &mdash; the share of the outcome attributable to the reporting organisation, between 0 and 1. There is no settled convention for setting it, which is precisely why it must be disclosed and justified rather than assumed to be 1.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <h3>Additionality and counterfactual correction<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Part of the market would have adopted a lower-emission alternative regardless. Claiming the full difference against the incumbent technology credits the reporting company with change that was already happening.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"eq-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"eq-label\">Baseline adjustment<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"eq\">E<sub>reference<\/sub> = ( s<sub>incumbent<\/sub> &times; E<sub>incumbent<\/sub> ) + ( s<sub>alt<\/sub> &times; E<sub>alt<\/sub> )<\/span>\r\n          <p class=\"eq-note\">\r\n            <strong>s<\/strong> &mdash; market shares of each alternative that would plausibly have been chosen, summing to 1. A market-average reference is more defensible than comparing against the worst available technology.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <h3>Time and durability<\/h3>\r\n        <div class=\"eq-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"eq-label\">Avoided emissions over an asset lifetime<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"eq\">AE<sub>lifetime<\/sub> = <span class=\"sigma\">&Sigma;<\/span><sub>t=1<\/sub><sup>n<\/sup> ( E<sub>ref,t<\/sub> &minus; E<sub>sol,t<\/sub> ) &times; Q<sub>t<\/sub><\/span>\r\n          <p class=\"eq-note\">\r\n            The reference emission factor is not constant. As grids decarbonise, E<sub>ref<\/sub> falls year on year, so an efficiency or electrification solution avoids progressively less over its life. Holding the reference factor fixed at year one systematically overstates the total.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n        <h2>Worked example: cloud migration<\/h2>\r\n        <p>\r\n          A technology provider migrates a customer from on-premise data centres to cloud infrastructure. Figures below are illustrative and rounded, to show the calculation structure.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <h3>Reference scenario &mdash; on-premise data centre<\/h3>\r\n        <ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n          <li>Annual energy consumption: 1,000 GWh = 1 &times; 10<sup>9<\/sup> kWh<\/li>\r\n          <li>Grid carbon intensity: 1,000 g CO&#8322;e\/kWh<\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n        <div class=\"eq-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"eq-label\">Reference emissions<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"eq\">E<sub>ref<\/sub> = (1 &times; 10<sup>9<\/sup> kWh &times; 1,000 g\/kWh) &divide; 10<sup>6<\/sup> = 1,000,000 t CO&#8322;e \/ year<\/span>\r\n          <p class=\"eq-note\">Grams are converted to tonnes by dividing by 10<sup>6<\/sup>, not multiplying.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <h3>Solution scenario &mdash; cloud infrastructure<\/h3>\r\n        <ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n          <li>Annual energy consumption: 200 GWh = 2 &times; 10<sup>8<\/sup> kWh<\/li>\r\n          <li>Effective carbon intensity after renewable supply: 100 g CO&#8322;e\/kWh<\/li>\r\n          <li>Supporting infrastructure, embodied hardware, and logistics: 180,000 t CO&#8322;e \/ year<\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n        <div class=\"eq-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"eq-label\">Solution emissions<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"eq\">E<sub>energy<\/sub> = (2 &times; 10<sup>8<\/sup> kWh &times; 100 g\/kWh) &divide; 10<sup>6<\/sup> = 20,000 t CO&#8322;e<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"eq\">E<sub>sol<\/sub> = 20,000 + 180,000 = 200,000 t CO&#8322;e \/ year<\/span>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <span class=\"table-caption\">Avoided emissions summary<\/span>\r\n        <div class=\"table-wrap\">\r\n          <table>\r\n            <thead>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <th style=\"width:52%;\">Scenario<\/th>\r\n                <th class=\"num\" style=\"width:48%;\">Annual emissions (t CO&#8322;e)<\/th>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n            <\/thead>\r\n            <tbody>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Scenario\">Reference &mdash; on-premise data centre<\/td>\r\n                <td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Annual emissions\">1,000,000<\/td>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n              <tr>\r\n                <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Scenario\">Solution &mdash; cloud infrastructure<\/td>\r\n                <td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Annual emissions\">200,000<\/td>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n              <tr class=\"total-row\">\r\n                <td class=\"col-key\" data-label=\"Scenario\">Avoided emissions<\/td>\r\n                <td class=\"num\" data-label=\"Annual emissions\">800,000<\/td>\r\n              <\/tr>\r\n            <\/tbody>\r\n          <\/table>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"amber-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"amber-label\">What this figure does and does not say<\/span>\r\n          <p>\r\n            The 800,000 tonnes is a comparison against one chosen reference. Change the reference &mdash; a modern efficient on-premise facility rather than an ageing one, or a grid intensity of 400 g rather than 1,000 g &mdash; and the result falls substantially. The number is a statement about the comparison, not a measurement of the world, and it does not reduce the provider&rsquo;s own reported emissions by a single tonne.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n        <h2>Practical examples across industries<\/h2>\r\n\r\n        <h3>Energy<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          A provider installs solar generation displacing grid electricity. Avoided emissions are the difference between the grid emission factor and the life cycle factor of the solar generation, multiplied by MWh delivered.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"eq-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"eq-label\">Renewable generation<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"eq\">AE = ( EF<sub>grid<\/sub> &minus; EF<sub>solar,LCA<\/sub> ) &times; MWh<sub>generated<\/sub><\/span>\r\n          <p class=\"eq-note\">The solar factor is not zero &mdash; panel manufacturing, mounting, inverters, and end-of-life all carry emissions, typically an order of magnitude below fossil generation but not nil.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <h3>Transport<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          An electric vehicle replaces an internal combustion vehicle. The comparison must be over the full lifetime and must include battery manufacturing, which loads the EV heavily at production and is repaid over distance driven.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"eq-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"eq-label\">Vehicle comparison and breakeven<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"eq\">AE = [ ( E<sub>mfg,ICE<\/sub> + d &times; EF<sub>fuel<\/sub> ) &minus; ( E<sub>mfg,EV<\/sub> + d &times; c &times; EF<sub>grid<\/sub> ) ]<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"eq\">d<sub>breakeven<\/sub> = ( E<sub>mfg,EV<\/sub> &minus; E<sub>mfg,ICE<\/sub> ) &divide; ( EF<sub>fuel<\/sub> &minus; c &times; EF<sub>grid<\/sub> )<\/span>\r\n          <p class=\"eq-note\"><strong>d<\/strong> &mdash; lifetime distance. <strong>c<\/strong> &mdash; electricity consumption per km. The breakeven distance is where the EV&rsquo;s higher manufacturing footprint has been repaid, and it varies widely with grid intensity.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <h3>Agriculture<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Precision farming reduces fertiliser application, fuel use, and passes across the field. The nitrogen effect dominates, because fertiliser carries both a production footprint and field N&#8322;O emissions.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"eq-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"eq-label\">Reduced fertiliser application<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"eq\">AE = &Delta;N &times; ( EF<sub>production<\/sub> + EF<sub>N&#8322;O field<\/sub> ) + &Delta;F<sub>fuel<\/sub> &times; EF<sub>diesel<\/sub><\/span>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <h3>Buildings<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Insulation, heat pumps, and glazing reduce operational heating and cooling demand. Avoided emissions accrue over decades, which makes the declining grid factor over time material to the calculation.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <h3>Industrial equipment<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          A high-efficiency motor, compressor, or heat exchanger reduces energy per unit of output against the equipment it replaces or against the market-average alternative.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"eq-panel\">\r\n          <span class=\"eq-label\">Equipment efficiency<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"eq\">AE = P &times; h &times; ( 1&divide;&eta;<sub>ref<\/sub> &minus; 1&divide;&eta;<sub>sol<\/sub> ) &times; EF<sub>energy<\/sub><\/span>\r\n          <p class=\"eq-note\"><strong>P<\/strong> &mdash; useful power output. <strong>h<\/strong> &mdash; annual operating hours. <strong>&eta;<\/strong> &mdash; efficiency of each option.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <h3>Materials and chemicals<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          A lower-carbon cement, steel, or polymer displaces a conventional grade at equal performance. The functional unit must reflect performance equivalence &mdash; comparing per tonne rather than per unit of structural function will mislead if the materials differ in strength.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <h3>Software and digital services<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Route optimisation, remote monitoring, or predictive maintenance reduce fuel, travel, or material use. These are the hardest claims to substantiate, because the counterfactual behaviour is not observable and rebound effects are common.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n        <h2>Where these claims go wrong<\/h2>\r\n        <ol class=\"num-list\">\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">1<\/span><strong>Netting against the inventory.<\/strong> Presenting emissions minus avoided emissions as a net figure. This is the most serious error and invalidates the whole disclosure.<\/li>\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">2<\/span><strong>Choosing a flattering reference.<\/strong> Comparing against the worst available technology rather than the realistic market alternative.<\/li>\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">3<\/span><strong>Omitting the production footprint.<\/strong> Counting use-phase savings while ignoring the emissions of making the solution.<\/li>\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">4<\/span><strong>Ignoring rebound effects.<\/strong> Efficiency that lowers cost can increase consumption, returning part of the saving.<\/li>\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">5<\/span><strong>Double counting.<\/strong> Manufacturer, installer, financier, and customer each claiming the same avoided tonne.<\/li>\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">6<\/span><strong>Holding factors static.<\/strong> Assuming a decarbonising grid stays at today&rsquo;s intensity for twenty years.<\/li>\r\n          <li><span class=\"num-badge\">7<\/span><strong>Claiming avoided emissions while growing absolute emissions.<\/strong> A company can genuinely enable reductions elsewhere and still be increasing its own footprint. Both must be visible.<\/li>\r\n        <\/ol>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n        <h2>How to report avoided emissions credibly<\/h2>\r\n        <ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n          <li>Report <strong>separately from the inventory<\/strong>, with the Scope 1, 2, and 3 figures presented alongside and never adjusted.<\/li>\r\n          <li>State the <strong>reference scenario<\/strong> explicitly and justify why it represents the realistic alternative.<\/li>\r\n          <li>Use <strong>full life cycle footprints<\/strong> for both options, prepared under ISO 14067 or the GHG Protocol Product Standard.<\/li>\r\n          <li>Disclose the <strong>attribution factor<\/strong> and its basis.<\/li>\r\n          <li>Present a <strong>sensitivity analysis<\/strong> showing how the result moves with the reference scenario and key factors.<\/li>\r\n          <li>Seek <strong>third-party verification<\/strong>, drawing on ISO 14064-2 and ISO 14064-3 practice.<\/li>\r\n          <li>Do not use avoided emissions toward <strong>science-based targets<\/strong>, which are set on the inventory alone.<\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n        <h2>Future developments<\/h2>\r\n        <ul class=\"page-list\">\r\n          <li><strong>Methodological standardisation.<\/strong> Consistent rules for reference scenarios, attribution, and additionality are the missing piece; work is under way but not settled.<\/li>\r\n          <li><strong>Position within disclosure frameworks.<\/strong> How avoided emissions sit alongside mandatory reporting under CSRD, IFRS S2, and CDP is still being defined.<\/li>\r\n          <li><strong>Investor use.<\/strong> Climate solution revenue and avoided emissions are increasingly used to identify transition-aligned companies, which raises the stakes on comparability.<\/li>\r\n          <li><strong>Verification.<\/strong> As claims grow more commercially significant, independent assurance is likely to become the expectation rather than the exception.<\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"block-section\">\r\n        <h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Avoided emissions capture something real that the three scopes cannot: a company whose products reduce emissions in customers&rsquo; hands has a climate contribution its own inventory understates. Quantifying that contribution is legitimate, useful, and increasingly expected by investors.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n        <p>\r\n          It is also the easiest climate figure to overstate, because the comparison scenario is chosen rather than measured. The discipline is straightforward: full life cycle boundaries on both sides, a defensible reference, a stated attribution factor, sensitivity analysis, and separate reporting that never touches the inventory. Presented that way, avoided emissions strengthen a company&rsquo;s position. 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<div class=\"block-outer\">\r\n    <div class=\"block-panel\">\r\n      <span class=\"block-eyebrow\">Next step<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Not sure which service fits your project?<\/h2>\r\n      <p>\r\n        Tell us your scope, timeline, and target outcome &mdash; DEISO will point you to the right service or scope the work directly.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"block-actions\">\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/contact-form\" class=\"block-btn primary\"><span>Request a quotation &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/start-here\" class=\"block-btn secondary\"><span>Start at go.dei.so &rarr;<\/span><\/a>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Blog posts Introduction As organisations intensify efforts on climate change, accurately measuring and managing greenhouse gas emissions has become a core commercial capability. Emissions are conventionally categorised into Scopes 1, 2, and 3 according to whether they are direct, energy-related, or spread across the value chain. Alongside these, a further concept has gained attention: avoided [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":132,"featured_media":229154,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_deiso_takeaway":"","_deiso_part":0,"_deiso_aiv_faq":[],"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[429],"tags":[],"deiso_standard":[],"deiso_series":[],"deiso_issue":[],"deiso-finder":[],"content-type":[],"content-filter":[],"site-search-options":[974],"class_list":["post-255021","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-posts","site-search-options-blog","grve-entry-item","grve-blog-item"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_GHG_Protocol.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/255021","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/132"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=255021"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/255021\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/229154"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=255021"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=255021"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=255021"},{"taxonomy":"deiso_standard","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso_standard?post=255021"},{"taxonomy":"deiso_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso_series?post=255021"},{"taxonomy":"deiso_issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso_issue?post=255021"},{"taxonomy":"deiso-finder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso-finder?post=255021"},{"taxonomy":"content-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-type?post=255021"},{"taxonomy":"content-filter","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-filter?post=255021"},{"taxonomy":"site-search-options","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/site-search-options?post=255021"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}