{"id":339969,"date":"2026-09-14T22:48:28","date_gmt":"2026-09-14T13:48:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dei.so\/?page_id=339969"},"modified":"2026-09-30T06:31:41","modified_gmt":"2026-09-29T21:31:41","slug":"news","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/news\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"339969\" class=\"elementor elementor-339969\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-44deaa19 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"44deaa19\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-46cce712\" data-id=\"46cce712\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4a505b elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"f4a505b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><style id=\"deiso-blog-css\">.elementor-widget:has(.deiso-blog-block){width:100% !important;max-width:100% !important;min-width:0 !important;flex:1 1 100% !important;align-self:stretch !important}.deiso-blog-block{display:block !important;width:100% !important;padding:30px 0;background:transparent !important;font-family:'Jost',system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif !important;overflow-x:clip;color:#475569;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;text-align:left}.deiso-blog-block *,.deiso-blog-block *::before,.deiso-blog-block *::after,.deiso-bg-drawer *,.deiso-bg-drawer *::before,.deiso-bg-drawer *::after{box-sizing:border-box}.deiso-blog-block button,.deiso-bg-drawer button{font-family:'Jost',system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif !important;text-transform:none !important;letter-spacing:normal !important;margin:0;min-width:0;text-shadow:none !important;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none}html body .deiso-blog-block [hidden],html body .deiso-bg-drawer [hidden]{display:none !important}html body .deiso-blog-block .bg-search input.bg-q,html body .deiso-blog-block .bg-sort select.bg-sort-sel{position:relative !important;z-index:1 !important}html body .deiso-blog-block .bg-search > svg,html body .deiso-blog-block button.bg-clear-q,html body .deiso-blog-block .bg-sort-lb,html body .deiso-blog-block .bg-sort > svg{z-index:3 !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-outer{max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px}.deiso-blog-block .bg-card{position:relative;display:block !important;background:#ffffff !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.10) !important;border-radius:22px;box-shadow:0 8px 20px rgba(26,26,26,.04);padding:44px 40px !important;overflow:clip}.deiso-blog-block .bg-card + .bg-card{margin-top:22px}.deiso-blog-block .bg-main{container-type:inline-size;container-name:bgmain}.deiso-blog-block .card-strap,.deiso-bg-drawer .card-strap{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:6px;z-index:2;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#63976B 0%,#2D8B8A 50%,#008194 100%) !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-eyebrow{display:inline-block !important;background:rgba(0,129,148,.07) !important;color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675;border:1px solid rgba(0,129,148,.20) !important;padding:5px 12px !important;border-radius:999px;font-size:12px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 0 14px;line-height:1.2}.deiso-blog-block h1.bg-h1{font-family:'Jost',system-ui,sans-serif !important;font-size:38px !important;line-height:1.25 !important;letter-spacing:-.5px !important;font-weight:700 !important;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;margin:0 0 14px !important;padding:0 !important;max-width:900px;text-transform:none !important}.deiso-blog-block p.bg-intro{font-size:17px !important;line-height:1.75 !important;color:#475569 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#475569;margin:0 !important;max-width:900px;overflow-wrap:break-word}.deiso-blog-block .bg-hero-foot{display:flex !important;align-items:center;gap:12px;margin-top:26px}.deiso-blog-block .bg-actions{display:flex !important;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-jump{margin-left:auto;width:44px;height:44px;min-height:0;border-radius:12px !important;display:inline-flex !important;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:rgba(0,129,148,.07) !important;border:1px solid rgba(0,129,148,.20) !important;cursor:pointer;padding:0 !important;box-shadow:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-jump svg{width:18px;height:18px;fill:none;stroke:#008194;stroke-width:2.4;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round}.deiso-blog-block .btn,.deiso-bg-drawer .btn{display:inline-flex !important;align-items:center !important;justify-content:center !important;gap:8px;min-height:48px;padding:12px 24px !important;border-radius:12px !important;font-family:'Jost',system-ui,sans-serif !important;font-size:15.5px !important;font-weight:600 !important;line-height:1.2 !important;text-decoration:none !important;white-space:nowrap;cursor:pointer;transition:background .25s ease,color .25s ease,border-color .25s ease,box-shadow .25s ease,transform .25s ease}.deiso-blog-block .btn span,.deiso-bg-drawer .btn span{color:inherit !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:inherit;font-size:inherit !important;display:inline !important}.deiso-blog-block .btn::before,.deiso-blog-block .btn::after,.deiso-bg-drawer .btn::before,.deiso-bg-drawer .btn::after{content:none !important;display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .btn.primary,.deiso-bg-drawer .btn.primary{background:#1a1a1a !important;color:#ffffff !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#ffffff;border:1px solid #1a1a1a !important;box-shadow:0 8px 18px rgba(26,26,26,.16)}.deiso-blog-block .btn.primary:hover,.deiso-blog-block .btn.primary:focus-visible,.deiso-bg-drawer .btn.primary:hover,.deiso-bg-drawer .btn.primary:focus-visible{background:#ffffff !important;color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194;border-color:#008194 !important;box-shadow:0 10px 22px rgba(0,129,148,.20);transform:translateY(-1px)}.deiso-blog-block .btn.secondary,.deiso-bg-drawer .btn.secondary{background:#ffffff !important;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.20) !important;box-shadow:none}.deiso-blog-block .btn.secondary:hover,.deiso-blog-block .btn.secondary:focus-visible,.deiso-bg-drawer .btn.secondary:hover,.deiso-bg-drawer .btn.secondary:focus-visible{color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194;border-color:#008194 !important;background:#ffffff !important}.deiso-blog-block .btn:focus-visible,.deiso-bg-drawer .btn:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(0,129,148,.30)}.deiso-blog-block .bg-toolbar{display:flex !important;align-items:center;gap:12px}.deiso-blog-block .bg-search{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0}.deiso-blog-block .bg-search > svg{position:absolute;left:16px;top:50%;width:18px;height:18px;margin-top:-9px;fill:none;stroke:#94A3B8;stroke-width:2.2;stroke-linecap:round;pointer-events:none;z-index:1}.deiso-blog-block .bg-search input.bg-q{display:block !important;width:100% !important;max-width:none !important;height:48px !important;min-height:48px;margin:0 !important;padding:0 46px !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.20) !important;border-radius:12px !important;background:#ffffff !important;box-shadow:none !important;font-family:'Jost',system-ui,sans-serif !important;font-size:16px !important;line-height:48px;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;outline:none;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none}.deiso-blog-block .bg-search input.bg-q::placeholder{color:#94A3B8 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#94A3B8;opacity:1}.deiso-blog-block .bg-search input.bg-q:focus{border-color:#008194 !important;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(0,129,148,.30) !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-search input.bg-q::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-clear-q{position:absolute;right:8px;top:50%;margin-top:-16px;width:32px;height:32px;min-height:0;border:0 !important;border-radius:8px !important;background:transparent !important;cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex !important;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:0 !important;box-shadow:none !important}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-clear-q[hidden]{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-clear-q svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:#475569;stroke-width:2.4;stroke-linecap:round}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-clear-q:hover{background:rgba(26,26,26,.04) !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-sort{position:relative;flex:0 0 auto}.deiso-blog-block .bg-sort-lb{position:absolute;left:18px;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);font-size:14px;font-weight:400;color:#94A3B8 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#94A3B8;pointer-events:none;z-index:1}.deiso-blog-block .bg-sort select.bg-sort-sel{display:block !important;height:48px !important;min-width:210px;margin:0 !important;padding:0 44px 0 58px !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.20) !important;border-radius:12px !important;background:#ffffff none !important;box-shadow:none !important;font-family:'Jost',system-ui,sans-serif !important;font-size:15.5px !important;font-weight:600 !important;line-height:1.2;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;cursor:pointer;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none;outline:none}.deiso-blog-block .bg-sort select.bg-sort-sel:focus-visible{border-color:#008194 !important;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(0,129,148,.30) !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-sort > svg{position:absolute;right:16px;top:50%;width:14px;height:14px;margin-top:-7px;fill:none;stroke:#008194;stroke-width:2.4;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;pointer-events:none}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-filter-btn{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-filter-btn svg{width:18px;height:18px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:2.2;stroke-linecap:round}.deiso-blog-block .bg-badge{display:inline-flex !important;align-items:center;justify-content:center;min-width:22px;height:22px;padding:0 6px;border-radius:999px;background:#008194 !important;color:#ffffff !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#ffffff;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;line-height:1}.deiso-blog-block .bg-badge:empty{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-summary{display:flex !important;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:10px 12px;margin:20px 0 0;min-height:34px}.deiso-blog-block .bg-count{font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;color:#475569 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#475569;margin-right:4px}.deiso-blog-block .bg-count b{color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;font-weight:700}.deiso-blog-block .bg-active{display:contents}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-achip{display:inline-flex !important;align-items:center;gap:6px;min-height:0;padding:5px 6px 5px 12px !important;border-radius:999px !important;background:rgba(0,129,148,.07) !important;border:1px solid rgba(0,129,148,.20) !important;color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675;font-size:13.5px !important;font-weight:600 !important;line-height:1.3 !important;cursor:pointer;box-shadow:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-achip .x{display:inline-flex;width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:50%;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:rgba(0,129,148,.12)}.deiso-blog-block .bg-achip svg{width:10px;height:10px;fill:none;stroke:#006675;stroke-width:2.6;stroke-linecap:round}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-achip:hover{border-color:#008194 !important}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-clear-all{display:inline-block !important;min-height:0;background:none !important;border:0 !important;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,129,148,.30) !important;border-radius:0 !important;padding:4px 2px !important;font-size:14px !important;font-weight:600 !important;line-height:1.3 !important;color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194;cursor:pointer;box-shadow:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-body{display:grid !important;grid-template-columns:280px minmax(0,1fr);gap:28px;margin-top:22px;padding-top:26px;border-top:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.08);align-items:start}.deiso-blog-block.bg-filters-horizontal .bg-body,.deiso-blog-block.bg-no-facets .bg-body{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}.deiso-blog-block .bg-facets{position:sticky;top:24px;display:block !important;background:#f7fafc !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.06) !important;border-radius:18px;padding:24px 22px !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-filters-horizontal .bg-facets,.deiso-blog-block.bg-no-facets .bg-facets{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-flabel,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-flabel{display:block;font-size:11.5px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675;margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.3}.deiso-blog-block .bg-terms + .bg-flabel,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-terms + .bg-flabel{margin-top:22px}.deiso-blog-block ul.bg-terms,.deiso-bg-drawer ul.bg-terms{list-style:none !important;margin:0 !important;padding:0 !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-terms li,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-terms li{list-style:none !important;margin:0 !important;padding:0 !important;background:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-terms li::before,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-terms li::before,.deiso-blog-block .bg-terms li::marker,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-terms li::marker{content:none !important;display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-term label,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-term label{display:flex !important;align-items:center;gap:12px;margin:0 !important;padding:8px 0 !important;cursor:pointer;font-size:15px !important;font-weight:400 !important;line-height:1.4 !important;color:#475569 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#475569}.deiso-blog-block .bg-term input,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-term input{position:absolute !important;opacity:0 !important;width:1px !important;height:1px !important;margin:0 !important;padding:0 !important;pointer-events:none}.deiso-blog-block .bg-box,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-box{flex:0 0 auto;width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:6px;border:1.5px solid rgba(26,26,26,.25);background:#ffffff;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;transition:background .2s ease,border-color .2s ease}.deiso-blog-block .bg-box svg,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-box svg{width:12px;height:12px;fill:none;stroke:#ffffff;stroke-width:3;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;opacity:0}.deiso-blog-block .bg-term input:checked + .bg-box,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-term input:checked + .bg-box{background:#008194;border-color:#008194}.deiso-blog-block .bg-term input:checked + .bg-box svg,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-term input:checked + .bg-box svg{opacity:1}.deiso-blog-block .bg-term input:checked ~ .bg-tname,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-term input:checked ~ .bg-tname{color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;font-weight:600}.deiso-blog-block .bg-term input:focus-visible + .bg-box,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-term input:focus-visible + .bg-box{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(0,129,148,.30)}.deiso-blog-block .bg-tname,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-tname{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;overflow-wrap:break-word}.deiso-blog-block .bg-tcount,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-tcount{flex:0 0 auto;font-size:13.5px;color:#94A3B8 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#94A3B8;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}.deiso-blog-block .bg-term.is-zero label,.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-term.is-zero label{opacity:.45;cursor:default}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-more-terms,.deiso-bg-drawer button.bg-more-terms{display:inline-block !important;min-height:0;margin-top:10px !important;background:none !important;border:0 !important;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,129,148,.30) !important;border-radius:0 !important;padding:4px 0 !important;font-size:14.5px !important;font-weight:600 !important;line-height:1.3 !important;color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194;cursor:pointer;box-shadow:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-hfacets{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-filters-horizontal .bg-hfacets{display:block !important;margin:0 0 26px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-no-facets .bg-hfacets{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-chips{display:flex !important;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-chip{display:inline-flex !important;align-items:center;gap:8px;min-height:40px;padding:8px 15px !important;border-radius:999px !important;background:#ffffff !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.20) !important;font-size:14.5px !important;font-weight:600 !important;line-height:1.3 !important;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;cursor:pointer;box-shadow:none !important;transition:background .2s ease,border-color .2s ease,color .2s ease}.deiso-blog-block .bg-chip .c{font-weight:400;color:#94A3B8 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#94A3B8;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-chip:hover{border-color:#008194 !important}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-chip[aria-pressed=\"true\"]{background:#008194 !important;border-color:#008194 !important;color:#ffffff !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#ffffff}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-chip[aria-pressed=\"true\"] .c{color:rgba(255,255,255,.8) !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:rgba(255,255,255,.8)}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-chip:disabled{opacity:.45;cursor:default}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-chip:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(0,129,148,.30) !important}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-chip.bg-chip-more{border-style:dashed !important;color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194}.deiso-blog-block .bg-grid{display:grid !important;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:22px;align-items:stretch}.deiso-blog-block .post-card{position:relative;display:flex !important;flex-direction:column;margin:0;background:#f7fafc !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.08) !important;border-radius:22px;overflow:clip;transition:background .25s ease,border-color .25s ease,transform .25s ease,box-shadow .25s ease}.deiso-blog-block .post-card:hover{background:#ffffff !important;border-color:rgba(0,129,148,.30) !important;transform:translateY(-4px);box-shadow:0 14px 28px rgba(0,129,148,.10)}.deiso-blog-block a.pc-thumb{position:relative;display:block !important;width:100%;aspect-ratio:16\/9;overflow:clip;background:#eaf1f3;border:0 !important;text-decoration:none !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-ratio-4-3 a.pc-thumb{aspect-ratio:4\/3}.deiso-blog-block.bg-ratio-1-1 a.pc-thumb{aspect-ratio:1\/1}.deiso-blog-block .pc-thumb img{display:block !important;width:100% !important;height:100% !important;max-width:none !important;object-fit:cover;margin:0 !important;border-radius:0 !important}.deiso-blog-block .pc-ph{position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(99,151,107,.18) 0%,rgba(45,139,138,.12) 48%,rgba(0,129,148,.10) 100%)}.deiso-blog-block .pc-over{position:absolute;left:14px;top:14px;z-index:2;display:none}.deiso-blog-block .pc-main{display:flex !important;flex-direction:column;flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;padding:24px 26px 26px}.deiso-blog-block .pc-meta{display:flex !important;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin:0 0 12px}.deiso-blog-block .pc-meta:empty{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .pc-cat{display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(0,129,148,.07) !important;border:1px solid rgba(0,129,148,.20);color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675;font-size:12px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.04em;line-height:1.3}.deiso-blog-block .pc-cat.solid{background:#008194 !important;border-color:#008194;color:#ffffff !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#ffffff}.deiso-blog-block .pc-date,.deiso-blog-block .pc-rt{font-size:13.5px;line-height:1.3;color:#94A3B8 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#94A3B8;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}.deiso-blog-block h3.pc-title{font-family:'Jost',system-ui,sans-serif !important;font-size:22px !important;line-height:1.3 !important;letter-spacing:-.2px !important;font-weight:600 !important;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;margin:0 !important;padding:0 !important;text-transform:none !important;overflow-wrap:break-word;hyphens:none}.deiso-blog-block h3.pc-title a{color:inherit !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:inherit;text-decoration:none !important;border:0 !important;background:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .post-card:hover h3.pc-title{color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194}.deiso-blog-block p.pc-excerpt{margin:10px 0 0 !important;font-size:15.5px !important;line-height:1.65 !important;color:#475569 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#475569}.deiso-blog-block .pc-foot{display:flex !important;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:14px;margin-top:auto;padding-top:18px}.deiso-blog-block .pc-foot:empty{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block a.pc-read{display:inline-flex !important;align-items:center;gap:7px;font-size:15px !important;font-weight:600 !important;line-height:1.3 !important;color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194;text-decoration:none !important;border:0 !important;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,129,148,.30) !important;border-radius:0 !important;padding:0 0 2px !important;background:none !important}.deiso-blog-block a.pc-read:hover{color:#006675 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#006675;border-bottom-color:#006675 !important}.deiso-blog-block .pc-foot .btn{border-bottom-width:1px !important}.deiso-blog-block mark{background:rgba(0,129,148,.14) !important;color:inherit !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:inherit;border-radius:4px;padding:0 2px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-rows .bg-grid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:16px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-rows .post-card{flex-direction:row;align-items:stretch}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-rows a.pc-thumb{flex:0 0 300px;width:300px;aspect-ratio:auto;min-height:212px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-rows .pc-main{padding:26px 28px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .bg-grid{display:block !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card{background:transparent !important;border:0 !important;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.08) !important;border-radius:0;flex-direction:row;align-items:flex-start;gap:20px;padding:20px 0 !important;overflow:visible}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card:hover{background:transparent !important;transform:none;box-shadow:none}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card:last-child{border-bottom:0 !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead a.pc-thumb{flex:0 0 124px;width:124px;height:92px;aspect-ratio:auto;border-radius:14px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .pc-main{padding:0}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .pc-meta{margin-bottom:8px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead h3.pc-title{font-size:19px !important;line-height:1.35 !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead p.pc-excerpt{font-size:15px !important;margin-top:8px !important;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:2;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .pc-foot{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card:hover h3.pc-title{color:#008194 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#008194}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card.is-lead{flex-direction:column;gap:0;background:#ffffff !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.10) !important;border-radius:22px;padding:0 !important;margin-bottom:16px;overflow:clip}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card.is-lead a.pc-thumb{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%;height:auto;aspect-ratio:21\/9;border-radius:0}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card.is-lead .pc-over{display:block}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card.is-lead .pc-meta .pc-cat{display:none}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card.is-lead .pc-main{padding:26px 30px 28px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card.is-lead h3.pc-title{font-size:26px !important;line-height:1.28 !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card.is-lead p.pc-excerpt{font-size:16.5px !important;-webkit-line-clamp:none;display:block;overflow:visible}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card.is-lead .pc-foot{display:flex !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-thumb-off a.pc-thumb{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-empty{background:#f7fafc !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.06) !important;border-radius:18px;padding:36px 40px !important;text-align:center}.deiso-blog-block .bg-empty h3{font-family:'Jost',system-ui,sans-serif !important;font-size:19px !important;line-height:1.35 !important;font-weight:600 !important;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;margin:0 0 8px !important;text-transform:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-empty p{margin:0 0 18px !important;font-size:16.5px !important;line-height:1.7 !important;color:#475569 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#475569}.deiso-blog-block .bg-empty .bg-actions{justify-content:center}.deiso-blog-block .bg-paging{display:flex !important;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:12px;margin-top:30px}.deiso-blog-block .bg-paging:empty{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-paging-note{font-size:14.5px;color:#94A3B8 !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#94A3B8}.deiso-blog-block .bg-pages{display:flex !important;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;justify-content:center}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-page{min-width:44px;height:44px;min-height:0;padding:0 12px !important;border-radius:12px !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.20) !important;background:#ffffff !important;font-size:15.5px !important;font-weight:600 !important;line-height:1 !important;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;cursor:pointer;box-shadow:none !important}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-page[aria-current=\"page\"]{background:#1a1a1a !important;border-color:#1a1a1a !important;color:#ffffff !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#ffffff}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-page:disabled{opacity:.4;cursor:default}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-page:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(0,129,148,.30) !important}.deiso-bg-drawer{position:fixed;inset:0;z-index:999990;display:none;font-family:'Jost',system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif !important;text-align:left}.deiso-bg-drawer.open{display:block}.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-scrim{position:absolute;inset:0;background:rgba(26,26,26,.45)}.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-sheet{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;width:min(400px,92vw);background:#ffffff !important;border-radius:22px 0 0 22px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;overflow:clip;box-shadow:0 14px 34px rgba(26,26,26,.18)}.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-sheet-head{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;padding:24px 22px 14px;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.08)}.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-sheet-head h2{margin:0 !important;padding:0 !important;font-family:'Jost',system-ui,sans-serif !important;font-size:21px !important;line-height:1.3 !important;font-weight:600 !important;color:#1a1a1a !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#1a1a1a;text-transform:none !important}.deiso-bg-drawer button.bg-close{flex:0 0 auto;width:44px;height:44px;min-height:0;border-radius:12px !important;border:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.20) !important;background:#ffffff !important;cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex !important;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:0 !important;box-shadow:none !important}.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-close svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:none;stroke:#1a1a1a;stroke-width:2.4;stroke-linecap:round}.deiso-bg-drawer button.bg-close:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(0,129,148,.30) !important}.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-sheet-body{flex:1 1 auto;overflow-y:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;overscroll-behavior:contain;padding:18px 22px}.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-sheet-foot{display:flex;gap:10px;padding:14px 22px calc(14px + env(safe-area-inset-bottom));border-top:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.08);background:#ffffff}.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-sheet-foot .btn{flex:1 1 0;padding:12px 14px !important;white-space:normal;word-break:keep-all}html.deiso-bg-lock,html.deiso-bg-lock body{overflow:hidden !important}@container bgmain (max-width:760px){.deiso-blog-block:not(.bg-filters-horizontal) .bg-body{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}.deiso-blog-block:not(.bg-filters-horizontal) .bg-facets{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block:not(.bg-filters-horizontal).bg-has-facets button.bg-filter-btn{display:inline-flex !important}}@container bgmain (max-width:560px){.deiso-blog-block .bg-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-rows .post-card{flex-direction:column}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-rows a.pc-thumb{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%;aspect-ratio:16\/9;min-height:0}.deiso-blog-block.bg-filters-horizontal .bg-hfacets{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-has-facets button.bg-filter-btn{display:inline-flex !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-toolbar{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px}.deiso-blog-block .bg-search{flex:1 1 100%}.deiso-blog-block .bg-sort{flex:1 1 0}.deiso-blog-block .bg-sort select.bg-sort-sel{width:100% !important;min-width:0}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card{gap:14px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead a.pc-thumb{flex:0 0 92px;width:92px;height:72px;border-radius:12px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card.is-lead a.pc-thumb{width:100%;height:auto;aspect-ratio:16\/9}.deiso-blog-block .pc-foot{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:10px}.deiso-blog-block .pc-foot .btn{width:100%}}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-magazine .bg-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:22px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-magazine .post-card.is-lead{grid-column:1 \/ -1;flex-direction:row;align-items:stretch}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-magazine .post-card.is-lead a.pc-thumb{flex:0 0 46%;width:46%;aspect-ratio:auto;min-height:230px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-magazine .post-card.is-lead .pc-main{flex:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;padding:28px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-magazine .post-card.is-lead h3.pc-title{font-size:23px !important;line-height:1.35 !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-magazine .bg-month{display:none}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-timeline .bg-grid{display:block !important;position:relative;padding-inline-start:104px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-timeline .bg-grid::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;inset-block:8px;inset-inline-start:88px;width:1px;background:rgba(26,26,26,.12)}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-timeline .post-card{position:relative;flex-direction:column;background:transparent !important;border:0 !important;border-radius:0;padding:0 0 26px !important;overflow:visible}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-timeline .post-card:hover{background:transparent !important;transform:none;box-shadow:none}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-timeline .post-card::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;inset-inline-start:-20px;top:7px;width:9px;height:9px;border-radius:50%;background:#008194;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #ffffff}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-timeline .pc-date{position:absolute;inset-inline-start:-104px;top:2px;width:72px;text-align:end;font-size:12.5px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-timeline a.pc-thumb{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-timeline .pc-main{padding:0}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-timeline h3.pc-title{font-size:17px !important;line-height:1.5 !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-index .bg-grid{display:block !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-index .post-card{flex-direction:row;align-items:baseline;gap:14px;background:transparent !important;border:0 !important;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.08) !important;border-radius:0;padding:11px 0 !important;overflow:visible}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-index .post-card:hover{background:transparent !important;transform:none;box-shadow:none}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-index .post-card:last-child{border-bottom:0 !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-index a.pc-thumb,.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-index .pc-excerpt,.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-index .pc-foot{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-index .pc-main{display:contents}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-index .pc-date{flex:0 0 96px;font-size:12.5px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-index .pc-cat{flex:0 0 auto}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-index h3.pc-title{flex:1;font-size:15.5px !important;line-height:1.55 !important;margin:0 !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-cover .bg-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:18px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-cover .post-card{position:relative;background:#0A1929 !important;border:0 !important;border-radius:18px;min-height:280px;justify-content:flex-end;overflow:clip}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-cover a.pc-thumb{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;aspect-ratio:auto;z-index:0}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-cover .post-card::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;inset:0;z-index:1;background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(10,25,41,0) 32%,rgba(10,25,41,.86) 100%)}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-cover .pc-main{position:relative;z-index:2;padding:20px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-cover h3.pc-title,.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-cover .pc-date,.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-cover .pc-read{color:#ffffff !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#ffffff}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-cover .post-card:hover h3.pc-title{color:#ffffff !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#ffffff}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-cover .pc-excerpt{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-cover .post-card:hover{transform:translateY(-4px)}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-digest .bg-grid{display:block !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-month{font-size:11.5px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#008194;padding:18px 0 8px;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(26,26,26,.10);margin-bottom:10px}.deiso-blog-block .bg-month:first-child{padding-top:0}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-digest .post-card{flex-direction:row;align-items:flex-start;gap:16px;background:transparent !important;border:0 !important;border-radius:0;padding:10px 0 !important;overflow:visible}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-digest .post-card:hover{background:transparent !important;transform:none;box-shadow:none}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-digest a.pc-thumb{flex:0 0 96px;width:96px;height:68px;aspect-ratio:auto;border-radius:12px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-digest .pc-main{padding:0}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-digest h3.pc-title{font-size:16px !important;line-height:1.5 !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-digest .pc-excerpt{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .pc-take,.deiso-blog-block .pc-std,.deiso-blog-block .pc-series{display:none}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-briefing a.pc-thumb{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-briefing .pc-excerpt{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-briefing .pc-take{display:block;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#334e5c;margin:8px 0 0;padding-inline-start:12px;border-inline-start:2px solid #008194}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-briefing .post-card{flex-direction:column}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-briefing h3.pc-title{font-size:17.5px !important;line-height:1.5 !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-standards .pc-std{display:inline-block;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:-.2px;color:#0A1929;background:#EEF2F7;border-radius:6px;padding:3px 8px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-standards .pc-cat{display:none}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-standards .pc-excerpt{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-series .pc-series{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:7px;font-size:12.5px;color:#52617A}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-series .pc-part{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;min-width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:999px;background:#008194;color:#fff;font-size:11px;font-weight:600}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-series .bg-group{color:#0A1929}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-issues .bg-group{color:#0A1929;font-size:12.5px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-issues .pc-excerpt{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-hubs .bg-hfacets{display:block !important;margin-bottom:22px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-hubs .bg-chips{display:grid !important;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(200px,1fr));gap:12px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-hubs button.bg-chip{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;width:100%;text-align:start;padding:16px 18px !important;border-radius:14px;font-size:15px !important;font-weight:600}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-hubs button.bg-chip .c{font-size:12px;opacity:.75}@media (max-width:992px){.deiso-blog-block{padding-left:var(--bg-inset-t,0);padding-right:var(--bg-inset-t,0);box-sizing:border-box}.deiso-blog-block .bg-outer{max-width:100%;padding:0}.deiso-blog-block .bg-card{padding:40px 32px !important}.deiso-blog-block h1.bg-h1{font-size:32px !important}.deiso-blog-block p.bg-intro{font-size:16.5px !important}.deiso-blog-block:not(.bg-filters-horizontal) .bg-body{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}.deiso-blog-block:not(.bg-filters-horizontal) .bg-facets{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block:not(.bg-filters-horizontal).bg-has-facets button.bg-filter-btn{display:inline-flex !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-grid{gap:18px}.deiso-blog-block .pc-main{padding:22px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-rows a.pc-thumb{flex:0 0 220px;width:220px;min-height:170px}}@media (max-width:767px){.deiso-blog-block{padding:20px var(--bg-inset-m,0);box-sizing:border-box}.deiso-blog-block .bg-card{padding:28px 20px !important;border-radius:18px}.deiso-blog-block .bg-card + .bg-card{margin-top:16px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card{padding:20px 14px !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-magazine .bg-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-magazine .post-card.is-lead{flex-direction:column}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-magazine .post-card.is-lead a.pc-thumb{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%;aspect-ratio:16\/9;min-height:0}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-magazine .post-card.is-lead .pc-main{padding:18px 16px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-magazine .post-card.is-lead h3.pc-title{font-size:19px !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-timeline .bg-grid{padding-inline-start:20px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-timeline .bg-grid::before{inset-inline-start:4px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-timeline .post-card::before{inset-inline-start:-20px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-timeline .pc-date{position:static;width:auto;text-align:start;margin-bottom:4px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-index .post-card{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;padding:12px 14px !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-index .pc-date{flex:0 0 auto}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-index h3.pc-title{flex:1 1 100%}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-cover .bg-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-cover .post-card{min-height:220px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-digest .post-card{padding:10px 14px !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-digest a.pc-thumb{flex:0 0 76px;width:76px;height:56px}.deiso-blog-block .bg-month{padding:14px 14px 8px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-hubs .bg-chips{grid-template-columns:1fr}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-briefing .pc-take{font-size:14px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-c-standards .pc-std{font-size:11px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card.is-lead{padding:0 !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card.is-lead .pc-main{padding:18px 16px !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-eyebrow{font-size:11.5px;padding:5px 11px !important;margin-bottom:12px}.deiso-blog-block h1.bg-h1{font-size:25px !important;letter-spacing:-.2px !important}.deiso-blog-block p.bg-intro{font-size:15.8px !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-hero-foot{flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch;margin-top:22px}.deiso-blog-block .bg-actions{flex-direction:column;gap:10px}.deiso-blog-block button.bg-jump{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .btn,.deiso-bg-drawer .btn{width:100%;padding:13px 20px !important;white-space:normal;word-break:keep-all;hyphens:none}.deiso-blog-block .bg-toolbar{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px}.deiso-blog-block .bg-search{flex:1 1 100%}.deiso-blog-block.bg-has-facets button.bg-filter-btn{display:inline-flex !important;flex:1 1 0;width:auto}.deiso-blog-block .bg-sort{flex:1 1 0}.deiso-blog-block .bg-sort select.bg-sort-sel{width:100% !important;min-width:0;padding:0 36px 0 14px !important;font-size:15px !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-sort-lb{display:none}.deiso-blog-block .bg-sort > svg{right:13px}html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-blog-block .bg-sort select.bg-sort-sel{padding:0 14px 0 36px !important}html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-blog-block .bg-sort > svg{right:auto;left:13px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-filters-horizontal .bg-hfacets{display:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-summary{margin-top:16px}.deiso-blog-block .bg-body{margin-top:16px;padding-top:20px}.deiso-blog-block .bg-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:16px}.deiso-blog-block .post-card{border-radius:18px}.deiso-blog-block .pc-main{padding:20px}.deiso-blog-block h3.pc-title{font-size:19px !important}.deiso-blog-block .pc-foot{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:10px}.deiso-blog-block .pc-foot .btn{width:100%}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-rows .post-card{flex-direction:column}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-rows a.pc-thumb{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%;aspect-ratio:16\/9;min-height:0}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card{gap:14px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead a.pc-thumb{flex:0 0 92px;width:92px;height:72px;border-radius:12px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card.is-lead{border-radius:18px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card.is-lead a.pc-thumb{width:100%;height:auto;aspect-ratio:16\/9}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card.is-lead .pc-main{padding:20px}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card.is-lead h3.pc-title{font-size:21px !important}.deiso-blog-block .bg-empty{padding:26px 20px !important;border-radius:14px}.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-sheet{top:auto;left:0;width:100%;max-height:86%;border-radius:22px 22px 0 0}.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-sheet-head{padding:22px 20px 12px}.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-sheet-body{padding:14px 20px}.deiso-bg-drawer .bg-sheet-foot{padding:12px 20px calc(12px + env(safe-area-inset-bottom))}}@media (max-width:380px){.deiso-blog-block .bg-card{padding:24px 16px !important}.deiso-blog-block .pc-main{padding:18px 16px}.deiso-blog-block h1.bg-h1{font-size:23px !important}.deiso-blog-block.bg-v-lead .post-card:not(.is-lead) a.pc-thumb{display:none !important}}html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-blog-block,html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-bg-drawer{text-align:right}html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-blog-block .card-strap,html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-bg-drawer .card-strap{background:linear-gradient(270deg,#63976B 0%,#2D8B8A 50%,#008194 100%) !important}html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-blog-block .bg-search > svg{left:auto;right:16px}html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-blog-block button.bg-clear-q{right:auto;left:8px}html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-blog-block .bg-sort-lb{left:auto;right:18px}html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-blog-block .bg-sort select.bg-sort-sel{padding:0 58px 0 44px !important}html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-blog-block .bg-sort > svg{right:auto;left:16px}html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-blog-block button.bg-jump{margin-left:0;margin-right:auto}html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-blog-block .pc-over{left:auto;right:14px}html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-blog-block .bg-eyebrow,html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-blog-block .bg-flabel,html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-bg-drawer .bg-flabel{letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none}html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-bg-drawer .bg-sheet{right:auto;left:0;border-radius:0 22px 22px 0}@media (max-width:767px){html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-blog-block .bg-sort select.bg-sort-sel{padding:0 14px 0 36px !important}html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-blog-block .bg-sort > svg{left:13px}html[dir=\"rtl\"] .deiso-bg-drawer .bg-sheet{border-radius:22px 22px 0 0}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.deiso-blog-block *,.deiso-bg-drawer *{transition:none !important}.deiso-blog-block .post-card:hover{transform:none}}.deiso-blog-block:not(.bg-v-cover) a.pc-thumb{background:#F7FAFC !important}.deiso-blog-block:not(.bg-v-cover) a.pc-thumb img{position:absolute !important;inset:0 !important;object-fit:contain !important;object-position:center center !important}<\/style><div class=\"deiso-blog-block bg-v-timeline bg-filters-horizontal bg-has-facets bg-thumb-on bg-ratio-1-1 bg-c-standard\" style=\"--bg-inset-t:20px;--bg-inset-m:18px\" data-blog=\"news\" data-per=\"12\" data-paging=\"more\" data-match=\"any\" data-sort=\"new\" data-one=\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\" data-many=\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\" data-url=\"1\" data-str=\"{&quot;filters&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0635\\u0641\\u064a\\u0629&quot;,&quot;close&quot;:&quot;\\u0625\\u063a\\u0644\\u0627\\u0642 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0635\\u0641\\u064a\\u0629&quot;,&quot;sort&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0631\\u062a\\u064a\\u0628&quot;,&quot;clear_all&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0645\\u0633\\u062d \\u0627\\u0644\\u0643\\u0644&quot;,&quot;clear_search&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0645\\u0633\\u062d \\u0627\\u0644\\u0628\\u062d\\u062b&quot;,&quot;clear_filters&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0645\\u0633\\u062d \\u0639\\u0648\\u0627\\u0645\\u0644 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0635\\u0641\\u064a\\u0629&quot;,&quot;jump&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0646\\u062a\\u0642\\u0644 \\u0625\\u0644\\u0649 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0645\\u0642\\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u062a&quot;,&quot;search&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0628\\u062d\\u062b&quot;,&quot;show_all&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0639\\u0631\\u0636 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0643\\u0644 (%s)&quot;,&quot;show_fewer&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0639\\u0631\\u0636 \\u0623\\u0642\\u0644&quot;,&quot;more_chips&quot;:&quot;+ %s \\u0623\\u062e\\u0631\\u0649&quot;,&quot;showing&quot;:&quot;\\u064a\\u064f\\u0639\\u0631\\u0636 %1$s \\u0645\\u0646 %2$s %3$s&quot;,&quot;show_n&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0639\\u0631\\u0636 %1$s %2$s&quot;,&quot;show_more&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0639\\u0631\\u0636 %1$s %2$s \\u0625\\u0636\\u0627\\u0641\\u064a\\u0629&quot;,&quot;page_of&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0641\\u062d\\u0629 %1$s \\u0645\\u0646 %2$s&quot;,&quot;of_word&quot;:&quot;\\u0645\\u0646&quot;,&quot;remove&quot;:&quot;\\u0623\\u0632\\u0644&quot;,&quot;prev&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0641\\u062d\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0633\\u0627\\u0628\\u0642\\u0629&quot;,&quot;next&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0641\\u062d\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0627\\u0644\\u064a\\u0629&quot;,&quot;pages_label&quot;:&quot;\\u0635\\u0641\\u062d\\u0627\\u062a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0645\\u0642\\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u062a&quot;,&quot;read_time&quot;:&quot;\\u0642\\u0631\\u0627\\u0621\\u0629 %s \\u062f\\u0642\\u0627\\u0626\\u0642&quot;,&quot;empty_filtered_h&quot;:&quot;\\u0644\\u0627 \\u062a\\u0648\\u062c\\u062f %s \\u062a\\u0637\\u0627\\u0628\\u0642 \\u0639\\u0648\\u0627\\u0645\\u0644 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0635\\u0641\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0647\\u0630\\u0647&quot;,&quot;empty_filtered_p&quot;:&quot;\\u0623\\u0632\\u0644 \\u0623\\u062d\\u062f \\u0639\\u0648\\u0627\\u0645\\u0644 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0635\\u0641\\u064a\\u0629\\u060c \\u0623\\u0648 \\u0627\\u0628\\u062d\\u062b \\u0641\\u064a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0645\\u062f\\u0648\\u0651\\u0646\\u0629 \\u0643\\u0627\\u0645\\u0644\\u0629.&quot;,&quot;empty_h&quot;:&quot;\\u0644\\u0645 \\u064a\\u064f\\u0646\\u0634\\u0631 \\u0634\\u064a\\u0621 \\u0647\\u0646\\u0627 \\u0628\\u0639\\u062f&quot;,&quot;empty_p&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0639\\u0631\\u0636 \\u0639\\u0644\\u064a\\u0646\\u0627 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0645\\u0634\\u0631\\u0648\\u0639 \\u0644\\u062a\\u062a\\u0648\\u0644\\u0649 DEISO \\u062a\\u062d\\u062f\\u064a\\u062f \\u0646\\u0637\\u0627\\u0642 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0639\\u0645\\u0644 \\u0645\\u0628\\u0627\\u0634\\u0631\\u0629.&quot;,&quot;quote&quot;:&quot;\\u0627\\u0637\\u0644\\u0628 \\u0639\\u0631\\u0636 \\u0633\\u0639\\u0631&quot;,&quot;result_one&quot;:&quot;\\u0645\\u0642\\u0627\\u0644\\u0629&quot;,&quot;result_many&quot;:&quot;\\u0645\\u0642\\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u062a&quot;}\"><div class=\"bg-outer\"><section class=\"bg-card bg-main\" aria-label=\"News\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"bg-toolbar\" role=\"search\"><div class=\"bg-search\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"11\" r=\"6.5\"\/><path d=\"M16 16l4.5 4.5\"\/><\/svg><input type=\"search\" class=\"bg-q\" placeholder=\"\u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\" autocomplete=\"off\" enterkeyhint=\"search\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"bg-clear-q\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M6 6l12 12M18 6L6 18\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn secondary bg-filter-btn\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-controls=\"bg1-drawer\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M4 7h16M7 12h10M10 17h4\"\/><\/svg><span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/span><span class=\"bg-badge\"><\/span><\/button><div class=\"bg-sort\"><span class=\"bg-sort-lb\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628<\/span><select class=\"bg-sort-sel\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\"><option value=\"new\" selected='selected'>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627<\/option><option value=\"old\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627<\/option><option value=\"az\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/option><\/select><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"bg-summary\"><span class=\"bg-count\" aria-live=\"polite\"><b>49<\/b> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><span class=\"bg-active\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"bg-body\"><div class=\"bg-termdata\" hidden><div data-group=\"cat\" data-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\"><span data-term=\"58\" data-name=\"Announcements\"><\/span><span data-term=\"7\" data-name=\"News\"><\/span><span data-term=\"1737\" data-name=\"Tutorials\"><\/span><span data-term=\"16\" data-name=\"Updates\"><\/span><span data-term=\"1720\" data-name=\"DEISO Research\"><\/span><span data-term=\"1503\" data-name=\"Press Release\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"bg-facets\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\"><span class=\"bg-flabel\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641<\/span><ul class=\"bg-terms\" data-group=\"cat\"><li class=\"bg-term\"><label><input type=\"checkbox\" data-g=\"cat\" value=\"58\"><span class=\"bg-box\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M5 12.5l4.5 4.5L19 7.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"bg-tname\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"bg-tcount\">21<\/span><\/label><\/li><li class=\"bg-term\"><label><input type=\"checkbox\" data-g=\"cat\" value=\"7\"><span class=\"bg-box\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M5 12.5l4.5 4.5L19 7.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"bg-tname\">News<\/span><span class=\"bg-tcount\">19<\/span><\/label><\/li><li class=\"bg-term\"><label><input type=\"checkbox\" data-g=\"cat\" value=\"1737\"><span class=\"bg-box\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M5 12.5l4.5 4.5L19 7.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"bg-tname\">Tutorials<\/span><span class=\"bg-tcount\">10<\/span><\/label><\/li><li class=\"bg-term\"><label><input type=\"checkbox\" data-g=\"cat\" value=\"16\"><span class=\"bg-box\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M5 12.5l4.5 4.5L19 7.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"bg-tname\">Updates<\/span><span class=\"bg-tcount\">6<\/span><\/label><\/li><li class=\"bg-term\"><label><input type=\"checkbox\" data-g=\"cat\" value=\"1720\"><span class=\"bg-box\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M5 12.5l4.5 4.5L19 7.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"bg-tname\">DEISO Research<\/span><span class=\"bg-tcount\">2<\/span><\/label><\/li><li class=\"bg-term\"><label><input type=\"checkbox\" data-g=\"cat\" value=\"1503\"><span class=\"bg-box\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M5 12.5l4.5 4.5L19 7.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"bg-tname\">Press Release<\/span><span class=\"bg-tcount\">2<\/span><\/label><\/li><\/ul><\/aside><div class=\"bg-results\"><div class=\"bg-hfacets\"><span class=\"bg-flabel\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641<\/span><div class=\"bg-chips\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"bg-chip\" data-g=\"cat\" data-t=\"58\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Announcements <span class=\"c\">21<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"bg-chip\" data-g=\"cat\" data-t=\"7\" aria-pressed=\"false\">News <span class=\"c\">19<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"bg-chip\" data-g=\"cat\" data-t=\"1737\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Tutorials <span class=\"c\">10<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"bg-chip\" data-g=\"cat\" data-t=\"16\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Updates <span class=\"c\">6<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"bg-chip\" data-g=\"cat\" data-t=\"1720\" aria-pressed=\"false\">DEISO Research <span class=\"c\">2<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"bg-chip\" data-g=\"cat\" data-t=\"1503\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Press Release <span class=\"c\">2<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"bg-grid\"><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Life cycle assessment (LCA) course for enterprises Tutorials Life cycle assessment (LCA): a free getting-started course for enterprise teams\nFree mini course\nLearn to scope, run and read a life cycle assessment\nSeven modules, an exercise after each one, a final quiz and a fully worked example.\nWritten for the people who have been asked to start an LCA and want to understand it before they spend money on it: engineers, sustainability leads, product managers and the people who sign off on the work. Read it here, download the 40-page PDF, or take it interactively in My DEISO.\n7modules\n7exercises\n24quiz questions\n40page PDF\nDownload the free PDF course\nTake it interactively in My DEISO\nFree with a My DEISO account. Signed-out visitors register or log in, then the download starts.\n\n\n\nHow this course worksBefore you startThis is a short course for people who have been asked to start a life cycle assessment and want to understand what they are getting into before they spend money on it.You don\u2019t need any background in LCA. You do need a real product in mind, because every exercise asks you to apply the module to something your company actually makes or buys. Each module takes twenty to thirty minutes and ends with a short exercise. Do the exercises in writing. Most of what goes wrong in a first study goes wrong because nobody wrote anything down at the start.Prefer to work through it offline? Download the 40-page PDF, free with a My DEISO account. Or take the same course interactively in My DEISO, where your exercises are checked as you go and your progress is kept.ModuleWhat it covers1. Why an enterprise does LCAWhat a study can and can\u2019t tell you, and the decision it has to serve.2. Goal and scopeFunctional unit, reference flow, and the six system boundaries.3. Life cycle inventoryPlanning the data, data quality, allocation, and where the effort goes.4. Impact assessmentFrom emissions to impacts, and why one number is rarely enough.5. InterpretationHotspots, sensitivity, uncertainty, and what you can honestly claim.6. A worked exampleA cast aluminium housing carried through every stage, with the numbers.7. From results to actionA 30-60-90 day plan, governance, and when to bring in a reviewer.\nModule 01Why an enterprise does LCAMost companies come to life cycle assessment because somebody asked for a number.A customer wants the carbon footprint of a component. A tender asks for \u201cenvironmental data\u201d with no further detail. A board member has read about supply chain emissions and wants to know where the company stands. The request is usually urgent and usually vague, and that combination is exactly where first studies go wrong.An LCA is not a number. It is a model of everything that happens to a product, from the raw materials taken out of the ground to whatever is left at the end of its life. The number at the end is one way of reading that model. If you know which decision the study has to support before you start, the model can be built to answer it. If you don\u2019t, you tend to end up with a figure that is technically correct and no use to anyone.1Raw materials2Manufacturing3Distribution4Use5End of lifeCradle-to-gate: stops at the factory gateCradle-to-grave: follows the product through use and disposalFigure 1. The five life stages an LCA can cover, and the two boundaries most first studies choose between.What a study can tell youWhere in the product\u2019s life most of the impact actually sits. It is often not where people expect.Whether switching a material or a supplier makes things better, or just moves the problem somewhere else.Which of two designs has the lower footprint, and whether the difference is big enough to matter.What the company can say about the product in public without being caught out later.The first of those questions catches people out more than any other. Halve the factory\u2019s energy use for a washing machine and you have barely moved its footprint, because most of it comes from years of electricity in somebody\u2019s kitchen. Do the same for an office chair and you have still missed the biggest share, which sits in the steel and foam bought in.Washing machine9%81%Office chair56%19%9%16%Raw materialsManufacturingDistributionUseEnd of lifeFigure 2. Share of climate impact by life stage for two products. Illustrative figures for teaching, not measured data.What it won\u2019t tell youIt won\u2019t tell you whether a product is \u201csustainable\u201d. There is no pass mark. It won\u2019t settle a public claim on its own, either: a comparison you intend to publish needs far more care than one you keep in-house, and usually an independent review. And it won\u2019t rescue poor data. A model is only as good as what goes into it.A rule worth keepingWrite the decision down before you write anything else. One sentence is enough: \u201cWe need to know whether moving to recycled aluminium cuts the footprint of the motor housing by enough to justify the extra cost.\u201d If you can\u2019t write that sentence yet, you aren\u2019t ready to start. We come back to this exact sentence in module 6.Who needs to be involvedAn LCA reaches into procurement, engineering, operations and sometimes sales. The person running it will need bills of materials, energy bills, supplier names, transport routes and waste figures, and almost none of that sits with the sustainability team. Name the people you will need early and tell them why. A data request that arrives cold goes to the bottom of the pile. And if the study is going to change a contract or a design, the person who makes that call should agree the question at the start.The four phases of an LCAEvery study runs through the same four phases set out in ISO 14040, and this course follows them in order. The arrows run both ways for a reason: you will go back to the scope when the inventory surprises you, and interpretation runs alongside the other three from the first day.Life cycle assessment frameworkGoal and scope definitionWhy, what, and where it endsModule 2Inventory analysis (LCI)Every input and outputModule 3Impact assessment (LCIA)Flows turned into impactsModule 4InterpretationRuns alongside every phase, in both directionsMODULE 5Direct applicationsProduct design and improvementStrategic planningPublic policyMarketing and claimsOther usesFigure 3. The four phases of a life cycle assessment and how they connect. Based on the framework in ISO 14040.Exercise 1 \u00b7 about 15 minutesPick one product and answer in writingWho is asking for an LCA of this product, and why now?Write the decision the study should support, in one sentence.List the people you would need data from, by role rather than by name.Write your answers before you open the worked answers at the end of the course.DEISO LCA trainingIf you commission or sign off on studies rather than build themLCA for leaders teaches enough of the method to read a study, question it, and defend the result in front of a customer, a board or a regulator. One-to-one or for a group, starting when you are ready.See LCA training for leaders\nModule 02Goal and scopeThis is the part most people want to rush, and it decides whether the rest of the study is worth anything.The goal says why the study exists and who will read it. The scope says what is being measured, on what basis, and where the edges are. Two ideas carry most of the weight: the functional unit and the system boundary.The functional unitYou don\u2019t compare products. You compare what they do. Take two office chairs, one built to last ten years and a cheaper one that lasts five. \u201cOne chair\u201d is not a fair basis. \u201cSeating one person for ten years\u201d is, and on that basis the cheaper option means two chairs, two shipments and two trips to landfill.A good functional unit says what the product does, how much of it, for how long, and to what standard. \u201cOne litre of paint\u201d is weak. \u201cCovering 10 m\u00b2 of exterior wall for ten years at the stated opacity\u201d is strong, because it lets a longer-lasting paint compete fairly with a cheaper one that needs a second coat.The number of products needed to fulfil the functional unit is the reference flow:R = TFULRA = 10 years10 years = 1 chair \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 RB = 10 years5 years = 2 chairsWhere R is the reference flow, TFU is the time the functional unit covers, and L is the service life of one product.The footprint for the functional unit then follows from the materials and processes in one product, each multiplied by its emission factor:GWPFU = R \u00d7 \u2211i mi \u00b7 EFiWhere mi is the amount of material or process i in one product, and EFi is its emission factor in kg CO\u2082e per unit.Run the chairs through it and the result turns around. Chair B looks better per chair, and worse once you count what it takes to do the same job.Per chairChair A (10-year life)72 kg CO\u2082eChair B (5-year life)41 kg CO\u2082ePer functional unit: seating one person for 10 yearsChair A (1 chair)72 kg CO\u2082eChair B (2 chairs)82 kg CO\u2082eFigure 4. The same two chairs compared per product and per functional unit. Illustrative figures.Choosing a system boundaryThe boundary sets which life stages are in the study. The cradle is the extraction of raw materials, the gate is the factory gate, and the grave is the end of the product\u2019s life. Six boundaries cover almost every study you will meet. Highlighted stages are inside the study.Cradle-to-graveThe full life, ending in disposal. For appliances, vehicles and buildings, where use or end of life can change the answer.Raw materialsManufacturingDistributionUseDisposalStarts: extractionEnds: landfill or incinerationCradle-to-gateRaw materials to the factory gate. For components and materials sold to another manufacturer.Raw materialsManufacturingDistributionUseEnd of lifeStarts: extractionEnds: factory gateGate-to-gateOne site or process only. For improving a single plant or line, or as a building block for a larger study.Raw materialsManufacturingDistributionUseEnd of lifeStarts: factory gate inEnds: factory gate outGate-to-graveFrom the factory gate onwards. For adding your own stages to a supplier\u2019s cradle-to-gate result.Raw materialsManufacturingDistributionUseEnd of lifeStarts: factory gateEnds: disposalCradle-to-cradleThe full life, but end of life is recovery, not disposal. For recycling, reuse and circular design.Raw materialsManufacturingDistributionUseRecovery\u21ba Recovered material goes back in as raw materialStarts: extractionEnds: material back in useWell-to-wheelA fuel\u2019s life, not a product\u2019s. For fuels and transport.ExtractionRefiningDistributionFuellingDrivingWell-to-tankTank-to-wheelStarts: oil or gas wellEnds: energy at the wheelsFigure 5. Six system boundaries. The darker or green last stage shows how each one ends.Reading the three that look alikeCradle-to-grave, cradle-to-cradle and well-to-wheel all cover a full life, so at first glance they look the same. The difference is in what the life is, and what happens at the end of it.Cradle-to-grave ends at disposal. Whatever is left is landfilled or burned, the study counts the emissions from doing that, and nothing comes back.Cradle-to-cradle ends with the material going back into use. The recovered aluminium or polymer becomes raw material for the next product, so the study has to decide how to share the benefit of that recovery between the product that gave the material up and the one that receives it. That is an allocation choice, covered in module 3, and it can move the result a long way.Well-to-wheel follows a fuel, not a product. Well-to-tank covers producing and supplying the fuel; tank-to-wheel covers using it in the vehicle. An electric car and a petrol car can only be compared well-to-wheel, because the electric car has no tailpipe and all its emissions sit in the well-to-tank part.BoundaryStarts atEnds atUse stageEnd of lifeAnswers the questionCradle-to-graveExtractionDisposalIncludedLandfill or incineration countedWhat is the full footprint of this product?Cradle-to-gateExtractionFactory gateNot includedNot includedWhat does it take to make this component?Gate-to-gateFactory gate inFactory gate outNot includedNot includedHow do we improve this one site or line?Gate-to-graveFactory gateDisposalIncludedCountedWhat happens after our supplier\u2019s part ends?Cradle-to-cradleExtractionMaterial back in useIncludedRecovery, with the benefit sharedHow much does keeping material in use save?Well-to-wheelThe wellEnergy at the wheelsDrivingUsually outside the scopeWhich fuel or vehicle has the lower footprint per kilometre?Inside the boundary you will still leave some things out, such as factory buildings or very small flows. That is fine as long as it is written down with a reason, and as long as nothing left out could plausibly change the decision.A one-page scope sheetFieldWhat goes in itDecision it supportsThe one sentence from exercise 1.Product and functional unitWhat it does, how much, for how long, and to what standard.Reference flowHow many products, or how much material, it takes to meet the functional unit.System boundaryWhich of the six, and why.AudienceInternal only, a customer, or the public. This changes how much care the study needs.Time and placeWhich year\u2019s data, and which factories and markets.Left out, and whyAnything excluded, with the reason written next to it.Watch outChanging the functional unit halfway through means redoing most of the study. Agree it in writing, with the people who asked for the work, before anyone collects data.Exercise 2 \u00b7 about 20 minutesDraft the scope sheet for your productWrite a functional unit that says what the product does, how much, for how long and to what standard.Work out the reference flow. Show the division.Choose a boundary from the six, and give the reason in one sentence.Name one thing you would leave out, and explain why it can\u2019t change the decision.Write your answers before you open the worked answers at the end of the course.\nModule 03Life cycle inventoryThe inventory is where the hours go, and where most first studies quietly lose their way.A life cycle inventory is a list of everything that goes into and comes out of the product system, scaled to the functional unit. Materials, energy, water and transport come in. Products, emissions and waste go out. Much of it is bookkeeping. The skill lies in knowing which entries deserve the effort.Scoping and planning10%Collecting data55%Building the model15%Checking and interpreting15%Writing it up5%Figure 6. Where the time typically goes in a first study. Illustrative.Foreground and backgroundThe foreground is what you control or can measure: your own factory, your own trucks, the components your engineers specify. The background is everything behind it: how the grid makes electricity, how a mill makes steel, how a supplier\u2019s supplier makes resin. Background data normally comes from a published database rather than from anyone you can phone.1Aluminium ingot2Melting and casting3Machining4Powder coating5Packed housingBackgroundForeground: measured in your own factoryFigure 7. The process chain for the motor housing used in module 6, split into foreground and background.Spend your measuring effort on the foreground and your judgement on the background. The worst mistakes are rarely wrong meter readings. They are a database record for the wrong country, year or technology, picked because it had a similar name.Primary and secondary dataPrimary data is measured for this product: the electricity your casting line used last year, the scrap rate from your own records. Secondary data is borrowed: an industry average, a database value, a published figure. Chase primary data for anything large, anything you can change, and anything a customer is likely to ask about. Accept good secondary data for the rest, and say which is which.Judging data qualityScore every entry from 1 (good) to 3 (weak). You are looking for the entries that are both large and weak, because those are the ones that can sink the result.QuestionGood (1)Weak (3)Is it the right technology?The same process you actually useA different or generic processIs it the right place?Your country or gridA global or unrelated averageIs it recent?Within the last three yearsTen years old or moreIs it complete?A full year of productionOne week, or one machineCan you trace it?Meter readings, invoices, a named datasetAn estimate nobody can explainAllocation, or sharing the burdenSome processes make more than one useful thing. A sawmill produces timber and sawdust. The inventory has to decide how much of the process belongs to your product. ISO 14044 sets a preferred order: first avoid allocation by splitting the process or widening the system; only then share the burden, ideally by a physical relationship such as mass, and otherwise by something like economic value.sj = mj\u2211k mkWhere sj is the share of the process burden given to co-product j, and m is the mass of each co-product. Swap mass for value to allocate economically.If a sawmill turns ten tonnes of logs into seven of timber and three of sawdust, mass allocation gives the sawdust 30% of the impact. Economic allocation might give it 5%. Neither is wrong. What is wrong is choosing one without saying so, or choosing the one that flatters your product.Cut-off: what you can safely leave outMost studies leave out flows below a small share of total mass or energy. Apply that with care: a few grams of a catalyst or a refrigerant can carry more impact than kilograms of cardboard.A rule worth keepingAsk for the data you need, in the units you need, for a period you name. \u201cElectricity used by casting line 2 in kWh, January to December 2025, from the sub-meter\u201d gets an answer. \u201cEnergy data for the housing\u201d gets a spreadsheet you can\u2019t use.Watch outGas bills arrive in cubic metres, kWh and MJ depending on who sent them. Convert everything to one unit per flow before it goes into the model, and keep a note of how.Exercise 3 \u00b7 about 20 minutesPlan the data for your productList the five inputs you expect to matter most.For each, say whether it is foreground or background, and whether you will use primary or secondary data.Give each a quality score from 1 to 3, and mark the one that worries you most.Write your answers before you open the worked answers at the end of the course.DEISO LCA trainingReady to build the model in software?DEISO runs full training programmes in GaBi (LCA for Experts), openLCA and SimaPro, from zero knowledge to Expert+, using real products.See LCA software training\nModule 04Impact assessmentAn inventory is a long list of flows. Impact assessment turns it into something a person can act on.Even a simple product\u2019s inventory holds hundreds of flows. Classification sorts each one into the impact categories it contributes to: methane into climate change, sulphur dioxide into acidification and fine particulate matter. Characterisation converts each flow into the category\u2019s common unit:ISc = \u2211i Qi \u00d7 CFc,iWhere ISc is the indicator score for category c, Qi is the amount of flow i, and CFc,i is its characterisation factor.For climate change, every greenhouse gas becomes carbon dioxide equivalents using its 100-year global warming potential. With IPCC Sixth Assessment Report values, a kilogram of fossil methane counts as 29.8 kg CO\u2082e and a kilogram of nitrous oxide as 273:CO\u2082e = mCO\u2082 \u00d7 1 + mCH\u2084 \u00d7 29.8 + mN\u2082O \u00d7 273Values change between IPCC reports. Use one set throughout a study, and state which.Choosing categories and a methodCharacterisation factors come packaged in methods such as EF 3.1, ReCiPe 2016 and CML-IA. Pick one that suits your audience and region, use it throughout, and never mix factors from different methods. Then choose the categories. A food or textile study that ignores water and land use has missed the point; anything with electronics should look at mineral resource use. If you can\u2019t say why a category is in or out, you haven\u2019t really chosen it.Why one number is rarely enoughIn Figure 8, option B cuts climate impact by more than a third. If carbon were all you looked at, the decision would be easy. But B uses 41% more water and 17% more mineral resources, and nobody can weigh that trade if the study only printed one number.Climate change10062Water use100141Acidification10088Mineral resource use100117Fine particulate matter10079Option A (reference = 100)Option B, lowerOption B, higherFigure 8. Two options across five impact categories, with option A set to 100. Illustrative figures.Midpoints, endpoints and single scoresThose categories are midpoint indicators. Some methods carry on to endpoint damage, and some normalise and weight everything into one score. Single scores help spot hotspots inside a company, but the weighting is a value judgement, and ISO 14044 does not allow it in comparisons disclosed to the public. It is a good rule to keep even when you aren\u2019t publishing.A rule worth keepingShow the categories side by side before you show any total. If one option wins on everything, say so. If it doesn\u2019t, say that too. Readers trust a study more when it admits a trade-off.Exercise 4 \u00b7 about 15 minutesChoose the categories for your studyName the impact assessment method you would use, and why it suits your audience.List three categories besides climate change that could matter for your product, with a reason for each.Describe one trade-off your study might uncover, and who would need to weigh it.Write your answers before you open the worked answers at the end of the course.DEISO LCA trainingWant to go deeper into the method itself?LCA professional training works through these ideas properly, from scoping to a study that stands up to review, on a progression path from zero knowledge to Expert+.See LCA professional training\nModule 05InterpretationThis is where a study either earns its keep or turns into a report nobody reads.Interpretation isn\u2019t a final chapter. It is a set of questions you keep asking the model: where is the impact, how far would the answer move if an assumption were wrong, and is the difference between two options real?Find the hotspots firstA contribution analysis ranks the pieces of the result. In most products a handful of entries carry most of the impact. That tells you where improvement is worth chasing, and which data you must get right.Test how sensitive the answer isSR = \u0394R \/ R\u0394P \/ PWhere R is the result and P the parameter varied. Near zero, the result barely cares. Above 1 in either direction, it moves proportionally more than the input, and that assumption needs defending.You don\u2019t need a ratio for everything. Vary the five or six assumptions you are least sure of, across a range you could defend, and show them in a tornado chart like the one in module 6.Know when a difference isn\u2019t a differenceTwo designs come back at 48 and 44 kg CO\u2082e. It is tempting to call B 8% better. But if the ranges overlap, as they nearly always do, you can\u2019t honestly say which is lower. That tells you to decide on other grounds, or to improve one specific piece of data first.Design A48 (range 41 to 56)Design B44 (range 38 to 52)kg CO\u2082e per functional unitFigure 9. Two designs whose central results differ but whose ranges overlap. Illustrative figures.What you can honestly claimClaimWhat it needs\u201cThe housing has a cradle-to-gate footprint of 44.6 kg CO\u2082e.\u201dThe boundary, the functional unit and the method stated next to the number.\u201cOur new design cuts the footprint by 60%.\u201dThe same boundary, method and data quality for both designs, and a sensitivity check that the cut survives.\u201cOur product is lower-carbon than competitor X.\u201dA comparison disclosed to the public. Under ISO 14044 this calls for a critical review by an independent panel.\u201cClimate neutral\u201d, \u201ceco-friendly\u201d, \u201cgreen\u201dAvoid. An LCA can\u2019t support them, and regulators in several markets are tightening the rules on exactly this wording.A rule worth keepingEvery number that leaves the building travels with its boundary. \u201c44.6 kg CO\u2082e, cradle-to-gate, per housing\u201d is a fact. \u201c44.6 kg\u201d on its own is an invitation to be misquoted.Exercise 5 \u00b7 about 15 minutesStress-test your own studyWhich two or three entries do you expect to be the hotspots, and why?Name the assumption you are least sure of, and the range you would test.Write the claim you would like to make, then rewrite it so it carries its boundary.Write your answers before you open the worked answers at the end of the course.\nModule 06A worked exampleOne product, followed from the first question to the result. The numbers are illustrative, but the steps are the real ones.A manufacturer of small electric motors casts its own aluminium housings. A large customer wants lower-carbon components, and purchasing has a quote for aluminium with 70% recycled content at a higher price. Is the switch worth it?Step 1. The decision and the scopeFieldEntryDecision it supportsSwitch the housing to 70% recycled aluminium, or not.Functional unitOne finished, coated and packed housing meeting drawing MH-24, ready for assembly.Reference flow1 housing, 2.4 kg finished; 2.6 kg of aluminium bought per housing to cover casting and machining losses.System boundaryCradle-to-gate. The housing goes into the customer\u2019s motor, so its use is outside the company\u2019s control.AudienceInternal decision first; a summary may go to the customer later.Time and placeProduction year 2025, one casting plant.Left out, and whyFactory buildings and tooling, spread over millions of parts; office overheads. Neither can change the decision.Step 2. The inventoryInput per housingAmountFactorkg CO\u2082eDataAluminium ingot, primary2.6 kg16.0 per kg41.60BackgroundCasting electricity3.2 kWh0.45 per kWh1.44PrimaryNatural gas for melting12 MJ0.056 per MJ0.67PrimaryMachining electricity0.8 kWh0.45 per kWh0.36PrimaryInbound transport, truck2.08 t\u00b7km0.10 per t\u00b7km0.21SecondaryPowder coating0.06 kg3.5 per kg0.21SecondaryCardboard packaging0.15 kg1.0 per kg0.15SecondaryTotal44.64Factors are illustrative and chosen for teaching. Check current database values before using any of them.Step 3. Where the impact sitsThe aluminium itself is 93% of the footprint. Everything the plant does with it adds up to a little over 3 kg. If the company wants a lower-carbon housing, the material is where it has to look.Aluminium ingot41.60 kgCasting electricity1.44 kgMelting gas0.67 kgMachining0.36 kgTransport0.21 kgCoating0.21 kgPackaging0.15 kgFigure 10. Contribution of each input per housing. Illustrative figures.Step 4. The optionReplace the primary ingot with the offered mix: 30% primary at 16.0 kg CO\u2082e per kg, and 70% recycled at 0.6. Nothing else changes.EAl = 2.6 \u00d7 (0.3 \u00d7 16.0 + 0.7 \u00d7 0.6) = 13.57 kg CO\u2082eReduction = 44.6 \u2212 16.644.6 = 62.8%Adding the unchanged 3.04 kg from the other inputs gives 16.6 kg CO\u2082e per housing, against 44.6 today.Today: primary aluminium44.6 kg CO\u2082eOption: 70% recycled16.6 kg CO\u2082eAluminiumEverything elseFigure 11. The housing today and with 70% recycled aluminium. Illustrative figures.Step 5. Does the result survive?A 63% cut looks decisive, but it rests on assumptions. Three of the four below barely matter. The one that does is whether the supplier actually supplies 70%. At 50%, the footprint rises to 24.6 kg:Recycled share achieved (50% not 70%)24.6Primary aluminium factor (12 to 20)13.519.7Grid electricity factor (0.30 to 0.60)16.017.2Recycled aluminium factor (0.4 to 1.0)16.217.3kg CO\u2082e per housing; the black line is the central result, 16.6Figure 12. How far the 16.6 kg result moves when each assumption is varied. Illustrative figures.SR = (24.6 \u2212 16.6) \/ 16.6(50 \u2212 70) \/ 70 = 0.48\u22120.29 \u2248 \u22121.7Every percentage point of recycled content lost costs proportionally more than it looks.Even in the worst case, the switch still cuts the footprint by about 45%. So the study supports the decision, with one condition: the contract has to specify the recycled share and ask for evidence of it, shipment by shipment. That condition is the most useful thing the study produced.Step 6. What the company can sayInternally: the switch cuts the housing\u2019s cradle-to-gate footprint from 44.6 to about 16.6 kg CO\u2082e, provided the recycled share is verified. To the customer: the same statement, with the boundary, functional unit and method attached. Not on the website as a headline percentage, at least until a year of shipments has confirmed the recycled share.Exercise 6 \u00b7 about 25 minutesRework the exampleRecalculate the footprint with a grid factor of 0.30 kg CO\u2082e per kWh and 70% recycled aluminium. Show your working.The supplier offers 85% recycled content at a further premium. What is the new result, and is it worth asking for?Write the one sentence you would send to the customer.Write your answers before you open the worked answers at the end of the course.DEISO LCA trainingAlready modelling, and want a second pair of eyes?LCA software coaching is booked by the hour for experienced users of GaBi (LCA for Experts), openLCA and SimaPro. Bring your own model and the questions it raised.See LCA software coaching\nModule 07From results to actionA study that changes nothing was an expensive way to fill a folder.Turn each hotspot into a decision with an ownerFor every hotspot, write down the change that would reduce it, the person who could make that change, and the date by which they will decide. In the housing example that meant a revised purchasing specification, owned by the head of procurement, decided before the next supplier review.A 30-60-90 day planDays 1 to 30Share the scope sheet and the main result with the decision owner.Agree the one or two changes worth pursuing.Fix the weakest large data entry.Days 31 to 60Model each change as a scenario, with a sensitivity check.Cost the changes alongside their impact.Draft the wording of any claim, with its boundary.Days 61 to 90Take the decision and record it.Write the change into specifications or contracts.Set the date and trigger for the next update.Keep the study aliveTreat the model as a working file, not a report. Keep a short assumptions log, give it a version number, and agree what would trigger an update: a new supplier, a new plant, a design change, or a year passing. A maintained model is the cheapest way to answer the next customer\u2019s question.When to bring in an independent reviewerA study used only inside the company can stand on its own if it is well documented. Bring in an independent reviewer when the result will be published, when it compares your product with a competitor\u2019s, when it supports a claim in a tender, or when a large investment depends on it. Plan the review in from the start; it costs far less than adding it at the end.Build it in-house, buy it in, or bothA company with one or two products to assess a year is usually better off buying in the modelling and building the skills to commission and read the work. A company with a large portfolio, or customers asking every quarter, gets more from training its own people.A rule worth keepingEvery study should end with a list of decisions, each with an owner and a date. If the list is empty, ask whether the study was asked the right question.Exercise 7 \u00b7 about 20 minutesWrite your own 90-day planName the hotspot you expect, the change that would reduce it, and the person who could make it.Fill in one action for each stage: days 1 to 30, 31 to 60, and 61 to 90.Decide whether your study needs an independent review, and say why.Write your answers before you open the worked answers at the end of the course.\nFinal quizTest yourself: 24 questionsAnswer each one in your head or on paper, then open it to check. The correct option is shown in bold.1. What should be written down before any data is collected?AA list of impact categoriesBThe decision the study has to supportCThe software to be usedDThe final result you expectAnswer B. Every later choice, from the boundary to the categories, follows from the decision.2. Which of these is the strongest functional unit for an exterior paint?AOne litre of paintBOne tin of paintCCovering 10 m\u00b2 of wall for ten years at the stated opacityDThe paint used in one yearAnswer C. It says what the product does, how much, for how long and to what standard.3. A product lasts 5 years and the functional unit covers 15 years. What is the reference flow?A1 productB3 productsC5 productsD15 productsAnswer B. R = 15 \/ 5 = 3.4. Which boundary suits a component sold to another manufacturer?ACradle-to-graveBGate-to-graveCCradle-to-gateDUse stage onlyAnswer C. You can\u2019t know how the buyer will use it, so the study stops at your factory gate.5. For which product is the use stage most likely to dominate?AAn office chairBA washing machineCA cardboard boxDA steel beamAnswer B. Years of electricity use outweigh its manufacture.6. What belongs in the foreground of a study?ANational grid electricityBProcesses you control or can measureCGlobal steel productionDEvery database record usedAnswer B. The background is what comes from databases or suppliers.7. Which data deserves the most effort to improve?ASmall entries with poor qualityBLarge entries with good qualityCLarge entries with poor qualityDEvery entry equallyAnswer C. Large and weak entries are the ones that can move the result.8. A process makes two co-products. What does ISO 14044 prefer first?AEconomic allocationBMass allocationCAvoiding allocation by subdivision or system expansionDGiving everything to the main productAnswer C. Allocation is the fallback, not the first choice.9. Ten tonnes of logs give seven of timber and three of sawdust. Under mass allocation, the sawdust carries:A3%B10%C30%D70%Answer C. 3 \/ (7 + 3) = 0.30.10. Why check small flows before cutting them off?ADatabases demand itBA few grams of a potent substance can carry a large impactCThey are always primary dataDSmall flows can\u2019t be measuredAnswer B. Refrigerants and catalysts are the usual examples.11. What does characterisation do?ASorts flows into categoriesBConverts flows into a category\u2019s common unitCWeights categories into one scoreDChecks data qualityAnswer B. Classification sorts; characterisation converts.12. Using IPCC AR6 values, 2 kg of fossil methane equals roughly:A2 kg CO\u2082eB29.8 kg CO\u2082eC59.6 kg CO\u2082eD546 kg CO\u2082eAnswer C. 2 \u00d7 29.8 = 59.6.13. Why report several impact categories rather than climate change alone?AIt looks more thoroughBAn option can be better on carbon and worse elsewhereCISO requires at least fiveDClimate change is hard to calculateAnswer B. Figure 8 shows a typical trade-off.14. ISO 14044 does not allow weighting in:AAny studyBInternal hotspot screeningCComparative assertions disclosed to the publicDCradle-to-gate studiesAnswer C. Weighting is a value judgement, not a measurement.15. What does a contribution analysis show?AHow sensitive the result isBWhich processes or materials account for the impactCWhether two options differDWhich method to useAnswer B. It ranks the pieces of the result.16. A sensitivity ratio of 2 means:AThe result moves twice as much, proportionally, as the inputBThe input is twice as uncertainCThe result doublesDThe parameter can be ignoredAnswer A. SR = (\u0394R\/R) \/ (\u0394P\/P).17. Two designs score 48 and 44 kg CO\u2082e with ranges that overlap. What can you say?AB is 8% betterBA is betterCOn current evidence, neither is clearly lowerDThe study is invalidAnswer C. Overlapping ranges mean the difference isn\u2019t established.18. Which claim is safest to make in public?AOur product is eco-friendlyBOur product is climate neutralC44.6 kg CO\u2082e per housing, cradle-to-gate, using a stated methodDGreener than competitor XAnswer C. A number with its boundary, unit and method is a fact.19. A comparison with a competitor\u2019s product, published externally, calls for:ANothing extraBA single scoreCA critical review by an independent panelDA longer reportAnswer C. ISO 14044 sets this requirement for comparative assertions.20. In the worked example, what share of the housing footprint came from the aluminium?AAbout 50%BAbout 75%CAbout 93%DAbout 99%Answer C. 41.6 of 44.6 kg CO\u2082e.21. Which assumption moved the housing result most?AGrid electricity factorBRecycled share actually achievedCRecycled aluminium factorDTransport distanceAnswer B. At 50% instead of 70%, the result rose from 16.6 to 24.6.22. What condition did the worked example put on the decision?ANoneBSpecify the recycled share in the contract and ask for evidenceCSwitch suppliers every yearDPublish the result firstAnswer B. The result depends on the recycled share being real.23. A hotspot becomes useful when it has:AA chartBA change, an owner and a dateCA higher scoreDAn independent reviewAnswer B. Without an owner and a date, nothing changes.24. What keeps the cost of the next study low?ARebuilding the model each timeBA versioned model with an assumptions log and update triggersCUsing a single scoreDAvoiding primary dataAnswer B. A maintained model answers the next question quickly.\nAnswersWorked answers to the exercisesThese use the motor housing from module 6 where a single example helps. Your answers will differ, and that is the point.Exercise 1: worked answerWho is asking: a key customer\u2019s purchasing team, as part of a supplier review that scores component footprints this year.Decision: \u201cWe need to know whether moving to recycled aluminium cuts the footprint of the motor housing by enough to justify the extra cost.\u201dPeople: production engineer (energy and scrap data), purchasing (supplier and material data), logistics (transport), quality (drawing and specification), finance (cost of the option).Exercise 2: worked answerFunctional unit: one finished, coated and packed housing meeting drawing MH-24, ready for assembly.Reference flow: 1 housing; 2.6 kg of aluminium bought per housing (2.4 kg finished, the rest lost in casting and machining).Boundary: cradle-to-gate, because the housing is built into the customer\u2019s motor and its use stage is out of the company\u2019s hands.Left out: the factory building and tooling, spread over millions of parts; a rough check puts them well under 1% per housing.Exercise 3: worked answerFive inputs: aluminium ingot, casting electricity, melting gas, machining electricity, inbound transport.Sources: aluminium is background (database, scored 2 for region); the three energy inputs are foreground primary data from sub-meters (scored 1); transport is secondary, estimated from the supplier\u2019s location (scored 2).Biggest worry: the aluminium factor. It is the largest entry and the only one not measured on site.Exercise 4: worked answerMethod: EF 3.1, because the customer reports in Europe and expects that method.Other categories: mineral resource use (a metal product), acidification (smelting emits sulphur dioxide), fine particulate matter (casting and melting).Trade-off: a recycled supply chain might carry more transport and less energy. Purchasing and the sustainability lead would weigh it together.Exercise 5: worked answerHotspots: the aluminium ingot by a long way, then casting electricity.Least certain assumption: the recycled share the supplier actually supplies, tested between 50% and 70%.Claim: \u201cThe new housing has a lower footprint\u201d becomes \u201cWith 70% recycled aluminium, the housing\u2019s cradle-to-gate footprint is about 16.6 kg CO2e per unit, against 44.6 kg today.\u201dExercise 6: worked answerGrid factor at 0.30: 4.0 kWh of electricity \u00d7 0.30 = 1.20 kg instead of 1.80 kg, so the total falls by 0.6 to about 16.0 kg CO2e.85% recycled: 2.6 \u00d7 (0.15 \u00d7 16.0 + 0.85 \u00d7 0.6) = 7.57 kg for the aluminium, plus 3.04 kg for everything else, giving about 10.6 kg CO2e. That is a further 6 kg per housing. Whether it is worth paying for depends on the price, but it is worth asking, as long as the higher share can be evidenced.Customer sentence: \u201cFrom the next contract year, the housing\u2019s cradle-to-gate footprint falls from about 44.6 to 16.6 kg CO2e per unit, based on 70% recycled aluminium verified on every shipment.\u201dExercise 7: worked answerHotspot and owner: aluminium ingot; switch to verified recycled content; head of procurement.Plan: days 1 to 30, agree the switch in principle and request evidence formats from the supplier; days 31 to 60, model 70% and 85% with sensitivity and cost them; days 61 to 90, sign the revised specification and set a yearly update.Review: not for the internal decision. Yes before any public comparison, or if the figure goes into a tender.\nGlossaryKey terms in plain wordsTermMeaningAllocationSharing the burden of a process between the co-products it makes.BackgroundProcesses outside your control, usually modelled with database data.Characterisation factorThe number that converts one flow into the common unit of an impact category.CO\u2082eCarbon dioxide equivalent: greenhouse gases expressed as the amount of CO\u2082 with the same warming effect.Contribution analysisBreaking a result down by process or material to find the hotspots.Cradle-to-gateA boundary that stops when the product leaves the factory.Cradle-to-graveA boundary that follows the product through use and end of life.Critical reviewAn independent check of a study against the ISO standards, required for public comparative claims.Cut-offA rule for leaving out flows too small to matter.Emission factorThe emissions per unit of an activity, such as kg CO\u2082e per kWh.ForegroundProcesses you control or can measure directly.Functional unitWhat the product does, how much, for how long and to what standard; the basis of every comparison.HotspotA process or material that accounts for a large share of an impact.Impact categoryA type of environmental effect, such as climate change or water use.Inventory (LCI)The list of all inputs and outputs of the product system, scaled to the functional unit.Midpoint and endpointIndicators measured part-way to damage, and indicators of the damage itself.Primary dataData measured for this product or process.Reference flowThe amount of product needed to fulfil the functional unit.Secondary dataData borrowed from databases, averages or published studies.Sensitivity analysisChanging one assumption to see how far the result moves.System boundaryThe line that sets which life stages and processes are in the study.\nQuestions people askFrequently asked questions about LCAWhat is a life cycle assessment (LCA)?A life cycle assessment is a method for measuring the environmental impact of a product across its life, from extracting the raw materials to whatever happens at the end. It is set out in ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 and runs in four phases: goal and scope, inventory, impact assessment and interpretation. The result is a model, not just a number, so it can show where the impact sits and what would reduce it.What is the difference between cradle-to-gate and cradle-to-grave?Cradle-to-gate stops when the product leaves the factory, so it covers raw materials and manufacturing only. Cradle-to-grave carries on through distribution, use and disposal. Use cradle-to-gate for components sold to another manufacturer, and cradle-to-grave whenever use or end of life could change the answer. A washing machine is the clearest case: most of its footprint comes from the electricity it uses at home.What is a functional unit?The functional unit is what the product does, how much of it, for how long and to what standard. It is the basis for every comparison. Two chairs are not compared \u201cper chair\u201d but per \u201cseating one person for ten years\u201d, so a cheap chair that lasts five years counts twice. Getting it right at the start saves most of the rework later.How long does a first LCA take?For a single product, a first study usually takes somewhere between six weeks and three months. The modelling itself is rarely the slow part. Most of the time goes on collecting data from purchasing, production and suppliers, which is why a clear scope and a precise data request make more difference to the timeline than anything else.Do I need LCA software to start?Not to start. A first screening of the main materials and energy use can be done in a spreadsheet with published emission factors. A full study needs dedicated software such as GaBi (LCA for Experts), openLCA or SimaPro, together with a background database, because they hold thousands of processes and handle impact assessment consistently. openLCA is free to download; the databases usually are not.What data do I need for an LCA?For your own operations: the materials bought per product, energy use by process, scrap and waste, packaging and transport. For everything upstream and downstream you normally rely on database values. Ask for each figure in a named unit and for a named period, such as a full production year, and note where it came from. Large entries with weak data are the ones to fix first.When does an LCA need an independent review?A study used only inside the company can stand on its own if it is well documented. A comparison with another product that is disclosed to the public needs a critical review by an independent panel under ISO 14044. A review is also worth having when a result supports a claim in a tender or a large investment decision. It costs far less planned in from the start.Is an LCA the same as a carbon footprint?No. A product carbon footprint looks at one impact category, climate change, and follows the rules in ISO 14067. An LCA can cover many categories at once, such as water use, acidification and resource use, which is how it shows trade-offs a carbon figure alone would hide. A carbon footprint is often a sensible first step, and it uses the same groundwork as an LCA.Is this course free, and is there a PDF?Yes. The whole course is free to read on this page. The 40-page PDF, with every figure, the quiz, worked answers and two templates, is free to download with a My DEISO account, and the same course can be taken interactively in My DEISO with your progress saved.Where can I get LCA training after this course?DEISO runs LCA training one-to-one or for a group, starting on demand, in methodology and in GaBi (LCA for Experts), openLCA and SimaPro, from zero knowledge to Expert+. There is a programme for leaders who commission and approve studies, and hourly coaching for people who already model.\nWhat nextContinue with DEISO LCA trainingThis course gets you to the point where you can scope a study, ask for the right data and read a result critically. Building and defending studies of your own takes practice with someone who has done it many times. DEISO\u2019s LCA training runs one-to-one or for a group, starts on demand, and is led by PhD-level LCA practitioners.If you are\u2026Start withLeading a team, or commissioning and approving studiesLCA for leadersBuilding practical LCA capability, from zero to Expert+LCA professional trainingLearning GaBi (LCA for Experts), openLCA or SimaProLCA software trainingAlready modelling, and stuck on specific questionsLCA software coachingKeep this courseGet the full course as a PDFAll seven modules, every figure and equation, the quiz, worked answers, a scope sheet and a data request template, in 40 pages. Register free with My DEISO and the download starts straight away, or take the course interactively there.Download the free PDF courseSee DEISO LCA trainingTake it in My DEISOHow to cite this courseDEISO LLC (2026). Life cycle assessment (LCA): a getting-started course for enterprise teams. Edition 1.0. Free mini course. Available at https:\/\/dei.so\/lca-getting-started-courseThe figures, examples and exercises are original to DEISO. Numerical examples are illustrative and chosen for teaching; check any factor against a current, documented source before using it in a real study.\" data-s=\"Life cycle assessment (LCA) course for enterprises\" data-d=\"1791389361\" data-m=\"1791405936\" data-cat=\"1737\" data-year=\"2026\"><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/lca-getting-started-course\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-lca-getting-started-course-featured-768x432.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-lca-getting-started-course-featured-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-lca-getting-started-course-featured-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-lca-getting-started-course-featured-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-lca-getting-started-course-featured-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-lca-getting-started-course-featured.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Tutorials<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Tutorials<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">8 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 39 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/lca-getting-started-course\">Life cycle assessment (LCA) course for enterprises<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Life cycle assessment (LCA): a free getting-started course for enterprise teams Free mini course Learn to scope, run and read a life cycle assessment Seven modules, an exercise\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/lca-getting-started-course\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Life cycle assessment (LCA) course for enterprises\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Digital certificates for capacity building training News Announcement\r\n        DEISO introduces digital certificates for capacity building training\r\n        Every DEISO capacity building training now ends with a digital certificate. Each one has its own web address and a QR code, so anyone can check it in seconds \u2014 an employer, a client, a procurement team or a regulator reviewing your team\u2019s qualifications.\r\n            See a live example\r\n            Open the demo certificate at dei.so\/DSC07012626\r\n            View the demo certificate \u2192\r\n        Benefits\r\n        What a digital certificate gives you\r\n        A paper or PDF certificate can be copied, edited or lost. A DEISO digital certificate lives on DEISO\u2019s own record and answers for itself.\r\n            \r\n            Career development\r\n            Add your certificate to your LinkedIn profile in one step, share it in a post, or link it in your CV and email signature. Recruiters and clients see a verified record, not just a line of text.\r\n            \r\n            QR code verification\r\n            Every certificate carries a QR code. Scan it with any phone camera and the certificate\u2019s page opens with its live status. The code is drawn by DEISO\u2019s own system, with no outside service involved.\r\n            \r\n            Live status, always current\r\n            The page shows whether the certificate is valid, has expired or was withdrawn \u2014 checked against DEISO\u2019s record every time it opens. An old screenshot cannot hide a change.\r\n            \r\n            A verified professional profile\r\n            Your photo, job title, company and company logo appear beside the credential, with a verified badge. Your official name can only change through an identity-checked request.\r\n            \r\n            Your privacy, your choice\r\n            You decide whether search engines may list your certificate page \u2014 it is off unless you turn it on \u2014 and which profile details appear on it.\r\n            \r\n            No extra charge\r\n            The digital certificate comes with every paid examination and certification fee at no additional cost. You keep it in My DEISO, ready to share whenever you need it.\r\n        Verification\r\n        How verification works\r\n        \r\n          Scan the QR code or open the addressEach certificate has its own address in the form dei.so\/DSC followed by the issue date and two digits \u2014 for example dei.so\/DSC07012626.\r\n          See the recordThe page shows the holder, the training completed, the issue date, the validity and the certificate number.\r\n          Trust the statusThe status comes straight from DEISO\u2019s record, so a withdrawn or expired certificate shows as such wherever the link was shared.\r\n        \r\n        Built by DEISO\r\n        Developed in-house by the DEISO IT team\r\n        The certification system is powered by My DEISO, the member portal developed by the DEISO IT team. Certificates, verification pages and QR codes all run on DEISO\u2019s own platform, so the record of your training stays with the organisation that trained you.\r\n        Included with every paid examination and certification fee \u2014 no extra charge.\r\n        Questions\r\n        Frequently asked questions\r\n        \r\n          Does the digital certificate cost extra?\r\n          No. It is included with every paid examination and certification fee.\r\n        \r\n        \r\n          Who can see my certificate?\r\n          Anyone with the address or the QR code can open the certificate page. Search engines list it only if you allow it, and you choose which profile details are shown.\r\n        \r\n        \r\n          What if my name changes?\r\n          Send a name change request from My DEISO. Once DEISO checks it, the new name appears on every certificate page.\r\n        \r\n        \r\n          Is this a formal accreditation?\r\n          No. A DEISO certificate recognises completion of DEISO training and, where it applies, its examination. DEISO is not a certification or verification body.\r\n        \r\n          Next step\r\n          Find your training program\r\n          Browse DEISO\u2019s capacity building training with the Training Finder, and earn a verifiable digital certificate when you complete it.\r\n            Open the Training Finder \u2192\r\n            View the demo certificate \u2192\" data-s=\"Digital certificates for capacity building training\" data-d=\"1791353075\" data-m=\"1791353311\" data-cat=\"7\" data-year=\"2026\"><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-digital-certificates\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"403\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-digital-certificates-featured-768x403.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-digital-certificates-featured-768x403.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-digital-certificates-featured-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-digital-certificates-featured-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-digital-certificates-featured-18x9.jpg 18w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-digital-certificates-featured.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">News<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">News<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">7 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 4 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-digital-certificates\">Digital certificates for capacity building training<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Announcement DEISO introduces digital certificates for capacity building training Every DEISO capacity building training now ends with a digital certificate. Each one has its own web address and\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-digital-certificates\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Digital certificates for capacity building training\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"How to Calculate Scope 3 Emissions in Excel + Free Calculator Tutorials How-to guide \u00b7 Scope 3\n          How to calculate Scope 3 emissions in Excel\n          A step-by-step guide with formulas for all 15 categories, emission factors, GWP conversion and quality checks \u2014 with a free Excel calculator and PDF\n            Download the Excel calculator \u2192\n            Download the PDF guide \u2192\n          11 steps \u00b7 worked example included \u00b7 Start the guide\n\nScope 3 emissions are the indirect greenhouse gas emissions in your value chain \u2014 from the materials you buy to the use and disposal of what you sell. For most companies they are the largest part of the footprint, and you can calculate them in Excel with one equation applied consistently.\nThis guide walks through the full method, step by step: the core formula, the 15 categories, the four calculation methods, emission factors, unit conversion, CO\u2082e conversion, the Excel model, quality checks and reporting. Every formula is shown, and a worked example runs from raw data to a final total.\nWhat you will have at the endA clear formula for every Scope 3 categoryAn Excel model that calculates emissions automatically from activity dataQuality checks that catch missing factors and unit mismatchesA worked example you can reproduce with the free DEISO calculator\n1Step 1Understand the core equationEvery Scope 3 calculation follows the same structure: an amount of activity multiplied by an emission factor for that activity.\nE = AD \u00d7 EF\nE \u2014 emissions, in kg CO\u2082eAD \u2014 activity data: the amount of activity, such as kg purchased, tonne-km shipped or kWh usedEF \u2014 emission factor: the emissions per unit of activity, such as kg CO\u2082e per kg\nApplied to each activity i and summed, it gives your total Scope 3 emissions:\nEi = ADi \u00d7 EFiEScope 3 = \u03a3i (ADi \u00d7 EFi)\nWhen your emission factors are given per gas rather than in CO\u2082e, calculate each gas separately and convert with its global warming potential (Step 8):\nEi,g = ADi \u00d7 EFi,g \u00a0\u00a0\u2192\u00a0\u00a0 ECO\u2082e = \u03a3g (Eg \u00d7 GWPg)\n2Step 2Screen the 15 Scope 3 categoriesThe GHG Protocol Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Standard divides value-chain emissions into 15 categories. Start by screening all 15 to find the ones that matter most for your company, then focus data collection there.\nUpstreamDownstream1. Purchased goods and services9. Downstream transportation and distribution2. Capital goods10. Processing of sold products3. Fuel- and energy-related activities11. Use of sold products4. Upstream transportation and distribution12. End-of-life treatment of sold products5. Waste generated in operations13. Downstream leased assets6. Business travel14. Franchises7. Employee commuting15. Investments8. Upstream leased assets\nReport every relevant category, and document the reason for any category you exclude. The inventory should cover all seven Kyoto gases: CO\u2082, CH\u2084, N\u2082O, HFCs, PFCs, SF\u2086 and NF\u2083.\n3Step 3Choose a calculation methodFour methods are used in practice. They share the same equation; what differs is the quality of the data behind each factor.\nMethodFormulaWhen to useSupplier-specificE = \u03a3 Qj \u00d7 EFsupplier,jSuppliers provide product-level emissions dataHybridE = \u03a3 ADi \u00d7 EFi, mixing supplier and secondary dataThe usual approach for material categoriesAverage-dataE = \u03a3 ADi \u00d7 EFaverage,iPhysical quantities are known, supplier data is notSpend-basedE = \u03a3 Spendi \u00d7 EFEEIO,iScreening, or when only spend data exists\nSpend-based factors come from environmentally extended input\u2013output (EEIO) models and are expressed per unit of currency (kg CO\u2082e per USD, for example). Use them for screening and fill gaps with physical data as it becomes available.\n4Step 4Collect activity dataActivity data is the backbone of the inventory. Record one row per activity, with the quantity, its unit and the emission factor it links to.\nCategoryActivityQuantityUnitRegionEF_ID1 Purchased goodsSteel procurement10,000kgGlobalEF_STEEL_011 Purchased goodsPlastic procurement2,500kgGlobalEF_PLASTIC_014 Upstream transportRoad freight20,000tonne-kmEUEF_TRUCK_EU6 Business travelLong-haul air travel15,000passenger-kmGlobalEF_AIR_LONG7 Employee commutingCar commuting120,000passenger-kmJapanEF_CAR_JP5 WasteLandfill waste350tonneJapanEF_LANDFILL_JP3 Fuel upstreamNatural gas upstream50,000kWhJapanEF_NG_UPSTREAM11 Use of sold productsAppliance electricity use400,000kWhUSEF_GRID_US\nTypical sources are purchase orders and invoices, ERP exports, carrier reports, travel booking data, employee surveys, waste manifests and supplier questionnaires. Record the source and a data quality rating (primary, secondary or estimated) for every row.\n5Step 5Select emission factorsMatch each activity to an emission factor with the same unit, geography and system boundary. Follow this order for every row:\nIdentify the activity data type and its unitFind a factor with a matching unitConvert the activity unit if it does not match (Step 6)Check the factor\u2019s system boundaryApply the factor, convert gases to CO\u2082e, and aggregate\nA key boundary rule: life cycle factors for fuels already include combustion. For Category 3, use only the upstream part, or you will double-count Scope 1:\nEFupstream = EFlife cycle \u2212 EFcombustion\nCommon factor sources include government sets (UK DESNZ conversion factors, US EPA Emission Factors Hub, Japan\u2019s national factors), international bodies (IPCC, IEA, ICAO, IMO, the GLEC Framework for freight), life cycle databases (ecoinvent, LCA for Experts (GaBi), IDEA for Japan) and EEIO models (USEEIO, EXIOBASE).\n6Step 6Convert unitsThe activity unit must match the factor\u2019s denominator. Convert before multiplying.\nFromToConversionkgtonnetonne = kg \u00d7 0.001tonne and kmtonne-kmtonne-km = tonne \u00d7 kmMWhkWhkWh = MWh \u00d7 1,000one-way kmround-trip kmround trip = one-way \u00d7 2\nFreight is the most common conversion. A 25-tonne shipment over 800 km is:\nTonne-km = 25 \u00d7 800 = 20,000 tonne-km\n7Step 7Calculate each categoryEach category applies the core equation to its own activity data. Use this formula library:\nCategoryFormula1 Purchased goods and servicesE = \u03a3 Massi \u00d7 EFmaterial,i \u00a0or\u00a0 \u03a3 Spendi \u00d7 EFsector,i2 Capital goodsE = \u03a3 Quantityi \u00d7 EFproduct,i3 Fuel- and energy-relatedE = \u03a3 Fuelf \u00d7 EFupstream,f \u00a0+\u00a0 Electricity \u00d7 EFlife cycle \u00d7 Loss rate4 Upstream transportationE = \u03a3 Massi \u00d7 Distancei \u00d7 EFtransport,i \u00a0or\u00a0 \u03a3 Fuelf \u00d7 EFf5 Waste in operationsE = \u03a3 Wastei \u00d7 EFtreatment,i6 Business travelE = \u03a3 Distancei \u00d7 EFmode,i \u00a0+\u00a0 Nights \u00d7 EFhotel7 Employee commutingDistanceannual = Employees \u00d7 One-way km \u00d7 2 \u00d7 Working days; E = \u03a3 Distancemode \u00d7 EFmode8 Upstream leased assetsE = \u03a3 Fuelf \u00d7 EFf \u00a0+\u00a0 Electricity \u00d7 EFgrid9 Downstream transportationE = \u03a3 Massi \u00d7 Distancei \u00d7 EFtransport,i10 Processing of sold productsE = \u03a3 Fuelf \u00d7 EFf \u00a0+\u00a0 \u03a3 Process emissionp \u00d7 GWPp11 Use of sold productsE = Units sold \u00d7 Annual energy \u00d7 Lifetime \u00d7 EFenergy12 End-of-life treatmentE = \u03a3m \u03a3t Massm \u00d7 Sharet \u00d7 EFm,t13 Downstream leased assetsE = Fuel \u00d7 EFfuel \u00a0+\u00a0 Electricity \u00d7 EFgrid14 FranchisesE = \u03a3 (EScope 1,i + EScope 2,i)15 InvestmentsE = \u03a3 (EScope 1+2, investee \u00d7 Share of investment)\n8Step 8Convert gases to CO\u2082eWhen you have emissions per gas, multiply each by its 100-year global warming potential (GWP) and add them up:\nCO\u2082e = mCO\u2082 + mCH\u2084 \u00d7 GWPCH\u2084 + mN\u2082O \u00d7 GWPN\u2082O\nGasGWP100 (IPCC AR6)CO\u20821CH\u2084 (fossil)29.8CH\u2084 (non-fossil)27.0N\u2082O273HFC-134a1,530HFC-2314,600CF\u2084 (PFC-14)7,380SF\u208625,200NF\u208317,400\nExample: 10 kg of fossil methane is 10 \u00d7 29.8 = 298 kg CO\u2082e. Use one GWP set consistently across the whole inventory, and state which one you used.\n9Step 9Build the Excel modelA clean model separates inputs, factors and calculations, so every number can be traced. The free DEISO calculator uses this structure:\nActivity_Data \u2014 the only sheet you type in: one row per activityEF_Library \u2014 the controlled list of emission factors, with source and boundaryGWP_Table \u2014 global warming potentials for gas-specific factorsUnit_Conversion \u2014 conversions and small calculators for tonne-km and commutingCalc \u2014 formulas only: pulls each factor and calculates emissionsQA_Checks \u2014 automatic checks for missing data and mismatchesSummary \u2014 totals by category, shares and a chartSource_Log and Assumptions \u2014 the audit trail for every factor and assumption\nThe key formula looks up the factor for each row and multiplies it by the quantity. In Excel 365:\n=Quantity * XLOOKUP(EF_ID, EF_Library!A:A, EF_Library!I:I)\nFor compatibility with every Excel version, the calculator uses INDEX and MATCH:\n=Quantity * INDEX(EF_Library!I:I, MATCH(EF_ID, EF_Library!A:A, 0))\nWhen a factor is given per gas instead of in CO\u2082e, the calculator switches automatically to the gas route: CO\u2082 + CH\u2084 \u00d7 GWP + N\u2082O \u00d7 GWP.\n10Step 10Run quality checksBefore you report, check the inventory for the errors that most often distort Scope 3 results:\nCheckWhat it catchesMissing EF_IDActivities with no factor assignedFactor not foundAn EF_ID that does not exist in the libraryUnit mismatchActivity units that differ from the factor unitZero resultA quantity above zero that produced zero emissionsDuplicate Record_IDThe same activity counted twiceMissing geographyRows where the factor region cannot be checked\nIn Excel, a missing-factor check is as simple as =COUNTIF(Activity_Data!K:K,&quot;&quot;) for the rows you have filled. All checks should pass before the numbers leave the workbook.\n11Step 11Aggregate and reportSum the row results by category, and report each category\u2019s share of the total. The example data from Step 4 gives:\nCategoryActivityCalculationEmissions (kg CO\u2082e)1Steel procurement10,000 \u00d7 1.9019,0001Plastic procurement2,500 \u00d7 2.706,7503Natural gas upstream50,000 \u00d7 0.021,0004Road freight20,000 \u00d7 0.102,0005Landfill waste350 \u00d7 450157,5006Long-haul air travel15,000 \u00d7 0.152,2507Car commuting120,000 \u00d7 0.1922,80011Appliance electricity use400,000 \u00d7 0.38152,000Total Scope 3363,300 (363.3 t CO\u2082e)\nIllustrative valuesThe emission factors in this example are training values chosen to show the method. Replace them with factors from a recognised source before you report any result.\nAvoid theseCommon Scope 3 mistakesDouble-counting fuel \u2014 using a full life cycle factor in Category 3 instead of the upstream part onlyUnit mismatches \u2014 multiplying tonnes by a factor per kg, or kilometres by a factor per tonne-kmMixed GWP sets \u2014 combining AR5 and AR6 values in one inventorySpend-based only \u2014 never moving the largest categories to physical or supplier dataNo audit trail \u2014 factors without a recorded source, year and boundary\nFree downloadsScope 3 Excel calculator and PDF guideReproduce the worked example with the free DEISO Scope 3 calculator: activity data, emission factor library, automatic CO\u2082e calculation, quality checks and a category summary. A printable PDF version of this guide is also available.Download the Excel calculator \u2192Download the PDF guide \u2192\nFAQScope 3 calculation: frequently asked questionsWhat is the formula for calculating Scope 3 emissions?Scope 3 emissions are calculated as activity data multiplied by an emission factor, E = AD \u00d7 EF, for each activity, and then summed across all activities and categories.How many Scope 3 categories are there?The GHG Protocol Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Standard defines 15 categories: 8 upstream and 7 downstream.Do I have to report all 15 Scope 3 categories?You should report every relevant category and document the reason for excluding any category that is not relevant or not material.Which Scope 3 calculation method should I use?Use supplier-specific or hybrid methods for the categories that matter most, average-data methods where you know physical quantities, and spend-based methods for screening or where only spend data exists.Can I calculate Scope 3 emissions in Excel?Yes. A well-structured Excel model with an activity data sheet, an emission factor library, a calculation sheet and quality checks is enough for a complete, auditable Scope 3 inventory.Which GWP values should I use?Use one set consistently. Current practice is the 100-year global warming potentials from the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), for example 29.8 for fossil methane and 273 for nitrous oxide.\nNext stepNeed a Scope 3 inventory built for you?DEISO builds GHG Protocol and ISO 14064-1 inventories, including Scope 3 screening across all 15 categories and Scope 3-only inventories.\nSee GHG accounting plans \u2192Book an advisory hour \u2192\n\n          DEISO training\n          Learn Scope 3 and product carbon footprints hands-on\n          Go beyond the template. The DEISO Scope 3 emissions and product carbon footprint (PCF) training teaches practical value-chain accounting and PCF analysis on the GHG Protocol framework \u2014 instructor-led, for sustainability professionals, engineers and consultants, starting when you are ready.\n          Prefer to try it first? Download the free calculator and PDF guide.\n            Explore the Scope 3 and PCF training \u2192\n            Download the Excel calculator \u2192\n            Download the PDF guide \u2192\n          Questions? Email info@dei.so\" data-s=\"How to Calculate Scope 3 Emissions in Excel + Free Calculator\" data-d=\"1791012816\" data-m=\"1791349318\" data-cat=\"1737\" data-year=\"2026\"><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/how-to-calculate-scope-3-emissions-excel\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"403\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-how-to-calculate-scope-3-emissions-excel-1200x630-1-768x403.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-how-to-calculate-scope-3-emissions-excel-1200x630-1-768x403.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-how-to-calculate-scope-3-emissions-excel-1200x630-1-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-how-to-calculate-scope-3-emissions-excel-1200x630-1-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-how-to-calculate-scope-3-emissions-excel-1200x630-1-18x9.jpg 18w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-how-to-calculate-scope-3-emissions-excel-1200x630-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Tutorials<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Tutorials<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">3 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 10 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/how-to-calculate-scope-3-emissions-excel\">How to Calculate Scope 3 Emissions in Excel + Free Calculator<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">How-to guide \u00b7 Scope 3 How to calculate Scope 3 emissions in Excel A step-by-step guide with formulas for all 15 categories, emission factors, GWP conversion and quality\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/how-to-calculate-scope-3-emissions-excel\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: How to Calculate Scope 3 Emissions in Excel + Free Calculator\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Life cycle costing case study: 7 plastic recycling options Tutorials Case study \u00b7 Life cycle costing\nMechanical recycling of polyethylene offers the best balance of cost and carbon\nA worked life cycle costing analysis of seven plastic recycling technologies, with cost-benefit, sensitivity and Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis.\nThermal, mechanical and chemical recycling routes for PP, PE and PVC are compared on life cycle cost, net benefit and global warming potential, then combined in one weighted decision score. Every figure is traceable and can be reworked in the free Excel calculator.\nThe answer in four numbers\nUSD 30.0 millionNet benefit of mechanical PE recycling, benefit-cost ratio 1.25\n0.124 kg CO\u2082-eqGlobal warming potential per kg of plastic waste treated\n99.7%Probability of a net gain across 10,000 Monte Carlo runs\nRanked 1stUnder all three economic and environmental weightings tested\nDownload the Excel calculator\nDownload the PDF case study\nFree downloads by DEISO LLC \u00b7 Excel workbook with live formulas and a 1,000-run Monte Carlo \u00b7 14-page PDF\n\nLearning resource\nWhat this case study teaches\nPurpose: to show, step by step and with every number traceable, how a life cycle costing analysis turns cost, revenue and carbon data into one defensible technology decision, and how to test whether that decision survives uncertainty.\nLearning objectives\n\nCalculate \u2014 life cycle cost, net benefit, benefit-cost ratio and present value from stage-level data.\nReconcile \u2014 source data that does not add up, and document every correction.\nCombine \u2014 economic and environmental results with min-max normalisation and a weighted score.\nTest \u2014 the decision with one-at-a-time sensitivity, break-even points and a 10,000-run Monte Carlo simulation.\nJudge \u2014 whether a recommendation is defensible or an artefact of the chosen weights.\n\nBuilt forEngineers, cost analysts, procurement teams, sustainability professionals and students of life cycle costing.\nLevel and timeIntermediate. About 45 minutes to read; 90 minutes to rework with the Excel calculator.\n\n1 \u00b7 Problem and data\nSeven recycling options for three plastics\nA company is choosing a recycling route for three plastic waste streams: polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It has costed thermal recycling and mechanical (material) recycling for each plastic, and chemical recycling by pyrolysis as a general route for mixed plastics \u2014 seven options in total.\nFor each option it holds a cost breakdown across six life cycle stages, a total revenue, and a life cycle assessment (LCA) result for global warming potential (GWP). The question is which option offers the best balance of economic and environmental performance, and how confident that answer can be.\nTechnologyExtractionTransportPre-processingProductionDistributionEnd of lifeRevenueGWPThermal recycling (PP)1.92.53.54080.8851.02Thermal recycling (PE)1023.525140.81101.24Thermal recycling (PVC)52.51.515815.8401.14Mechanical recycling (PP)77016904104.52501.75Mechanical recycling (PE)562.5162844.51500.124Mechanical recycling (PVC)912016.5504201850.114Chemical recycling (pyrolysis)1.99.816551022900.175\nCosts and revenues in million USD, life cycle totals. GWP in kg CO\u2082-eq per kg of plastic waste treated. Illustrative teaching dataset: it describes no real company, plant or client.\nData reconciliation\nThe source gave a stated total cost for each option and, separately, a stage breakdown. The stated totals are treated as authoritative. Three stage values are reconciled: Thermal PVC end of life from 10 to 15.8 and Mechanical PVC pre-processing from 0.05 to 16.5, both clear transcription errors; and Mechanical PP end of life from 104 to 104.5, an allocation choice because the source does not show which stage carried the USD 0.5 million difference. Thermal PP needed no change: its stages sum to the stated 56.7; the source mis-added them as 57.7.\nThe source gave no functional unit, so GWP is read as per kg of plastic waste treated. The Mechanical PP GWP of 1.75 is kept as given, although it is probably a transcription error for 0.102. Changing it does not change the recommendation.\n\n2 \u00b7 Method\nMethod and formulas\nEvery result in this case study comes from the formulas below. The free Excel calculator implements the same formulas, so each figure can be traced and reworked.\nLCC = Cext + Ctrans + Cpre + Cprod + Cdist + CEoLLife cycle cost: the sum of stage costs from extraction to end of life.NB = R \u2212 LCC \u00a0\u00a0\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 BCR = R \/ LCCNet benefit and benefit-cost ratio. A ratio above 1 means revenue exceeds life cycle cost.PV(NB) = (NB \/ n) \u00d7 [1 \u2212 (1 + r)\u2212n] \/ rPresent value with totals spread evenly over n = 10 years at r = 8%. The annuity factor is 6.710, so PV(NB) = 0.671 \u00d7 NB for every option.E = (NB \u2212 NBmin) \/ (NBmax \u2212 NBmin)Economic index: min-max normalisation of net benefit to a 0 to 1 scale.V = (GWPmax \u2212 GWP) \/ (GWPmax \u2212 GWPmin)Environmental index: GWP normalised and inverted, so lower emissions score higher.Score = 1 + 4 \u00d7 [w \u00d7 E + (1 \u2212 w) \u00d7 V]Weighted score on a 1 to 5 scale, where w is the economic weight. Tested at w = 0.7, 0.5 and 0.3.\u0394NB = \u2212Ci \u00d7 s \u00a0\u00b7\u00a0 \u0394NB = R \u00d7 s \u00a0\u00b7\u00a0 \u03b5 = (\u0394NB \/ NB) \/ sOne-at-a-time sensitivity for a cost or the revenue with step s = 20%, and the elasticity of net benefit to each driver.Xrun = Xbase \u00d7 (1 + u \u00d7 U[\u22121, 1])Monte Carlo: each stage cost and the revenue drawn uniformly within range u, 10,000 times. Extraction, pre-processing and production \u00b110%; transportation and distribution \u00b115%; end of life \u00b120%; revenue \u00b115%.\n\n3 \u00b7 Economic results\nLife cycle cost and cost-benefit results\nMechanical routes carry far higher life cycle costs than thermal routes, driven by transportation and end of life. Mechanical PP is the most expensive option at USD 291.5 million; Thermal PVC the cheapest at USD 47.8 million.\nFigure 1 \u00b7 Life cycle cost by stage (million USD)\nExtractionTransportationPre-processingProductionDistributionEnd of lifeThermal PP56.7Thermal PE55.3Thermal PVC47.8Mechanical PP291.5Mechanical PE120.0Mechanical PVC219.5Pyrolysis114.7\nEach bar is the sum of six stage costs. Scale 0 to 300 million USD.\nTechnologyLife cycle costRevenueNet benefitBenefit-cost ratioPV of net benefitLargest cost driverThermal recycling (PP)56.785+28.31.50+19.0Production (71%)Thermal recycling (PE)55.3110+54.71.99+36.7Production (45%)Thermal recycling (PVC)47.840\u22127.80.84\u22125.2End of life (33%)Mechanical recycling (PP)291.5250\u221241.50.86\u221227.8End of life (36%)Mechanical recycling (PE)120.0150+30.01.25+20.1Transportation (52%)Mechanical recycling (PVC)219.5185\u221234.50.84\u221223.1Transportation (55%)Chemical recycling (pyrolysis)114.790\u221224.70.78\u221216.6Production (48%)\nMillion USD. PV at 8% over 10 years with even spreading. Highlighted row: recommended option.\nFigure 2 \u00b7 Net benefit = revenue \u2212 life cycle cost (million USD)\nThermal PP+28.3Thermal PE+54.7Thermal PVC\u22127.8Mechanical PP\u221241.5Mechanical PE+30.0Mechanical PVC\u221234.5Pyrolysis\u221224.7Three options return a net gain; four return a net loss. Scale \u221260 to +72 million USD.\nThree options return a net gain: Thermal PE (USD 54.7 million), Mechanical PE (USD 30.0 million) and Thermal PP (USD 28.3 million). The other four lose money, from Thermal PVC (\u22127.8) to Mechanical PP (\u221241.5). On economics alone, Thermal PE leads with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.99.\nDiscounting does not change this ranking. With costs and revenues spread evenly, every option is multiplied by the same annuity factor. Discounting would matter only if spending were front-loaded.\n\n4 \u00b7 Environmental results\nGlobal warming potential\nMechanical PVC (0.114), Mechanical PE (0.124) and pyrolysis (0.175) have a GWP roughly one tenth of the thermal routes (1.02 to 1.24). Mechanical PP is the outlier at 1.75, the highest of all, although that value is probably a transcription error.\nFigure 3 \u00b7 GWP (kg CO\u2082-eq per kg treated)\nThermal PP1.020Thermal PE1.240Thermal PVC1.140Mechanical PP1.750Mechanical PE0.124Mechanical PVC0.114Pyrolysis0.175Sage bars: GWP below 0.2. Scale 0 to 2.0.\nPlotting both results together shows the decision directly. Mechanical PE is the only option in the shaded quadrant: profitable and low-carbon. The thermal routes for PE and PP are profitable but carbon-intensive; Mechanical PVC and pyrolysis are low-carbon but lose money.\nFigure 4 \u00b7 Economic against environmental performance\n\n\n00.511.5-40-200+20+40+60\n\n\nGain and low GWP\nThermal PPThermal PEThermal PVCMechanical PPMechanical PEMechanical PVCPyrolysis\nGWP, kg CO\u2082-eq per kg (lower is better)\nNet benefit, million USD\nSwipe sideways to see the full chart.Bubble size is life cycle cost. Shaded area: net gain with GWP below 0.6.\nBuild the capability\nLearn to run this analysis on your own projects\nEvery step in this case study, from stage costing to Monte Carlo simulation, is taught in depth in the DEISO LCCA training.\nTraining programme\nLife cycle costing analysis (LCCA) professional training\nAdvanced training programmes aligned with ISO 15686-5, IEC 60300-3-3 and ASTM E917, built for engineers, cost analysts, and procurement teams developing practical life cycle costing capability.\nProgression path\nZero knowledge\nProfessional\nExpert\nExpert+\nExplore the LCCA training \u2192\nRequest a quotation \u2192\n\n5 \u00b7 Uncertainty\nMonte Carlo uncertainty analysis\nSingle-point results hide risk. A 10,000-run Monte Carlo simulation varied every stage cost and the revenue together within their ranges, to show how likely each outcome is.\nFigure 5 \u00b7 Net benefit range, P5 to P95, with P50 marker (million USD)\nP(gain)Thermal PP100%Thermal PE100%Thermal PVC2.0%Mechanical PP5.4%Mechanical PE99.7%Mechanical PVC3.2%Pyrolysis0.0%\nTeal: P5 above zero. Amber: range crosses zero. Grey: P95 below zero. Scale \u221295 to +90 million USD.\nTechnologyP5P50P95Probability of net gainThermal recycling (PP)+16.0+28.3+40.5100.0%Thermal recycling (PE)+39.6+54.7+69.9100.0%Thermal recycling (PVC)\u221214.5\u22127.9\u22121.22.0%Mechanical recycling (PP)\u221284.0\u221241.8+0.85.4%Mechanical recycling (PE)+6.9+29.8+52.999.7%Mechanical recycling (PVC)\u221266.7\u221234.7\u22123.13.2%Chemical recycling (pyrolysis)\u221238.9\u221224.7\u221210.30.0%\nMillion USD. 10,000 runs, uniform distributions within the stated ranges.\nThe three profitable options stay profitable in almost every run: Thermal PE and Thermal PP in 100%, Mechanical PE in 99.7%. No loss-making option exceeds a 5.4% chance of turning a gain. The ranking is stable under the stated uncertainty.\n\n6 \u00b7 Sensitivity\nSensitivity analysis and break-even points\nOne-at-a-time sensitivity changes each driver by 20% while holding the others fixed, to find which input moves the result most.\nFigure 6 \u00b7 Tornado chart for Mechanical PE (million USD)\nFavourable changeUnfavourable changeRevenue\u00b130.0Transportation\u00b112.5Production\u00b15.6Pre-processing\u00b13.2Extraction\u00b11.0End of life\u00b10.9Distribution\u00b10.8Change in net benefit for a \u00b120% change in each driver. Scale \u00b136 million USD.\nTechnologyMost critical driverNet benefit swing at \u00b120%Revenue fall to break evenCost rise to break evenThermal recycling (PP)Revenue\u00b117.033.3%49.9%Thermal recycling (PE)Revenue\u00b122.049.7%98.9%Thermal recycling (PVC)Revenue\u00b18.0Already a net lossAlready a net lossMechanical recycling (PP)Revenue\u00b150.0Already a net lossAlready a net lossMechanical recycling (PE)Revenue\u00b130.020.0%25.0%Mechanical recycling (PVC)Revenue\u00b137.0Already a net lossAlready a net lossChemical recycling (pyrolysis)Revenue\u00b118.0Already a net lossAlready a net loss\nMillion USD. Break-even: the revenue fall or life cycle cost rise that brings net benefit to zero.\nRevenue is the most critical driver for every option. For Mechanical PE, a 20% fall in revenue removes the whole USD 30.0 million net benefit (elasticity 5.0), and a 25% rise in life cycle cost does the same. Transportation, at 52% of its life cycle cost, is the cost to watch.\nWhat this means for the decisionMechanical PE is the right choice, but a thinner one than Thermal PE financially. Thermal PE can absorb a 49.7% revenue fall before breaking even; Mechanical PE can absorb 20%. Secure offtake prices for recycled PE and optimise collection logistics before committing.\n\n7 \u00b7 Integrated score\nWeighted economic-environmental score\nThe economic and environmental indices are combined on a 1 to 5 scale under three weightings, from economics-led (70\/30) to environment-led (30\/70).\nFigure 7 \u00b7 Score under three weightings (1 to 5)\nEconomic\/environmental 70\/30Economic\/environmental 50\/50Economic\/environmental 30\/70Thermal PP3.34Thermal PE3.62Thermal PVC2.45Mechanical PP1.00Mechanical PE4.47Mechanical PVC3.15Pyrolysis3.27Value shown: score at 50\/50. Scale 0 to 5.\nTechnologyEconomic index EEnvironmental index VScore 70\/30 (rank)Score 50\/50 (rank)Score 30\/70 (rank)Thermal recycling (PP)0.7260.4463.57 (3)3.34 (3)3.12 (4)Thermal recycling (PE)1.0000.3124.17 (2)3.62 (2)3.07 (5)Thermal recycling (PVC)0.3500.3732.43 (5)2.45 (6)2.46 (6)Mechanical recycling (PP)0.0000.0001.00 (7)1.00 (7)1.00 (7)Mechanical recycling (PE)0.7430.9944.27 (1)4.47 (1)4.67 (1)Mechanical recycling (PVC)0.0731.0002.40 (6)3.15 (5)3.89 (3)Chemical recycling (pyrolysis)0.1750.9632.64 (4)3.27 (4)3.91 (2)\nMechanical PE ranks first under every weighting, from 4.27 when economics carries 70% to 4.67 when the environment carries 70%. Thermal PE ranks second only when economics dominates, and falls to fifth when the environment does. Testing several weightings, rather than fixing one, is what shows the recommendation is defensible and not an artefact of the weights.\n8 \u00b7 Conclusion\nConclusion and limitations\nRecommendation: adopt mechanical recycling for polyethylene. It returns USD 30.0 million of net benefit at a GWP of 0.124 kg CO\u2082-eq per kg, ranks first under every weighting, and stays profitable in 99.7% of simulated outcomes.\n\nIf carbon carries no weight \u2014 Thermal PE earns more (USD 54.7 million) but emits ten times more CO\u2082-eq per kg.\nProtect the margin \u2014 revenue and transportation drive the Mechanical PE result; lock in offtake prices and optimise logistics.\nAvoid \u2014 Mechanical PP and PVC, Thermal PVC and pyrolysis lose money under almost every simulated outcome.\n\nLimitations\n\nIllustrative teaching dataset with a stated functional unit assumption; three stage values reconciled.\nNo time profile, so present value assumes even spreading; capital timing could change the picture.\nOnly GWP is assessed; other impact categories and GWP uncertainty are not modelled.\nUniform distributions with assumed ranges; correlated inputs would widen the Monte Carlo spread.\n\n\n9 \u00b7 Questions\nFrequently asked questions\nWhat is life cycle costing (LCC)?Life cycle costing adds up every cost an option incurs across its whole life, from extraction and transport through processing, distribution and end of life, so options are compared on total cost rather than purchase or operating cost alone.How is LCC different from life cycle assessment (LCA)?LCC measures money; LCA measures environmental impact, such as global warming potential in kg CO\u2082-eq. This case study uses both and combines them in a weighted score.Which recycling technology performs best in this case study?Mechanical recycling of polyethylene (PE). It returns a net benefit of USD 30.0 million with a GWP of 0.124 kg CO\u2082-eq per kg, ranks first under all three weightings tested, and stays profitable in 99.7% of 10,000 Monte Carlo runs.Why not thermal recycling of PE, which earns more?Thermal PE has the highest net benefit (USD 54.7 million) but a GWP ten times higher (1.24 kg CO\u2082-eq per kg). It ranks second when economics carries 70% of the weight and falls to fifth when the environment does.What is the difference between sensitivity and uncertainty analysis?Sensitivity analysis changes one input at a time to find which driver moves the result most. Uncertainty analysis varies all inputs together, here by Monte Carlo simulation, to show how likely each outcome is.Why does discounting not change the ranking?The case gives life cycle totals without a time profile, so costs and revenues are spread evenly over ten years. Under that assumption discounting multiplies every option by the same factor. Discounting changes rankings when spending is front-loaded, such as heavy capital cost in year one.Can I run this analysis on my own data?Yes. The free DEISO LLC Excel calculator reproduces every calculation in this case study, including a live 1,000-run Monte Carlo simulation, and accepts your own costs, revenues and GWP values.Where can I learn life cycle costing analysis in depth?The DEISO Life cycle costing analysis (LCCA) professional training covers the full method, aligned with ISO 15686-5, IEC 60300-3-3 and ASTM E917, with a progression path from zero knowledge to Expert+.\n\nNext step\nTake the method further\nRework every number in this case study with the free Excel calculator, keep the PDF for reference, or build the full capability through structured training.\nTraining programme\nLife cycle costing analysis (LCCA) professional training\nAdvanced training programmes aligned with ISO 15686-5, IEC 60300-3-3 and ASTM E917, built for engineers, cost analysts, and procurement teams developing practical life cycle costing capability.\nProgression path\nZero knowledge\nProfessional\nExpert\nExpert+\nExplore the LCCA training \u2192\nDownload the Excel calculator\nDownload the PDF case study\n\u00a9 2026 DEISO LLC \u00b7 Tokyo, Japan. Illustrative teaching dataset; a learning resource, not an investment recommendation.\" data-s=\"Life cycle costing case study: 7 plastic recycling options\" data-d=\"1791002899\" data-m=\"1791349787\" data-cat=\"1737\" data-year=\"2026\"><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/life-cycle-costing-plastic-recycling-case-study\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"403\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/DEISO_LCC_Case_Study_featured-768x403.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/DEISO_LCC_Case_Study_featured-768x403.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/DEISO_LCC_Case_Study_featured-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/DEISO_LCC_Case_Study_featured-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/DEISO_LCC_Case_Study_featured-18x9.jpg 18w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/DEISO_LCC_Case_Study_featured.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Tutorials<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Tutorials<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">3 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 13 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/life-cycle-costing-plastic-recycling-case-study\">Life cycle costing case study: 7 plastic recycling options<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Case study \u00b7 Life cycle costing Mechanical recycling of polyethylene offers the best balance of cost and carbon A worked life cycle costing analysis of seven plastic recycling\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/life-cycle-costing-plastic-recycling-case-study\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Life cycle costing case study: 7 plastic recycling options\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Open dumping and open burning of waste: LCA study DEISO Research DEISO Research\nEnvironmental impacts of open dumping, uncontrolled landfilling and open burning of municipal solid waste in developing countries\nA life cycle assessment by income level and climate zone\nAuthor: Dr. Mahdi Ikhlayel. Publisher: DEISO Research, Tokyo. Study conducted in 2016; first published in 2026. DOI: 10.13140\/RG.2.2.28789.95206\nOpen burning, open dumping and uncontrolled landfilling are still the main ways municipal solid waste is disposed of across low- and middle-income countries. This study measures what those practices do to the environment, per tonne of waste, across three income groups and two climates.\nIn short: human toxicity dominates open burning everywhere, at about 77% of the weighted impact. For open dumps and uncontrolled landfills, climate decides the profile \u2014 freshwater ecotoxicity and eutrophication lead in humid climates, human toxicity leads in arid ones.\nAt a glance\nFunctional unit1 tonne of municipal solid waste disposed of\nDisposal methodsOpen burning, open dump, uncontrolled landfill\nCases3 World Bank income groups \u00d7 arid and humid climates\nImpact methodCML 2001, five midpoint categories\nRequest a waste LCA quotation \u2192\nDownload the PDF \u2193\nHow to cite this study\n\n\nKey findings\nWhat the study found\n\nOpen burning \u2014 human toxicity is about 77% of the weighted impact in every income group and both climates, with freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity at about 21%. Per tonne, open burning gives 2,080\u20132,170 kg 1,4-DB-eq of human toxicity potential.\nOpen dumps and uncontrolled landfills, humid climate \u2014 freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity (about 60%) and eutrophication (about 30%) dominate, because heavy metals leave the site through water.\nOpen dumps and uncontrolled landfills, arid climate \u2014 human toxicity leads at about 60%, followed by freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity at about 35%; emissions go mainly to soil, with about 8% to air.\nGlobal warming \u2014 dumping one tonne gives 432\u2013520 kg CO\u2082-eq including biogenic carbon (333\u2013399 kg excluding it), more than twice the 196 kg of open burning, and it rises with income level.\nHeavy metals \u2014 lead and zinc are the largest metal emissions; lead to water is the highest in every case.\nWaste fractions \u2014 metals cause the highest impacts, plastic drives eutrophication and ecotoxicity, and glass has the lowest impact.\n\n\n\nAbstract\nAbstract\nThis life cycle assessment estimates the potential environmental impacts of disposing of municipal solid waste (MSW) in developing countries. It covers waste from three economies \u2014 low-income, lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income \u2014 in two climate zones, arid and humid, and three disposal methods: uncontrolled (unsanitary) landfilling, open dumping and open burning. Five impact categories are assessed with the CML 2001 method: acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential (FAETP), global warming potential (GWP) and human toxicity potential (HTP). The study gives a baseline for the environmental cost of poor waste handling, and shows how that cost changes with climate, income level and waste composition.\nKeywords: waste management; uncontrolled landfills; open dumps; open burning; environmental impacts; developing countries; life cycle assessment; heavy metals\n\n\nBackground\nWaste disposal in developing countries\nThe world generated an estimated 2.01 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste in 2016, and that figure is projected to reach 3.40 billion tonnes by 2050 (Kaza et al., 2018). Disposal practice divides sharply by income: about 93% of waste is dumped in low-income countries, against 2% in high-income countries (Kaza et al., 2018). Collection gaps, limited budgets and weak enforcement keep open dumping and open burning in place across much of Africa, Asia and Latin America (Guerrero et al., 2013; Ferronato &amp; Torretta, 2019).\nEach of these practices moves pollutants into a different part of the environment. Dumps and uncontrolled landfills release leachate to soil and water and landfill gas to air. Open burning releases trace gases, particulate matter and hazardous air pollutants that are largely missing from national emission inventories (Wiedinmyer et al., 2014). Life cycle assessment has been applied widely to solid waste management (Laurent et al., 2014), and earlier work has used uncontrolled disposal as the baseline against which better systems for developing countries are designed (Ikhlayel, 2018b). What is missing is a consistent picture of how the impacts of the disposal practices themselves shift with income level and climate.\n\n\nObjective and scope\nObjective, research questions and scope\nThe study assesses the environmental impacts of MSW disposal in developing countries across three economies and, for each, an arid and a humid climate. It looks at uncontrolled (unsanitary) landfilling, open dumping and open burning, because they are widely practised in many developing countries. The evaluation is built to show the impacts of these practices, how each contributes to environmental degradation, and which environmental issue is most pressing for a given economy and climate.\nThree research questions guide the work:\n\nDo the environmental impacts differ from one economy to another?\nDo climate conditions influence those impacts?\nHow does waste composition affect each impact category?\n\nThe study does not rank individual countries. A ranking would need accurate data on each country\u2019s whole waste management system \u2014 collection schemes, transport distances and energy, the share and composition of waste openly burned, and the size of informal recycling \u2014 and those data are either unavailable or do not exist.\n\n\nMethod\nMethod\nLife cycle assessment and system boundaries\nThe assessment follows the life cycle assessment framework of ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 (ISO, 2006a; ISO, 2006b). The following were kept outside the system boundary: waste collection from the point of generation to the disposal site or a transfer station; transport to a landfill or dump; informal recycling; other treatment such as composting and formal pilot projects; and the energy used to handle waste at disposal sites. The results therefore represent the potential emissions and impacts of the disposal step itself. Countries are grouped as low-income, lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income following the World Bank classification (World Bank, 2016).\nFunctional unit\nThe functional unit is 1 tonne of MSW disposed of by uncontrolled landfilling, open dumping or open burning in a developing country, defined by its economic level and climate.\nInventory analysis\nEmissions to air, water and soil were estimated for each disposal method, economy, climate and waste composition. Inventories for uncontrolled landfills and open dumps came from the waste-specific and climate-specific model of Doka (2016a); inventories for open burning came from the waste-specific model of Doka (2016b). Both models were run for the waste of each economy, for arid and humid conditions, and for 1 tonne of each single waste type. The climate inputs were mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation and mean actual evapotranspiration. The methane correction factor follows the IPCC guidelines (IPCC, 2006). Energy used at disposal sites was outside the scope, so no energy data were needed.\nCalculation methodAll inventory and impact calculations in this study were built and run in Microsoft Excel.\nWaste composition data came from the World Bank (Hoornweg &amp; Bhada-Tata, 2012) and cover organic, paper, plastic, metals, glass and \u201cother\u201d waste. The source does not define \u201cother\u201d waste, and many countries do not report it. In this study it was taken as rubber, textiles, wood and a hazardous e-waste portion mixed with MSW, at 25% each, based on fractions reported for developing countries (Guerrero et al., 2013; Wilson et al., 2015). E-waste in many developing countries is collected and disposed of together with MSW (Ikhlayel, 2017; Ikhlayel, 2018a).\nTable 1. Parameters used in the study.\nParameterValueSourceWaste composition, low income (organic \/ paper \/ plastic \/ glass \/ metals \/ other)64 \/ 5 \/ 8 \/ 3 \/ 3 \/ 17%Hoornweg &amp; Bhada-Tata, 2012Waste composition, lower-middle income59 \/ 9 \/ 12 \/ 3 \/ 2 \/ 15%Hoornweg &amp; Bhada-Tata, 2012Waste composition, upper-middle income54 \/ 14 \/ 11 \/ 5 \/ 3 \/ 13%Hoornweg &amp; Bhada-Tata, 2012Make-up of \u201cother waste\u201dRubber, textiles, wood and e-waste, 25% eachAssumption; see Guerrero et al., 2013, Wilson et al., 2015Climate inputs per zoneMean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, mean actual evapotranspiration for an arid and a humid zoneHijmans et al., 2005; Mu et al., 2011Methane correction factor (MCF)0.6, the default for uncategorised disposal sitesIPCC, 2006Metal fraction burned in open burning10%AssumptionLandfill height \/ open-dump height20 m \/ 10 mAssumptionLandfill operating time30 yearsAssumptionDefinitions of uncontrolled landfill, open dump and open burningAs used in the inventory modelsDoka, 2016a; Doka, 2016b; Hoornweg &amp; Bhada-Tata, 2012\nLife cycle impact assessment\nSeveral impact assessment methods exist, including ILCD, IMPACT 2002+ and ReCiPe. The CML 2001 method (Guin\u00e9e, 2002) was used at midpoint level because it is widely applied to municipal solid waste management. Five categories were evaluated: acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential (FAETP), global warming potential over 100 years (GWP) and human toxicity potential (HTP).\n\n\nResults\nResults and discussion\nImpact profile by disposal method\nOpen burning produces a near-identical profile in both climates and all three economies. Human toxicity is the largest share, at about 77% on average, followed by freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity at about 21%; eutrophication makes up most of the remainder.\nFor open dumps and uncontrolled landfills the profile depends on climate. In humid conditions freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity is the largest share, at about 60% on average, followed by eutrophication at about 30% and human toxicity at about 10%. In arid conditions human toxicity leads at about 60% and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity follows at about 35%. Leaving those two categories aside, eutrophication is the largest remaining impact in the humid climate and global warming in the arid one. Acidification is noticeable in the arid climate and negligible in the humid one; global warming is similar in both.\n\nHuman toxicity (HTP)Global warming (GWP)Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity (FAETP)Eutrophication (EP)Acidification (AP)\nScroll sideways to see the full chart.\nFigure 1. Share of weighted environmental impact by disposal method, income group and climateArid climate0%25%50%75%100%Low incomeLow income, arid, open burning: Human toxicity 75.5%Low income, arid, open burning: Global warming 0.5%Low income, arid, open burning: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 21.5%Low income, arid, open burning: Eutrophication 2%Low income, arid, open burning: Acidification 0.5%OpenburningLow income, arid, open dump: Human toxicity 58%Low income, arid, open dump: Global warming 2%Low income, arid, open dump: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 36.5%Low income, arid, open dump: Eutrophication 2.8%Low income, arid, open dump: Acidification 0.7%OpendumpLow income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Human toxicity 58%Low income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Global warming 2%Low income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 36.5%Low income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Eutrophication 2.8%Low income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Acidification 0.7%UncontrolledlandfillLower-middle incomeLower-middle income, arid, open burning: Human toxicity 80%Lower-middle income, arid, open burning: Global warming 0.3%Lower-middle income, arid, open burning: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 17%Lower-middle income, arid, open burning: Eutrophication 2.2%Lower-middle income, arid, open burning: Acidification 0.5%OpenburningLower-middle income, arid, open dump: Human toxicity 60%Lower-middle income, arid, open dump: Global warming 3%Lower-middle income, arid, open dump: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 33%Lower-middle income, arid, open dump: Eutrophication 3.3%Lower-middle income, arid, open dump: Acidification 0.7%OpendumpLower-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Human toxicity 60%Lower-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Global warming 3%Lower-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 33%Lower-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Eutrophication 3.3%Lower-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Acidification 0.7%UncontrolledlandfillUpper-middle incomeUpper-middle income, arid, open burning: Human toxicity 76%Upper-middle income, arid, open burning: Global warming 0.5%Upper-middle income, arid, open burning: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 21%Upper-middle income, arid, open burning: Eutrophication 2%Upper-middle income, arid, open burning: Acidification 0.5%OpenburningUpper-middle income, arid, open dump: Human toxicity 59%Upper-middle income, arid, open dump: Global warming 2.7%Upper-middle income, arid, open dump: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 35.3%Upper-middle income, arid, open dump: Eutrophication 2.5%Upper-middle income, arid, open dump: Acidification 0.5%OpendumpUpper-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Human toxicity 59%Upper-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Global warming 2.7%Upper-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 35.3%Upper-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Eutrophication 2.5%Upper-middle income, arid, uncontrolled landfill: Acidification 0.5%UncontrolledlandfillHumid climate0%25%50%75%100%Low incomeLow income, humid, open burning: Human toxicity 75.5%Low income, humid, open burning: Global warming 0.5%Low income, humid, open burning: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 21.5%Low income, humid, open burning: Eutrophication 2%Low income, humid, open burning: Acidification 0.5%OpenburningLow income, humid, open dump: Human toxicity 6.5%Low income, humid, open dump: Global warming 2%Low income, humid, open dump: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 64%Low income, humid, open dump: Eutrophication 27.2%Low income, humid, open dump: Acidification 0.3%OpendumpLow income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Human toxicity 6.5%Low income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Global warming 2%Low income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 64%Low income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Eutrophication 27.2%Low income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Acidification 0.3%UncontrolledlandfillLower-middle incomeLower-middle income, humid, open burning: Human toxicity 80%Lower-middle income, humid, open burning: Global warming 0.3%Lower-middle income, humid, open burning: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 17%Lower-middle income, humid, open burning: Eutrophication 2.2%Lower-middle income, humid, open burning: Acidification 0.5%OpenburningLower-middle income, humid, open dump: Human toxicity 7.5%Lower-middle income, humid, open dump: Global warming 2.3%Lower-middle income, humid, open dump: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 54.5%Lower-middle income, humid, open dump: Eutrophication 35.3%Lower-middle income, humid, open dump: Acidification 0.4%OpendumpLower-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Human toxicity 7.5%Lower-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Global warming 2.3%Lower-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 54.5%Lower-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Eutrophication 35.3%Lower-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Acidification 0.4%UncontrolledlandfillUpper-middle incomeUpper-middle income, humid, open burning: Human toxicity 76%Upper-middle income, humid, open burning: Global warming 0.5%Upper-middle income, humid, open burning: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 21%Upper-middle income, humid, open burning: Eutrophication 2%Upper-middle income, humid, open burning: Acidification 0.5%OpenburningUpper-middle income, humid, open dump: Human toxicity 8.5%Upper-middle income, humid, open dump: Global warming 2.2%Upper-middle income, humid, open dump: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 61%Upper-middle income, humid, open dump: Eutrophication 27.9%Upper-middle income, humid, open dump: Acidification 0.4%OpendumpUpper-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Human toxicity 8.5%Upper-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Global warming 2.2%Upper-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity 61%Upper-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Eutrophication 27.9%Upper-middle income, humid, uncontrolled landfill: Acidification 0.4%Uncontrolledlandfill\nFigure 1. Share of weighted environmental impacts of MSW disposal by uncontrolled landfill, open dump and open burning, for three economies in arid and humid climates. Values redrawn from the original analysis.\nShow the data for Figure 1Share of weighted impact (%), by case.ClimateIncome groupMethodHTPGWPFAETPEPAPAridLowOpen burning75.5%0.5%21.5%2%0.5%AridLowOpen dump \/ uncontrolled landfill58%2%36.5%2.8%0.7%AridLower-middleOpen burning80%0.3%17%2.2%0.5%AridLower-middleOpen dump \/ uncontrolled landfill60%3%33%3.3%0.7%AridUpper-middleOpen burning76%0.5%21%2%0.5%AridUpper-middleOpen dump \/ uncontrolled landfill59%2.7%35.3%2.5%0.5%HumidLowOpen burning75.5%0.5%21.5%2%0.5%HumidLowOpen dump \/ uncontrolled landfill6.5%2%64%27.2%0.3%HumidLower-middleOpen burning80%0.3%17%2.2%0.5%HumidLower-middleOpen dump \/ uncontrolled landfill7.5%2.3%54.5%35.3%0.4%HumidUpper-middleOpen burning76%0.5%21%2%0.5%HumidUpper-middleOpen dump \/ uncontrolled landfill8.5%2.2%61%27.9%0.4%\n\nBy economy, human toxicity from open burning changes little, from 2,080 to 2,170 kg 1,4-DB-eq per tonne in both climates. With open dumping and uncontrolled landfilling, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity is the main concern for low-income countries in humid conditions, while human toxicity is the main contributor in arid conditions. In lower-middle-income countries with humid conditions, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity and eutrophication are both significant, and human toxicity is the most severe impact under arid conditions. Upper-middle-income countries follow the lower-middle-income pattern in arid conditions; in humid conditions freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity and human toxicity are the most severe. Table 2 gives the characterised results per tonne.\n\nOpen burning, both climatesDump and landfill, humidDump and landfill, arid\nScroll sideways to see the full chart.\nPer-tonne global warming and human toxicity potential by disposal method, climate and income groupGlobal warming, kg CO\u2082-eq per tonne (incl. biogenic)Human toxicity, kg 1,4-DB-eq per tonneOpen burning, both climatesLowOpen burning, both climates, Low: 196196Open burning, both climates, Low: 2,1302,130Lower-middleOpen burning, both climates, Lower-middle: 196196Open burning, both climates, Lower-middle: 2,0802,080Upper-middleOpen burning, both climates, Upper-middle: 196196Open burning, both climates, Upper-middle: 2,1702,170Dump and landfill, humidLowDump and landfill, humid, Low: 432432Dump and landfill, humid, Low: 129129Lower-middleDump and landfill, humid, Lower-middle: 471471Dump and landfill, humid, Lower-middle: 126126Upper-middleDump and landfill, humid, Upper-middle: 520520Dump and landfill, humid, Upper-middle: 170170Dump and landfill, aridLowDump and landfill, arid, Low: 432432Dump and landfill, arid, Low: 916916Lower-middleDump and landfill, arid, Lower-middle: 471471Dump and landfill, arid, Lower-middle: 762762Upper-middleDump and landfill, arid, Upper-middle: 520520Dump and landfill, arid, Upper-middle: 957957\nTable 2 in chart form. Global warming and human toxicity potential per tonne of MSW, from Table 2. Dumps and uncontrolled landfills carry the larger climate burden; open burning carries by far the larger human toxicity burden.\n\nTable 2. CML 2001 characterised impacts per tonne of MSW disposed of, by disposal method, climate and economy. Open-burning results do not vary with climate, and open dumps and uncontrolled landfills give identical results in this model, so those rows are combined.\nDisposal methodClimateIncome groupAP (kg SO\u2082-eq)EP (kg PO\u2084-eq)FAETP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)GWP incl. biogenic (kg CO\u2082-eq)GWP excl. biogenic (kg CO\u2082-eq)HTP (kg 1,4-DB-eq)Open burningArid and humidLow0.4054.885731961882,130Open burningArid and humidLower-middle0.4054.564191961892,080Open burningArid and humidUpper-middle0.4054.205721961882,170Open dump and uncontrolled landfillHumidLow0.43734.21,150432333129Open dump and uncontrolled landfillHumidLower-middle0.41138.4832471363126Open dump and uncontrolled landfillHumidUpper-middle0.37837.21,150520399170Open dump and uncontrolled landfillAridLow0.8182.98557432333916Open dump and uncontrolled landfillAridLower-middle0.8402.79403471363762Open dump and uncontrolled landfillAridUpper-middle0.7632.56556520399957\nHeavy-metal emissions\nThe main heavy-metal emissions are antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, chromium (VI), cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, tin, titanium, vanadium and zinc. Lead and zinc are the most significant. Compared with other metals on the same emission path, lead emissions to water are the highest in every case, and higher in the arid climate than in the humid one; lead is also significant in soil and slight in air. Zinc emissions are significant to air, followed by soil. Figure 2 shows the mix of the remaining metals in each case.\n\nChromiumNickelManganeseCobaltTinTitaniumCadmiumArsenicAntimonyChromium (VI)MercurySelenium, vanadium, silver\nScroll sideways to see the full chart.\nFigure 2. Heavy-metal emission mix by case, excluding lead and zinc0%25%50%75%100%UMIC, humid, b: Chromium 68.5%UMIC, humid, b: Nickel 14.6%UMIC, humid, b: Manganese 1.3%UMIC, humid, b: Cobalt 0.8%UMIC, humid, b: Tin 5%UMIC, humid, b: Titanium 4.7%UMIC, humid, b: Cadmium 1.3%UMIC, humid, b: Arsenic 0.3%UMIC, humid, b: Antimony 2.4%UMIC, humid, b: Chromium (VI) 0.2%UMIC, humid, b: Mercury 0.2%UMIC, humid, b: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.7%UMIChumidbUMIC, humid, o: Chromium 0.2%UMIC, humid, o: Nickel 2.8%UMIC, humid, o: Manganese 45.8%UMIC, humid, o: Cobalt 27.8%UMIC, humid, o: Titanium 1.2%UMIC, humid, o: Arsenic 6.3%UMIC, humid, o: Antimony 4.7%UMIC, humid, o: Chromium (VI) 7%UMIC, humid, o: Mercury 3.2%UMIC, humid, o: Selenium, vanadium, silver 1%UMIChumidoUMIC, humid, u: Chromium 0.2%UMIC, humid, u: Nickel 2.8%UMIC, humid, u: Manganese 45.8%UMIC, humid, u: Cobalt 27.8%UMIC, humid, u: Titanium 1.2%UMIC, humid, u: Arsenic 6.3%UMIC, humid, u: Antimony 4.7%UMIC, humid, u: Chromium (VI) 7%UMIC, humid, u: Mercury 3.2%UMIC, humid, u: Selenium, vanadium, silver 1%UMIChumiduUMIC, arid, b: Chromium 68.5%UMIC, arid, b: Nickel 14.6%UMIC, arid, b: Manganese 1.3%UMIC, arid, b: Cobalt 0.8%UMIC, arid, b: Tin 5%UMIC, arid, b: Titanium 4.7%UMIC, arid, b: Cadmium 1.3%UMIC, arid, b: Arsenic 0.3%UMIC, arid, b: Antimony 2.4%UMIC, arid, b: Chromium (VI) 0.2%UMIC, arid, b: Mercury 0.2%UMIC, arid, b: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.7%UMICaridbUMIC, arid, o: Chromium 0.8%UMIC, arid, o: Nickel 50.2%UMIC, arid, o: Manganese 5.2%UMIC, arid, o: Cobalt 3%UMIC, arid, o: Tin 16.2%UMIC, arid, o: Titanium 17.6%UMIC, arid, o: Cadmium 4.6%UMIC, arid, o: Arsenic 0.8%UMIC, arid, o: Antimony 0.6%UMIC, arid, o: Chromium (VI) 0.2%UMIC, arid, o: Mercury 0.3%UMIC, arid, o: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.5%UMICaridoUMIC, arid, u: Chromium 0.8%UMIC, arid, u: Nickel 50.2%UMIC, arid, u: Manganese 5.2%UMIC, arid, u: Cobalt 3%UMIC, arid, u: Tin 16.2%UMIC, arid, u: Titanium 17.6%UMIC, arid, u: Cadmium 4.6%UMIC, arid, u: Arsenic 0.8%UMIC, arid, u: Antimony 0.6%UMIC, arid, u: Chromium (VI) 0.2%UMIC, arid, u: Mercury 0.3%UMIC, arid, u: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.5%UMICariduLMIC, arid, b: Chromium 66.5%LMIC, arid, b: Nickel 15%LMIC, arid, b: Manganese 1.7%LMIC, arid, b: Cobalt 1.4%LMIC, arid, b: Tin 5.2%LMIC, arid, b: Titanium 4.1%LMIC, arid, b: Cadmium 1.8%LMIC, arid, b: Arsenic 0.4%LMIC, arid, b: Antimony 2.8%LMIC, arid, b: Chromium (VI) 0.1%LMIC, arid, b: Mercury 0.2%LMIC, arid, b: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.8%LMICaridbLMIC, arid, o: Chromium 0.8%LMIC, arid, o: Nickel 48.9%LMIC, arid, o: Manganese 5%LMIC, arid, o: Cobalt 5%LMIC, arid, o: Tin 15.9%LMIC, arid, o: Titanium 15.3%LMIC, arid, o: Cadmium 6.3%LMIC, arid, o: Arsenic 0.9%LMIC, arid, o: Antimony 0.8%LMIC, arid, o: Chromium (VI) 0.2%LMIC, arid, o: Mercury 0.3%LMIC, arid, o: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.6%LMICaridoLMIC, arid, u: Chromium 0.8%LMIC, arid, u: Nickel 48.9%LMIC, arid, u: Manganese 5%LMIC, arid, u: Cobalt 5%LMIC, arid, u: Tin 15.9%LMIC, arid, u: Titanium 15.3%LMIC, arid, u: Cadmium 6.3%LMIC, arid, u: Arsenic 0.9%LMIC, arid, u: Antimony 0.8%LMIC, arid, u: Chromium (VI) 0.2%LMIC, arid, u: Mercury 0.3%LMIC, arid, u: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.6%LMICariduLMIC, humid, b: Chromium 66.5%LMIC, humid, b: Nickel 15%LMIC, humid, b: Manganese 1.7%LMIC, humid, b: Cobalt 1.4%LMIC, humid, b: Tin 5.2%LMIC, humid, b: Titanium 4.1%LMIC, humid, b: Cadmium 1.8%LMIC, humid, b: Arsenic 0.4%LMIC, humid, b: Antimony 2.8%LMIC, humid, b: Chromium (VI) 0.1%LMIC, humid, b: Mercury 0.2%LMIC, humid, b: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.8%LMIChumidbLMIC, humid, o: Chromium 0.3%LMIC, humid, o: Nickel 1.8%LMIC, humid, o: Manganese 40%LMIC, humid, o: Cobalt 36%LMIC, humid, o: Titanium 1.1%LMIC, humid, o: Arsenic 7.1%LMIC, humid, o: Antimony 4%LMIC, humid, o: Chromium (VI) 5.6%LMIC, humid, o: Mercury 3%LMIC, humid, o: Selenium, vanadium, silver 1.1%LMIChumidoLMIC, humid, u: Chromium 0.3%LMIC, humid, u: Nickel 1.8%LMIC, humid, u: Manganese 40%LMIC, humid, u: Cobalt 36%LMIC, humid, u: Titanium 1.1%LMIC, humid, u: Arsenic 7.1%LMIC, humid, u: Antimony 4%LMIC, humid, u: Chromium (VI) 5.6%LMIC, humid, u: Mercury 3%LMIC, humid, u: Selenium, vanadium, silver 1.1%LMIChumiduLIC, arid, o: Chromium 0.9%LIC, arid, o: Nickel 58.3%LIC, arid, o: Manganese 3.4%LIC, arid, o: Cobalt 4.3%LIC, arid, o: Tin 19.3%LIC, arid, o: Titanium 7.2%LIC, arid, o: Cadmium 4.1%LIC, arid, o: Arsenic 0.8%LIC, arid, o: Antimony 0.7%LIC, arid, o: Chromium (VI) 0.2%LIC, arid, o: Mercury 0.3%LIC, arid, o: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.5%LICaridoLIC, arid, u: Chromium 0.9%LIC, arid, u: Nickel 58.3%LIC, arid, u: Manganese 3.4%LIC, arid, u: Cobalt 4.3%LIC, arid, u: Tin 19.3%LIC, arid, u: Titanium 7.2%LIC, arid, u: Cadmium 4.1%LIC, arid, u: Arsenic 0.8%LIC, arid, u: Antimony 0.7%LIC, arid, u: Chromium (VI) 0.2%LIC, arid, u: Mercury 0.3%LIC, arid, u: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.5%LICariduLIC, humid, b: Chromium 71%LIC, humid, b: Nickel 15.6%LIC, humid, b: Manganese 1%LIC, humid, b: Cobalt 1%LIC, humid, b: Tin 5.4%LIC, humid, b: Titanium 1.5%LIC, humid, b: Cadmium 1%LIC, humid, b: Arsenic 0.2%LIC, humid, b: Antimony 2.5%LIC, humid, b: Chromium (VI) 0.1%LIC, humid, b: Mercury 0.2%LIC, humid, b: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.5%LIChumidbLIC, arid, b: Chromium 71%LIC, arid, b: Nickel 15.6%LIC, arid, b: Manganese 1%LIC, arid, b: Cobalt 1%LIC, arid, b: Tin 5.4%LIC, arid, b: Titanium 1.5%LIC, arid, b: Cadmium 1%LIC, arid, b: Arsenic 0.2%LIC, arid, b: Antimony 2.5%LIC, arid, b: Chromium (VI) 0.1%LIC, arid, b: Mercury 0.2%LIC, arid, b: Selenium, vanadium, silver 0.5%LICaridbLIC, humid, o: Chromium 0.3%LIC, humid, o: Nickel 3%LIC, humid, o: Manganese 30%LIC, humid, o: Cobalt 41%LIC, humid, o: Titanium 0.8%LIC, humid, o: Arsenic 7.4%LIC, humid, o: Antimony 5.3%LIC, humid, o: Chromium (VI) 8.2%LIC, humid, o: Mercury 3%LIC, humid, o: Selenium, vanadium, silver 1%LIChumidoLIC, humid, u: Chromium 0.3%LIC, humid, u: Nickel 3%LIC, humid, u: Manganese 30%LIC, humid, u: Cobalt 41%LIC, humid, u: Titanium 0.8%LIC, humid, u: Arsenic 7.4%LIC, humid, u: Antimony 5.3%LIC, humid, u: Chromium (VI) 8.2%LIC, humid, u: Mercury 3%LIC, humid, u: Selenium, vanadium, silver 1%LIChumidu\nFigure 2. Heavy-metal emissions by case, as a share of total metal emissions, excluding lead and zinc. LIC, LMIC and UMIC are low-, lower-middle- and upper-middle-income countries; b is open burning, o is open dump, u is uncontrolled landfill. Values redrawn from the original analysis.\n\nFigure 3 shows where those emissions go. In the humid climate the fate of heavy metals from dumps and uncontrolled landfills is almost entirely water, while in the arid climate it is soil, at about 90%, and air, at about 8%. Open burning sends metal emissions to soil in every case. Across the elements examined, metal presence in soil is significant compared with air, and the same holds for emissions overall, regardless of economy and disposal method.\n\nWaterSoilAir\nScroll sideways to see the full chart.\nFigure 3. Share of heavy-metal emissions to water, soil and air by case0%25%50%75%100%UMIC, humid, uUMIC, humid, u: Water 99.9%UMIC, humid, u: Air 0.1%UMIC, humid, oUMIC, humid, o: Water 99.9%UMIC, humid, o: Air 0.1%UMIC, humid, bUMIC, humid, b: Soil 99.9%UMIC, humid, b: Air 0.1%UMIC, arid, uUMIC, arid, u: Water 1.6%UMIC, arid, u: Soil 90.1%UMIC, arid, u: Air 8.3%UMIC, arid, oUMIC, arid, o: Water 1.6%UMIC, arid, o: Soil 90.1%UMIC, arid, o: Air 8.3%UMIC, arid, bUMIC, arid, b: Soil 99.9%UMIC, arid, b: Air 0.1%LMIC, humid, uLMIC, humid, u: Water 99.9%LMIC, humid, u: Air 0.1%LMIC, humid, oLMIC, humid, o: Water 99.9%LMIC, humid, o: Air 0.1%LMIC, humid, bLMIC, humid, b: Soil 99.9%LMIC, humid, b: Air 0.1%LMIC, arid, uLMIC, arid, u: Water 1.3%LMIC, arid, u: Soil 90.2%LMIC, arid, u: Air 8.5%LMIC, arid, oLMIC, arid, o: Water 1.3%LMIC, arid, o: Soil 90.2%LMIC, arid, o: Air 8.5%LMIC, arid, bLMIC, arid, b: Soil 99.9%LMIC, arid, b: Air 0.1%LIC, humid, uLIC, humid, u: Water 99.9%LIC, humid, u: Air 0.1%LIC, humid, oLIC, humid, o: Water 99.9%LIC, humid, o: Air 0.1%LIC, arid, bLIC, arid, b: Soil 99.9%LIC, arid, b: Air 0.1%LIC, humid, bLIC, humid, b: Soil 99.9%LIC, humid, b: Air 0.1%LIC, arid, uLIC, arid, u: Water 1.4%LIC, arid, u: Soil 90.4%LIC, arid, u: Air 8.2%LIC, arid, oLIC, arid, o: Water 1.4%LIC, arid, o: Soil 90.4%LIC, arid, o: Air 8.2%\nFigure 3. Share of heavy-metal emissions to water, soil and air by case. Abbreviations as in Figure 2. Values redrawn from the original analysis.\n\nImpacts by economy and climate\nFigure 4 aggregates the weighted impacts by economy and climate. Human toxicity is more significant in arid conditions, highest in upper-middle-income countries (21.6%). Global warming is highest in upper-middle-income countries in both climates (18.0%). Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity is significant in humid conditions, at 23.1% for both low-income and upper-middle-income countries, and lowest for lower-middle-income countries in arid conditions (9.9%). Eutrophication is significant in humid conditions, particularly in lower-middle-income (30.8%), upper-middle-income (29.8%) and low-income (27.9%) countries. Acidification is higher in arid conditions, at 21.4% for lower-middle-income and 21.0% for low-income countries.\n\nScroll sideways to see the full chart.\nFigure 4. Aggregated and weighted impacts by income group and climateLIC aridLIC humidLMIC aridLMIC humidUMIC aridUMIC humidAcidification21.02%13.11%21.42%12.63%19.89%11.94%Eutrophication4.11%27.86%3.86%30.83%3.55%29.79%Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity13.56%23.11%9.87%16.80%13.56%23.11%Global warming15.42%15.41%16.57%16.57%18.02%18.02%Human toxicity20.98%12.65%19.10%12.35%21.62%13.30%\nFigure 4. Aggregated and weighted environmental impacts by economy and climate. Each value is the share of that economy-climate case within the impact category, so each row sums to 100%. Darker cells mark larger shares.\nShow the data for Figure 4Aggregated and weighted impacts (%).Impact categoryLIC aridLIC humidLMIC aridLMIC humidUMIC aridUMIC humidAcidification21.02%13.11%21.42%12.63%19.89%11.94%Eutrophication4.11%27.86%3.86%30.83%3.55%29.79%Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity13.56%23.11%9.87%16.80%13.56%23.11%Global warming15.42%15.41%16.57%16.57%18.02%18.02%Human toxicity20.98%12.65%19.10%12.35%21.62%13.30%\n\nImpacts by waste type\nTo isolate the effect of composition, 1 tonne of each waste type \u2014 organic, paper, plastic, glass, metals and other waste \u2014 from low-income countries was modelled through open dumping and uncontrolled landfilling in both climates. The worst impacts come from the disposal of metals, in both climates. The next worst come from plastic, other waste and paper in the humid climate. Glass has the lowest impacts in both climates.\nEach fraction points to a particular concern: metals to human toxicity and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity; paper to human toxicity; plastic to eutrophication and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity; organic waste to global warming, human toxicity and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity; glass to human toxicity and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity; and other waste to eutrophication, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity and human toxicity. These findings agree with the results for whole waste compositions.\n\nArid climateHumid climate\nScroll sideways to see the full chart.\nFigure 5. Split of each impact category between arid and humid climates, by waste type0%25%50%75%100%Organic, AP: arid 60%Organic, AP: humid 40%APOrganic, EP: arid 9%Organic, EP: humid 91%EPOrganic, FAETP: arid 33%Organic, FAETP: humid 67%FAETPOrganic, GWP: arid 50%Organic, GWP: humid 50%GWPOrganic, HTP: arid 78%Organic, HTP: humid 22%HTPOrganicPaper, AP: arid 47.5%Paper, AP: humid 52.5%APPaper, EP: arid 3%Paper, EP: humid 97%EPPaper, FAETP: arid 32.5%Paper, FAETP: humid 67.5%FAETPPaper, GWP: arid 50%Paper, GWP: humid 50%GWPPaper, HTP: arid 53.5%Paper, HTP: humid 46.5%HTPPaperPlastic, AP: arid 91.5%Plastic, AP: humid 8.5%APPlastic, EP: arid 1%Plastic, EP: humid 99%EPPlastic, FAETP: arid 33%Plastic, FAETP: humid 67%FAETPPlastic, GWP: arid 50%Plastic, GWP: humid 50%GWPPlastic, HTP: arid 98.5%Plastic, HTP: humid 1.5%HTPPlasticGlass, AP: arid 100%AP\u2013EPGlass, FAETP: arid 33%Glass, FAETP: humid 67%FAETP\u2013GWPGlass, HTP: arid 99.5%Glass, HTP: humid 0.5%HTPGlass\u2013AP\u2013EPMetals, FAETP: arid 32.5%Metals, FAETP: humid 67.5%FAETP\u2013GWPMetals, HTP: arid 90%Metals, HTP: humid 10%HTPMetalsOther waste, AP: arid 61.5%Other waste, AP: humid 38.5%APOther waste, EP: arid 12%Other waste, EP: humid 88%EPOther waste, FAETP: arid 33%Other waste, FAETP: humid 67%FAETPOther waste, GWP: arid 50%Other waste, GWP: humid 50%GWPOther waste, HTP: arid 97.5%Other waste, HTP: humid 2.5%HTPOther waste\nFigure 5. Split of each impact category between arid and humid climates for 1 tonne of each waste type disposed of in open dumps and uncontrolled landfills (both methods give identical results). A dash marks a category with no contribution from that fraction. Values redrawn from the original analysis.\nShow the data for Figure 5Share of each impact category, arid \/ humid.Waste typeAPEPFAETPGWPHTPOrganic60% \/ 40%9% \/ 91%33% \/ 67%50% \/ 50%78% \/ 22%Paper47.5% \/ 52.5%3% \/ 97%32.5% \/ 67.5%50% \/ 50%53.5% \/ 46.5%Plastic91.5% \/ 8.5%1% \/ 99%33% \/ 67%50% \/ 50%98.5% \/ 1.5%Glass100% \/ 0%\u201333% \/ 67%\u201399.5% \/ 0.5%Metals\u2013\u201332.5% \/ 67.5%\u201390% \/ 10%Other waste61.5% \/ 38.5%12% \/ 88%33% \/ 67%50% \/ 50%97.5% \/ 2.5%\n\n\n\nUncertainty\nSensitivity and Monte Carlo analysis\nThe sensitivity analysis used waste disposal in low-income countries with arid conditions, through uncontrolled landfills and open dumps, for a composition of 64% organic, 5% paper, 8% plastic, 3% glass, 3% metals and 17% other waste (Hoornweg &amp; Bhada-Tata, 2012). Each fraction was varied by one standard deviation of \u221250% and +50%. The overall results do not change, but the analysis shows which inputs carry influence: the metals fraction and the organic fraction have the strongest effect, and glass and other waste also move the results in some cases.\nTable 3. Results of the sensitivity analysis.\nCaseOrganicPaperPlasticGlassMetalsOther waste1 \u2212 SD\u22122.7%\u22120.7%\u22121.7%\u221229.3%\u221213.2%\u22122.4%1 + SD2.7%0.7%1.7%29.3%13.2%2.4%2 \u2212 SD\u22121.2%\u22120.5%\u22120.9%\u22127.3%\u221235.9%\u22124.4%2 + SD1.2%0.5%0.9%7.3%35.9%4.4%3 \u2212 SD\u22129.0%\u22120.5%\u22127.4%\u221213.0%0.0%\u221220.1%3 + SD9.0%0.5%7.4%13.0%0.0%20.1%4 \u2212 SD\u221233.0%\u22129.2%\u22121.1%0.0%0.0%\u22126.8%4 + SD33.0%9.2%1.1%0.0%0.0%6.8%5 \u2212 SD\u221214.3%\u22121.3%\u22121.7%0.0%0.0%\u221232.7%5 + SD14.3%1.3%1.7%0.0%0.0%32.7%\n\nScroll sideways to see the full chart.\nSensitivity analysis: change in result for plus or minus one standard deviation, by waste fraction and caseCase 1Case 2Case 3Case 4Case 5Organic\u00b12.7%\u00b11.2%\u00b19%\u00b133%\u00b114.3%Paper\u00b10.7%\u00b10.5%\u00b10.5%\u00b19.2%\u00b11.3%Plastic\u00b11.7%\u00b10.9%\u00b17.4%\u00b11.1%\u00b11.7%Glass\u00b129.3%\u00b17.3%\u00b113%0%0%Metals\u00b113.2%\u00b135.9%0%0%0%Other waste\u00b12.4%\u00b14.4%\u00b120.1%\u00b16.8%\u00b132.7%\nTable 3 in chart form. Size of the change in result for \u00b11 standard deviation in each waste fraction, by case. Darker cells mark larger changes.\n\nUncertainty was tested with a Monte Carlo analysis of 1,000 runs with randomly generated parameters. Table 4 lists, for each impact category, the share of runs that changed the result by a given amount. Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity results cluster tightly: about 62% of runs changed the result by no more than \u00b10.5%, about 92% by no more than \u00b11.5%, and none by more than \u00b14.5%. Human toxicity spreads a little wider, with about 74% of runs within \u00b12.5%. For acidification, global warming and eutrophication, no single change band holds more than 5% of runs. All recorded changes stay within \u00b19.5% of the base result, so the results are stable.\nTable 4. Monte Carlo analysis: share of 1,000 runs, by change in result and impact category.\nChange in resultHTPFAETPAPGWPEP\u22129.5%0.06%0%2.5%1.03%2.06%\u22128.5%0.07%0%2.88%1.11%2.37%\u22127.5%0.33%0%2.98%1.25%2.39%\u22126.5%0.75%0%3.39%1.33%2.36%\u22125.5%2.03%0%3.61%1.05%2.59%\u22124.5%3.39%0.05%3.78%1.19%2.53%\u22123.5%6.3%0.46%4.01%1.41%2.79%\u22122.5%9.53%3.79%4.14%0.97%2.71%\u22121.5%12.28%14.87%4.48%1.4%2.73%\u22120.5%14.91%30.49%4.51%1.21%2.96%+0.5%14.55%31.14%4.45%1.12%2.83%+1.5%13.31%15.15%4.12%1.37%2.64%+2.5%9.43%3.64%4.18%1.14%2.51%+3.5%6.32%0.39%4.4%1.05%2.78%+4.5%3.79%0.02%4.14%1.23%2.69%+5.5%1.83%0%3.66%1.1%2.68%+6.5%0.74%0%3.62%1.07%2.87%+7.5%0.29%0%3.07%1.15%2.46%+8.5%0.06%0%2.63%1.23%2.3%+9.5%0.03%0%2.54%1.13%2.27%\n\nHTPFAETPAPGWPEP\nScroll sideways to see the full chart.\nMonte Carlo analysis: share of 1,000 runs by change in result, per impact category0%10%20%30%\u22129.5%\u22125.5%\u22121.5%+1.5%+5.5%+9.5%Change in resultHTPFAETPAPGWPEP\nTable 4 in chart form. Share of 1,000 Monte Carlo runs in each change band, by impact category. The sharp FAETP and HTP peaks around zero show how tightly those results cluster.\n\n\n\nConclusion\nConclusion and implications\nAll three disposal practices damage the environment, but not in the same way. The answer to the first research question is yes, though less than expected: income level shifts the size of individual impacts by a few percentage points, while the ranking of concerns stays much the same. The answer to the second is strongly yes: for dumps and uncontrolled landfills, climate decides whether the main burden falls on freshwater ecosystems or on human health. The answer to the third is that a few fractions \u2014 metals above all, then plastic and organic waste \u2014 carry most of the impact.\nWhat this study adds\n\nOne consistent comparison \u2014 three income groups, two climates, three disposal methods and six waste fractions are assessed per tonne with the same models and impact method, instead of one city or one country at a time.\nClimate outweighs income \u2014 for dumps and uncontrolled landfills, moving from an arid to a humid climate changes which impact dominates, while moving between income groups changes impact shares by only a few percentage points.\nThe mechanism behind the climate effect \u2014 heavy-metal emissions are traced to their receiving medium: water in humid climates, soil and air in arid ones.\nFraction-level priorities \u2014 metals, plastic and organic waste are identified as the fractions that carry most of the impact, which points to where separation pays off first.\n\nThree practical priorities follow from the results:\n\nEnd open burning first \u2014 its human toxicity burden is the highest in absolute terms and does not ease with income level or climate.\nMatch site controls to climate \u2014 in humid regions, leachate containment protects water; in arid regions, cover and soil protection limit metal exposure.\nKeep metals and e-waste out of mixed waste \u2014 the metals fraction drives human toxicity and ecotoxicity and is among the most influential inputs in the sensitivity analysis.\n\nLimitations\n\nCollection, transport, informal recycling and site energy are outside the system boundary.\nOpen dumps and uncontrolled landfills share the same inventory model and parameters here, so they give identical results.\nWaste composition data date from 2012; Figures 1 to 5 show weighted shares, while Table 2 gives absolute characterised results.\n\n\n\nQuestions\nFrequently asked questions\nWhich waste disposal method has the highest human toxicity impact in developing countries?Open burning. In this study it carries about 77% of the weighted impact as human toxicity in every income group and climate, and its characterised human toxicity potential is 2,080 to 2,170 kg 1,4-DB-eq per tonne of waste, against 126 to 957 kg for open dumps and uncontrolled landfills.How does climate change the environmental impact of open dumps and uncontrolled landfills?In humid climates heavy metals leave the site mostly through water, so freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity (about 60% of the weighted impact) and eutrophication (about 30%) dominate. In arid climates emissions go mainly to soil and air, and human toxicity leads at about 60%, followed by freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity at about 35%.What is the carbon footprint of open dumping one tonne of municipal solid waste?Between 432 and 520 kg CO\u2082-eq per tonne including biogenic carbon, or 333 to 399 kg CO\u2082-eq excluding it, rising with income level. Open burning of the same tonne gives about 196 kg CO\u2082-eq including biogenic carbon.Which waste fractions cause the most environmental impact when dumped?Metals, through human toxicity and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity. Plastic raises eutrophication and ecotoxicity, organic waste contributes to global warming, human toxicity and ecotoxicity, and glass has the lowest impact of the fractions studied.Can DEISO run a life cycle assessment of a waste management system?Yes. DEISO runs life cycle assessments of waste collection, treatment and disposal systems, from inventory modelling through scenario comparison to reporting. Requests go through the DEISO quotation form.\n\n\nCitation\nHow to cite this study\nResearchers are welcome to cite this study, and the full study is available as a PDF. Please credit Dr. Mahdi Ikhlayel as the author and DEISO Research as the publisher, using one of the formats below; the link to this page is added automatically.\nAPA 7CopyIkhlayel, M. (2026). Environmental impacts of open dumping, uncontrolled landfilling and open burning of municipal solid waste in developing countries: a life cycle assessment by income level and climate zone. DEISO Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.28789.95206\nHarvardCopyIkhlayel, M. (2026) Environmental impacts of open dumping, uncontrolled landfilling and open burning of municipal solid waste in developing countries: a life cycle assessment by income level and climate zone. Tokyo: DEISO Research. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.28789.95206\nBibTeXCopy@techreport{ikhlayel2026msw,\n  author      = {Ikhlayel, Mahdi},\n  title       = {Environmental impacts of open dumping, uncontrolled landfilling and open burning of municipal solid waste in developing countries: a life cycle assessment by income level and climate zone},\n  institution = {DEISO Research},\n  publisher   = {DEISO Research},\n  address     = {Tokyo, Japan},\n  year        = {2026},\n  doi         = {10.13140\/RG.2.2.28789.95206}\n}\n\n\nNext step\nNeed this analysis for your own waste system?\nDEISO runs life cycle assessments of waste collection, treatment and disposal systems, from inventory modelling to scenario comparison and reporting. DEISO also trains teams to run these studies themselves.\nExplore LCA project execution services \u2192\nFind LCA training \u2192\nDownload the PDF \u2193\n\n\nReferences\nReferences\n\nDoka, G. (2016a). A model for waste-specific and climate-specific life cycle inventories of open and unsanitary landfilling of waste. Doka Life Cycle Assessments, Zurich, Switzerland. http:\/\/www.doka.ch\/publications.htm\nDoka, G. (2016b). A model for waste-specific life cycle inventories of open burning of waste. Doka Life Cycle Assessments, Zurich, Switzerland. http:\/\/www.doka.ch\/publications.htm\nFerronato, N., &amp; Torretta, V. (2019). Waste mismanagement in developing countries: A review of global issues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 1060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16061060\nGuerrero, L. A., Maas, G., &amp; Hogland, W. (2013). Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries. Waste Management, 33(1), 220\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2012.09.008\nGuin\u00e9e, J. B. (Ed.). (2002). Handbook on life cycle assessment: Operational guide to the ISO standards. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/0-306-48055-7\nHijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G., &amp; Jarvis, A. (2005). Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25(15), 1965\u20131978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/joc.1276\nHoornweg, D., &amp; Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a waste: A global review of solid waste management. Urban Development Series Knowledge Papers No. 15. World Bank, Washington, DC. https:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT\/Resources\/336387-1334852610766\/What_a_Waste2012_Final.pdf\nIkhlayel, M. (2017). Environmental impacts and benefits of state-of-the-art technologies for e-waste management. Waste Management, 68, 458\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.06.038\nIkhlayel, M. (2018a). An integrated approach to establish e-waste management systems for developing countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 170, 119\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.09.137\nIkhlayel, M. (2018b). Development of management systems for sustainable municipal solid waste in developing countries: A systematic life cycle thinking approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 180, 571\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.057\nIkhlayel, M. (2018c). Life cycle assessment of integrated e-waste management systems for developing countries: Assessment in Jordan (Doctoral dissertation). The University of Tokyo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15083\/00075347\nIPCC. (2006). Chapter 3: Solid waste disposal. In 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 5: Waste (prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme). IGES, Hayama, Japan.\nISO. (2006a). ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management \u2014 Life cycle assessment \u2014 Principles and framework. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.\nISO. (2006b). ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management \u2014 Life cycle assessment \u2014 Requirements and guidelines. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.\nKaza, S., Yao, L., Bhada-Tata, P., &amp; Van Woerden, F. (2018). What a waste 2.0: A global snapshot of solid waste management to 2050. World Bank, Washington, DC. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-1329-0\nLaurent, A., Bakas, I., Clavreul, J., Bernstad, A., Niero, M., Gentil, E., Hauschild, M. Z., &amp; Christensen, T. H. (2014). Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systems \u2014 Part I: Lessons learned and perspectives. Waste Management, 34(3), 573\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.10.045\nMu, Q., Zhao, M., &amp; Running, S. W. (2011). Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115(8), 1781\u20131800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.019\nWiedinmyer, C., Yokelson, R. J., &amp; Gullett, B. K. (2014). Global emissions of trace gases, particulate matter, and hazardous air pollutants from open burning of domestic waste. Environmental Science &amp; Technology, 48(16), 9523\u20139530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es502250z\nWilson, D. C., Rodic, L., Modak, P., Soos, R., Carpintero, A., Velis, C. A., Iyer, M., &amp; Simonett, O. (2015). Global waste management outlook. United Nations Environment Programme and International Solid Waste Association.\nWorld Bank. (2016). New country classifications. Income level based on gross national income (GNI) per capita; accessed 3 June 2016. http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/news\/new-country-classifications-2015\n\n\n\n    \n      Work with DEISO\n      Hire DEISO for your LCA work\n      Need results like these for your own product? DEISO can run the study, review one you already have, or train your team to do it in-house.\n        Studies, review and advisoryDEISO does the technical work\n        LCA project executionFull LCA studies for products, systems and value chains, from scope and modelling to a report that holds up under review.See LCA studies \u2192LCA critical review, ISO 14040 and 14044An independent technical check of a finished LCA: whether the method is consistent, the assumptions are stated, and the study conforms to ISO 14040 and 14044.See critical review \u2192Senior LCA strategic advisorySenior input on scope decisions, method choices and study planning for ISO-aligned LCA and EPD work, including advisory support before a study goes out.See advisory \u2192DEISO agri and industrial LCI databaseCurated inventory records and emission factors for agricultural and industrial processes, to cut modelling time and fill the gaps in a study.See the LCI database \u2192\n        TrainingYour team learns to do it\n        LCA capacity building, ISO-aligned programTraining for individuals and teams in LCA method, study design, interpretation and reporting, built around doing the work rather than watching slides.See the LCA program \u2192GaBi (LCA for Experts) capacity buildingFor professionals who need firmer control of GaBi: advanced modelling logic, database use and scenario set-up.See GaBi training \u2192openLCA capacity buildingPractical openLCA training for professionals who want to model with confidence in one of the most widely used open-source LCA tools.See openLCA training \u2192SimaPro capacity buildingSimaPro training for corporate and professional users, focused on sound modelling and results a team can act on.See SimaPro training \u2192\n        CoachingExpert help on your own model\n        SimaPro advanced coachingFor experienced SimaPro users stuck on something specific: refining a model, tracking down an error, or reading the results correctly.See SimaPro coaching \u2192GaBi coaching for professionalsFocused help for GaBi users who want leaner models, faster workflows and a surer hand with advanced project practice.See GaBi coaching \u2192openLCA professional coachingOne-to-one or team coaching for experienced openLCA users who need direction on a live project.See openLCA coaching \u2192\n        Training and coaching run one-to-one or for a group and start as soon as the schedule and payment are confirmed, with no waiting for a cohort. Coaching is booked by the hour. Every DEISO trainer and coach is a PhD-level LCA expert.\n        Tell us what you need\n        Send a short brief: the product or study, the scope, and what the result is for. DEISO will come back with a quotation built around it.\n        Request a quotation \u2192\" data-s=\"Open dumping and open burning of waste: LCA study\" data-d=\"1790818267\" data-m=\"1791350295\" data-cat=\"1720\" data-year=\"2026\"><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/msw-disposal-lca-developing-countries\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"403\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-research-msw-disposal-lca-featured-768x403.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-research-msw-disposal-lca-featured-768x403.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-research-msw-disposal-lca-featured-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-research-msw-disposal-lca-featured-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-research-msw-disposal-lca-featured-18x9.jpg 18w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/deiso-research-msw-disposal-lca-featured.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">DEISO Research<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">DEISO Research<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">1 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 34 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/msw-disposal-lca-developing-countries\">Open dumping and open burning of waste: LCA study<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">DEISO Research Environmental impacts of open dumping, uncontrolled landfilling and open burning of municipal solid waste in developing countries A life cycle assessment by income level and climate\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/msw-disposal-lca-developing-countries\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Open dumping and open burning of waste: LCA study\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Sodium hydroxide carbon footprint: 1.05 kg CO2e per kg (LCA case study) DEISO Research Case study\r\nLife cycle assessment of sodium hydroxide production at plant, 1 kg\r\nWhere the energy and raw materials for 1 kg of sodium hydroxide come from: salt, coal, natural gas and fuel oil, each with its own transport and fuel inputs.\r\n\r\nFunctional unit1 kg sodium hydroxide, production mix, at plant\r\nProduct system4 supply chains, 15 upstream inputs\r\nPrepared byDEISO LLC, Tokyo\r\n\r\n1Stage 1\r\n\r\n \tDiesel combusted in industrial boiler\r\n \tBituminous coal combusted in industrial boiler\r\n \tNatural gas combusted in industrial boiler\r\n \tElectricity at the grid, US\r\n\r\nProcessSodium chloride at plant\r\n\r\nSodium chloride\r\n2Stage 2\r\n\r\n \tBituminous coal (mining)\r\n \tGasoline combusted in equipment\r\n \tTransport by combination truck (fuel mix)\r\n \tTransport by train (diesel-powered)\r\n\r\nProcessBituminous coal combusted in industrial boiler\r\n\r\nBituminous coal\r\n3Stage 3\r\n\r\n \tTransport by combination truck (fuel mix)\r\n \tTransport by train (diesel-powered)\r\n \tNatural gas processed at plant\r\n\r\nProcessNatural gas combusted in industrial boiler\r\n\r\nNatural gas\r\n4Stage 4\r\n\r\n \tTransport by barge (fuel mix)\r\n \tTransport by train (diesel-powered)\r\n \tTransport by combination truck (fuel mix)\r\n \tResidual fuel oil at refinery\r\n\r\nProcessResidual fuel oil combusted in industrial boiler\r\n\r\nResidual fuel oil\r\nFunctional unit1 kgSodium hydroxide, production mix, at plantThe four intermediate products all feed this final process\r\n\r\n \tCombustion\r\n \tElectricity\r\n \tTransport\r\n \tExtraction\r\n \tProcessing\r\n\r\nFigure 1. Product system for the life cycle assessment of sodium hydroxide production at plant, 1 kg.\u00a9 2026 DEISO LLC. All rights reserved.\r\nDownload diagram, English (JPG) \u2193\r\nDownload diagram, Arabic (JPG) \u2193\r\nSee DEISO LCA services \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhy LCA\r\nWhy chemicals need a life cycle view\r\nTwo chemicals can do the same job and still leave very different footprints. The difference comes from how each one is made: which raw materials go in, how much energy the process draws, and what ends up in the air, water and soil along the way.\r\n\r\nLife cycle assessment (LCA) puts numbers on that. Under ISO 14040 and 14044, it follows a product from raw material extraction through production, use and disposal, and adds up the energy used, the emissions released and the impacts they cause.\r\nWhat an LCA lets a chemical producer do\r\n\r\n \tCompare routes \u2014 see which synthesis route, supplier or site carries the lower footprint for the same product.\r\n \tFind hotspots \u2014 pin down the fuels, inputs and process steps that drive most of the impact.\r\n \tTest a change on paper first \u2014 model a switch in energy source or raw material before spending money on it.\r\n \tAnswer customers \u2014 give buyers who ask for a product carbon footprint figures they can trace back to data.\r\n\r\nLCA results take some effort to read, but they are what decisions on chemical production should rest on. A worked example is the quickest way to see how the pieces fit, which is what this case study is for.\r\n\r\nThe product\r\nSodium hydroxide at a glance\r\nFormulaNaOHA strong base and alkali\r\nAlso calledCaustic soda, lyeSame substance, different trade names\r\nWorld output, 2024About 75\u201383 million tonnesEstimates differ by source\r\nLargest producerChina, about 28\u201331%Followed by the United States and India\r\nHow it is tradedMostly as a water solutionOver 90% of global trade is soda lye\r\nMade alongsideChlorine and hydrogenAll three come out of the same cell\r\n\r\nPure sodium hydroxide is a white solid. It dissolves readily in water, splitting into sodium ions (Na\u207a) and hydroxide ions (OH\u207b), and it pulls moisture and carbon dioxide out of the air if left open. Between 12.3 and 61.8 \u00b0C, water solutions crystallise as the monohydrate, NaOH\u00b7H\u2082O, and much of the \u201csodium hydroxide\u201d sold commercially is in fact this monohydrate.\r\n\r\nIn practice, most users buy it as a solution rather than a solid. It is cheaper to ship and far easier to pump, dose and mix.\r\n\r\nHandling\r\n\r\nSodium hydroxide breaks down proteins at room temperature. It causes severe chemical burns on skin, can permanently damage eyes, and is dangerous if swallowed.\r\n\r\nProduction\r\nHow sodium hydroxide is made\r\nAlmost all of it comes from the chlor-alkali process. An electric current is passed through salt brine, and the brine splits into three products at once.\r\n\r\n2 NaCl + 2 H\u2082O \u2192 Cl\u2082 + H\u2082 + 2 NaOHSalt and water in; chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide out\r\n\r\nThe ratio never changes. For every tonne of chlorine, a plant makes about 1.1 tonnes of caustic soda and 0.03 tonnes of hydrogen. The industry calls this bundle an electrochemical unit, or ECU.\r\n\r\n \tElectricity \u2014 a membrane plant uses about 2.8 MWh per ECU, most of it in the cells themselves. Older mercury cells need about 3.6 MWh.\r\n \tSteam \u2014 membrane cells save power but need extra steam to concentrate the caustic to the standard 50% commercial grade.\r\n \tTechnology \u2014 membrane cells made up 83.9% of installed EU capacity in 2024, with diaphragm cells at 9.7%.\r\n\r\nBecause chlorine, hydrogen and caustic soda share one cell, an LCA has to decide how to split the burden between them. That choice, called allocation, can shift the result for 1 kg of sodium hydroxide considerably.\r\n\r\nUses\r\nWhere sodium hydroxide ends up\r\nFew people handle caustic soda directly, but most use products that needed it somewhere in their supply chain. The shares below are approximate global figures; sources and regions differ.\r\n\r\nAbout 20% of global use\r\nAlumina refining\r\nThe Bayer process uses it to dissolve alumina out of bauxite ore, the first step toward aluminium metal.\r\n\r\nAbout 15% of global use\r\nPulp and paper\r\nKraft pulping uses it to break down wood chips and free the fibres. Bleaching and effluent treatment use more.\r\n\r\n30\u201340% combined\r\nOrganic and inorganic chemicals\r\nNeutralising acids, adjusting pH, and making intermediates such as propylene oxide, polycarbonates and a long list of sodium salts.\r\nSoaps and detergents\r\nHard bar soap is made with sodium hydroxide. Liquid soap uses potassium hydroxide instead.\r\nTextiles\r\nViscose rayon production, and mercerising cotton, which strengthens the fibre and helps it take dye.\r\nOil and gas\r\nAdded to drilling mud to raise alkalinity and neutralise acid gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Refiners also use caustic washing to strip hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans from crude; the spent caustic is hazardous waste.\r\nMetals and testing\r\nDegreasing metal parts, and adjusting pH, together with hydrochloric acid, in neutral salt spray corrosion tests.\r\nFood and household\r\nPeeling fruit and vegetables, curing olives and giving pretzels their dark crust; it is food additive E524. At home, it is the active ingredient in many drain and oven cleaners.\r\n\r\nThis case study\r\nWhat this case study covers\r\nThe assessment models sodium hydroxide, production mix, at plant, with 1 kg of product as the functional unit. Four supply chains feed it, each shown as a stage in the product system diagram at the top of this page.\r\n\r\n \tSodium chlorideThe salt feedstock. Its production draws on diesel, bituminous coal and natural gas burned in industrial boilers, plus grid electricity (US).\r\n \tBituminous coal, combusted in industrial boilerCoal mining, gasoline used in equipment, and transport by combination truck and diesel train.\r\n \tNatural gas, combusted in industrial boilerGas processed at plant, then moved by combination truck and diesel train.\r\n \tResidual fuel oil, combusted in industrial boilerFuel oil from the refinery, moved by barge, diesel train and combination truck.\r\n\r\nSources\r\nSources for the figures above\r\n\r\n \tEuro Chlor, Chlorine Industry Review: 2024 production and technology shares\r\n \tEuro Chlor: The European chlor-alkali industry, an electricity-intensive sector\r\n \tIndexBox: Global caustic soda market overview, 2024\r\n \tIMARC Group: Caustic soda market volume, 2024\r\n \tIstay Kimya: Caustic soda end-use shares, 2025\u20132030 outlook\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMethod\r\nHow the assessment was set up\r\nBefore any number is calculated, an LCA has to answer three questions: what exactly is being measured, where the study stops, and how the load is shared when one process makes more than one product. This section answers all three for sodium hydroxide.\r\n\r\nFunctional unit1 kg of sodium hydroxideEvery result is expressed per kilogram\r\nReference productSodium hydroxide, production mix, at plantAs it leaves the production site\r\nBoundary typeCradle to gateFrom resource extraction to the plant gate\r\nElectricityUS grid mixUsed in the sodium chloride stage\r\n\r\nThe study follows the four phases set out in ISO 14040 and 14044: goal and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation. The sections below cover the scope. Results follow later in the case study.\r\n\r\nCalculation\r\n\r\nAll calculations in this case study were carried out in Microsoft Excel, working stage by stage through the product system shown in the diagram at the top of this page.\r\n\r\nSystem boundary\r\nWhere the system boundary sits\r\nThe boundary is drawn around everything needed to get 1 kg of sodium hydroxide to the plant gate. What happens to the product after it leaves the plant is outside the scope.\r\n\r\nInside the boundary\r\n1. Sodium chlorideSalt feedstock, boiler fuels and grid electricity\r\n2. Bituminous coalMining, equipment fuel and freight to the boiler\r\n3. Natural gasGas processing and freight to the boiler\r\n4. Residual fuel oilRefinery output and freight to the boiler\r\nPlant gate1 kg sodium hydroxide leaves here\r\nOutside\r\nDistributionShipping to customers\r\nUseProcessing in customer plants\r\nEnd of lifeNeutralisation, discharge, waste\r\nWhat each stage brings into the system\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nStage\r\nEnergy and fuels\r\nExtraction and processing\r\nTransport\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1. Sodium chloride at plant\r\nDiesel, bituminous coal and natural gas burned in industrial boilers; grid electricity (US)\r\n\u2013\r\n\u2013\r\n\r\n\r\n2. Bituminous coal, combusted in industrial boiler\r\nGasoline burned in equipment\r\nCoal mining\r\nCombination truck, diesel train\r\n\r\n\r\n3. Natural gas, combusted in industrial boiler\r\n\u2013\r\nNatural gas processed at plant\r\nCombination truck, diesel train\r\n\r\n\r\n4. Residual fuel oil, combusted in industrial boiler\r\n\u2013\r\nResidual fuel oil at refinery\r\nBarge, diesel train, combination truck\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLeft out of the boundary\r\n\r\n \tDistribution \u2014 moving the finished product from the plant to its buyers.\r\n \tUse \u2014 whatever the customer does with it, from pulping wood to making soap.\r\n \tEnd of life \u2014 neutralisation and disposal once the sodium hydroxide has done its job.\r\n\r\nAllocation\r\nHow shared burdens are split\r\nAllocation is the rule for dividing emissions and energy between products that come out of the same process. Inside the four supply chains, it is not needed: each process hands a single product to the next step, so its full burden travels with that product.\r\n\r\nThe last step is different. The electrolysis cell never makes caustic soda on its own; chlorine and hydrogen come out with it, always in the same ratio. The burden of that step is therefore split between the three products by mass.\r\n\r\nWhat a mass split looks like for one electrochemical unit\r\n\r\n \t51.6%Sodium hydroxide, 1.1 t\r\n \t46.9%Chlorine, 1.0 t\r\n \t1.4%Hydrogen, 0.03 t\r\n\r\nShares of 2.13 t of total output per tonne of chlorine.\r\n\r\nIn plain terms: sodium hydroxide carries a little over half of what the cell room emits. Switch to a split by economic value and that share moves with market prices for chlorine and caustic soda, which is why the rule has to be stated up front.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nKey findings\r\nSix numbers worth remembering\r\n1.05 kg CO\u2082 eqCarbon footprint of 1 kg of sodium hydroxide at the plant gate, calculated with CML over 100 years.\r\n55%Share of that footprint, 0.57 kg, that arises at the sodium hydroxide plant itself. The four supply chains add the other 45%.\r\n25%Share contributed by the natural gas chain, 0.26 kg CO\u2082 eq. It is the largest of the four supply chains.\r\n15 MJFossil energy drawn from the ground for every kilogram produced.\r\n92.9%Share of the weighted score taken by marine aquatic ecotoxicity. Every other category is 3% or less.\r\nUnder 1%Share of both the carbon footprint and the weighted score that comes from the residual fuel oil chain, the smallest of the four.\r\n\r\nCiting this case study\r\nHow to cite these results\r\nUse of these results\r\n\r\nThis case study is published for demonstration and learning. The results are not intended for commercial use, such as product claims or procurement decisions. They may be cited in academic reports and papers.\r\n\r\nSuggested citation\r\nDEISO LLC (2026). Life cycle assessment of sodium hydroxide production at plant, 1 kg: a case study using the CML impact assessment method. Tokyo: DEISO LLC.\r\nCopy citation\r\n\r\n\r\nNeed a footprint for your own product?\r\nDEISO runs cradle-to-gate and cradle-to-grave LCAs and product carbon footprints for chemical producers. Tell us the product, the site and what you need the result for.\r\n\r\nRequest a quotation \u2192\r\nSee DEISO LCA services \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nContribution analysis\r\nWhere the carbon footprint comes from\r\nJust over half of the 1.05 kg CO\u2082 eq arises at the sodium hydroxide plant itself. The other 45% is spread across the four supply chains, and the natural gas chain is the largest of them, at about a quarter of the total.\r\n\r\nFigure 2. Global warming potential by sourcekg CO\u2082 eq per kg of sodium hydroxide\r\n\r\n \tSodium hydroxide plant, direct0.57 kg54.6%\r\n \tNatural gas, combusted in boiler0.26 kg24.8%\r\n \tSodium chloride0.14 kg13.0%\r\n \tBituminous coal, combusted in boiler0.07 kg6.8%\r\n \tResidual fuel oil, combusted in boiler0.01 kg0.7%\r\n\r\nAll categories\r\nThe same pattern, category by category\r\nThe table shows each source\u2019s share of every impact category. Darker cells mean a bigger share. Two things stand out: the plant dominates ozone depletion and soil toxicity, and all of the mineral resource use comes from the salt stage.\r\n\r\nTable 2. Share of each impact category by sourceEach column adds up to 100%\r\n\r\nScroll sideways to see all eleven categories.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSource\r\nADP elements\r\nADP fossil\r\nAP\r\nEP\r\nFAETP\r\nGWP\r\nHTP\r\nMAETP\r\nODP\r\nPOCP\r\nTETP\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSodium hydroxide plant, direct\r\n0%\r\n54%\r\n56%\r\n68%\r\n31%\r\n55%\r\n45%\r\n72%\r\n99%\r\n68%\r\n92%\r\n\r\n\r\nSodium chloride\r\n100%\r\n13%\r\n11%\r\n11%\r\n24%\r\n13%\r\n17%\r\n11%\r\n0.3%\r\n9.6%\r\n2.7%\r\n\r\n\r\nNatural gas, combusted in boiler\r\n0%\r\n27%\r\n27%\r\n12%\r\n41%\r\n25%\r\n33%\r\n10%\r\n0%\r\n19%\r\n0.3%\r\n\r\n\r\nBituminous coal, combusted in boiler\r\n0%\r\n5.5%\r\n6.0%\r\n8.0%\r\n0.8%\r\n6.8%\r\n3.5%\r\n5.9%\r\n0.8%\r\n3.8%\r\n5.2%\r\n\r\n\r\nResidual fuel oil, combusted in boiler\r\n0%\r\n0.6%\r\n0.3%\r\n0.9%\r\n3.2%\r\n0.7%\r\n1.7%\r\n0.8%\r\n0%\r\n0.4%\r\n0.1%\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n0%100%\r\n\r\nWeighted score\r\nShare of the overall weighted score\r\nAfter normalisation and weighting, all eleven categories can be added into one score. On that single score, the plant accounts for 70%, and the salt and natural gas chains for about 12% each.\r\n\r\nFigure 3. Contribution to the weighted score by sourceShare of total\r\n\r\n \tSodium hydroxide plant, direct69.9%\r\n \tSodium chloride12.0%\r\n \tNatural gas, combusted in boiler11.5%\r\n \tBituminous coal, combusted in boiler5.7%\r\n \tResidual fuel oil, combusted in boiler0.8%\r\n\r\nFull breakdown, including transportTransport is small in every chain. The largest single transport step, the diesel train carrying coal, stays under 0.1% of the weighted score.\r\n\r\nTable 3. Process contributions to the weighted scoreShare of total\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nProcess\r\nShare of weighted score\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSodium hydroxide plant, direct\r\n69.9%\r\n\r\n\r\nSodium chloride\r\n12.0%\r\n\r\n\r\nDiesel, combusted in industrial boiler\r\n3.6%\r\n\r\n\r\nBituminous coal, combusted in industrial boiler\r\n2.5%\r\n\r\n\r\nNatural gas, combusted in industrial boiler\r\n2.4%\r\n\r\n\r\nSalt production, direct\r\n3.6%\r\n\r\n\r\nNatural gas, combusted in industrial boiler\r\n11.5%\r\n\r\n\r\nCombustion and gas supply, direct\r\n11.2%\r\n\r\n\r\nTransport, combination truck\r\n0.23%\r\n\r\n\r\nTransport, diesel train\r\n&lt;0.01%\r\n\r\n\r\nBituminous coal, combusted in industrial boiler\r\n5.7%\r\n\r\n\r\nCombustion, direct\r\n5.4%\r\n\r\n\r\nBituminous coal at the mine\r\n0.24%\r\n\r\n\r\nTransport, diesel train\r\n0.07%\r\n\r\n\r\nTransport, barge\r\n0.01%\r\n\r\n\r\nTransport, combination truck\r\n&lt;0.01%\r\n\r\n\r\nResidual fuel oil, combusted in industrial boiler\r\n0.84%\r\n\r\n\r\nCombustion and refinery supply, direct\r\n0.84%\r\n\r\n\r\nTransport, barge\r\n&lt;0.01%\r\n\r\n\r\nTransport, combination truck\r\n&lt;0.01%\r\n\r\n\r\nTransport, diesel train\r\n&lt;0.01%\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWeighted results\r\nWhich impact categories matter most\r\nNormalisation compares each result with a reference level of impact, and weighting then sets how much each category counts. Once that is done, one category towers over the rest.\r\n\r\n92.9%\r\nMarine aquatic ecotoxicity makes up 92.9% of the weighted scoreHuman toxicity comes second at 3.0%. Global warming, the category most people ask about, is 0.66%.\r\nFigure 4. Share of the weighted score by impact categoryCML, normalised and weighted\r\n\r\n \tMarine aquatic ecotoxicity92.9%\r\n \tHuman toxicity2.99%\r\n \tAbiotic depletion, fossil0.79%\r\n \tAbiotic depletion, elements0.74%\r\n \tAcidification0.70%\r\n \tGlobal warming0.66%\r\n \tFreshwater aquatic ecotoxicity0.51%\r\n \tPhotochemical ozone creation0.39%\r\n \tTerrestrial ecotoxicity0.16%\r\n \tEutrophication0.03%\r\n \tOzone layer depletion0.01%\r\n\r\nThis is typical of CML results: marine ecotoxicity often dominates once results are weighted. Read the weighted score alongside the category results in Table 1, not instead of them. A 0.66% weighted share does not make 1.05 kg CO\u2082 eq per kg a small number for a buyer tracking its carbon footprint.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nKey findings\r\nSix numbers worth remembering\r\n1.05 kg CO\u2082 eqCarbon footprint of 1 kg of sodium hydroxide at the plant gate, calculated with CML over 100 years.\r\n55%Share of that footprint, 0.57 kg, that arises at the sodium hydroxide plant itself. The four supply chains add the other 45%.\r\n25%Share contributed by the natural gas chain, 0.26 kg CO\u2082 eq. It is the largest of the four supply chains.\r\n15 MJFossil energy drawn from the ground for every kilogram produced.\r\n92.9%Share of the weighted score taken by marine aquatic ecotoxicity. Every other category is 3% or less.\r\nUnder 1%Share of both the carbon footprint and the weighted score that comes from the residual fuel oil chain, the smallest of the four.\r\n\r\nCiting this case study\r\nHow to cite these results\r\nUse of these results\r\n\r\nThis case study is published for demonstration and learning. The results are not intended for commercial use, such as product claims or procurement decisions. They may be cited in academic reports and papers.\r\n\r\nSuggested citation\r\nDEISO LLC (2026). Life cycle assessment of sodium hydroxide production at plant, 1 kg: a case study using the CML impact assessment method. Tokyo: DEISO LLC.\r\nCopy citation\r\n\r\n\r\nNeed a footprint for your own product?\r\nDEISO runs cradle-to-gate and cradle-to-grave LCAs and product carbon footprints for chemical producers. Tell us the product, the site and what you need the result for.\r\n\r\nRequest a quotation \u2192\r\nSee DEISO LCA services \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWork with DEISO\r\nHire DEISO for your LCA work\r\nNeed results like these for your own product? DEISO can run the study, review one you already have, or train your team to do it in-house.\r\n\r\nStudies, review and advisoryDEISO does the technical work\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA project execution\r\nFull LCA studies for products, systems and value chains, from scope and modelling to a report that holds up under review.\r\n\r\nSee LCA studies \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA critical review, ISO 14040 and 14044\r\nAn independent technical check of a finished LCA: whether the method is consistent, the assumptions are stated, and the study conforms to ISO 14040 and 14044.\r\n\r\nSee critical review \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\nSenior LCA strategic advisory\r\nSenior input on scope decisions, method choices and study planning for ISO-aligned LCA and EPD work, including advisory support before a study goes out.\r\n\r\nSee advisory \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\nDEISO agri and industrial LCI database\r\nCurated inventory records and emission factors for agricultural and industrial processes, to cut modelling time and fill the gaps in a study.\r\n\r\nSee the LCI database \u2192\r\n\r\nTrainingYour team learns to do it\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA capacity building, ISO-aligned program\r\nTraining for individuals and teams in LCA method, study design, interpretation and reporting, built around doing the work rather than watching slides.\r\n\r\nSee the LCA program \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\nGaBi (LCA for Experts) capacity building\r\nFor professionals who need firmer control of GaBi: advanced modelling logic, database use and scenario set-up.\r\n\r\nSee GaBi training \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\nopenLCA capacity building\r\nPractical openLCA training for professionals who want to model with confidence in one of the most widely used open-source LCA tools.\r\n\r\nSee openLCA training \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\nSimaPro capacity building\r\nSimaPro training for corporate and professional users, focused on sound modelling and results a team can act on.\r\n\r\nSee SimaPro training \u2192\r\n\r\nCoachingExpert help on your own model\r\n\r\n\r\nSimaPro advanced coaching\r\nFor experienced SimaPro users stuck on something specific: refining a model, tracking down an error, or reading the results correctly.\r\n\r\nSee SimaPro coaching \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\nGaBi coaching for professionals\r\nFocused help for GaBi users who want leaner models, faster workflows and a surer hand with advanced project practice.\r\n\r\nSee GaBi coaching \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\nopenLCA professional coaching\r\nOne-to-one or team coaching for experienced openLCA users who need direction on a live project.\r\n\r\nSee openLCA coaching \u2192\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\nTraining and coaching run one-to-one or for a group and start as soon as the schedule and payment are confirmed, with no waiting for a cohort. Coaching is booked by the hour. Every DEISO trainer and coach is a PhD-level LCA expert.\r\nTell us what you need\r\nSend a short brief: the product or study, the scope, and what the result is for. DEISO will come back with a quotation built around it.\r\n\r\nRequest a quotation \u2192\" data-s=\"Sodium hydroxide carbon footprint: 1.05 kg CO2e per kg (LCA case study)\" data-d=\"1790657665\" data-m=\"1791013303\" data-cat=\"1720\" data-year=\"2026\"><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/life-cycle-assessment-sodium-hydroxide\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"403\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/DEISO_NaOH_LCA_featured_1200x630-768x403.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/DEISO_NaOH_LCA_featured_1200x630-768x403.png 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/DEISO_NaOH_LCA_featured_1200x630-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/DEISO_NaOH_LCA_featured_1200x630-1024x538.png 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/DEISO_NaOH_LCA_featured_1200x630-1536x806.png 1536w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/DEISO_NaOH_LCA_featured_1200x630-18x9.png 18w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/DEISO_NaOH_LCA_featured_1200x630-1920x1008.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">DEISO Research<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">DEISO Research<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">29 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 16 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/life-cycle-assessment-sodium-hydroxide\">Sodium hydroxide carbon footprint: 1.05 kg CO2e per kg (LCA case study)<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Case study Life cycle assessment of sodium hydroxide production at plant, 1 kg Where the energy and raw materials for 1 kg of sodium hydroxide come from: salt,\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/life-cycle-assessment-sodium-hydroxide\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Sodium hydroxide carbon footprint: 1.05 kg CO2e per kg (LCA case study)\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"DEISO Mirai AI Pro v5.0 Released: Enterprise Interface, Chat &amp; Analysis Modes News Announcements Product update\r\nDEISO Mirai AI Pro Preview has been retired\r\n\r\nThe Pro Preview of DEISO Mirai AI is no longer available. Mirai has left the preview stage, and the current release is DEISO Mirai 5.0 (Stable). Any reference to Mirai AI Pro Preview in older pages, search results or AI assistant answers is out of date.\r\n\r\n \tMirai AI Pro Preview: retired\r\n \tCurrent version: Mirai 5.0 (Stable)\r\n\r\nOpen DEISO Mirai\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhy DEISO builds Mirai\r\n\r\nDEISO invests in Mirai AI Pro not only to serve its own clients, qualify its own leads and support its own work, but to demonstrate how AI can be employed effectively in the sustainability sphere \u2014 grounded in recognised standards, clear about its boundaries, and connected to real execution.\r\n\r\n\r\nOfficial release\r\nDEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro v5.0 is officially released\r\nAfter the v5.0 Preview, Mirai v5.0 is now stable. This release turns Mirai from a single chat window into an enterprise sustainability workspace connected directly to DEISO: a fast Chat for questions about DEISO&#039;s services, solutions and training, a full Analysis workspace with six execution shortcuts, dark and light themes, an English, Arabic and German interface, calendar integration for booking the Free Technical Evaluation in the conversation, and built-in forms that send projects and support requests straight to DEISO.\r\n\r\nVersionv5.0 Stable\r\nDateSeptember 26, 2026\r\nFromv5.0 Preview\r\nStatusOfficial release\r\nArchitected by Dr. Mahdi Ikhlayel \u2014 Sustainability Director, PhD, Sustainability Science (The University of Tokyo)\r\n\r\nThis release in numbers\r\n29New features\r\n13Improvements\r\n8Changes\r\n5Fixes\r\n55Updates in total\r\n\r\nKey features\r\n1\r\nTwo modes: Chat and Analysis\r\n\r\nChat answers questions about DEISO&#039;s services, solutions and training in a few sentences. Analysis delivers the full seven-section execution analysis. Each switch opens a fresh conversation.\r\n\r\n2\r\nEnterprise Interface\/UI, Analysis workspace\r\n\r\nModule rail, live context panel with standards and national frameworks, report-style answer cards, linked comparison tables, a command bar and session history.\r\n\r\n3\r\nSend your project to DEISO\r\n\r\nMirai prepares a project summary from the conversation and sends it to DEISO in one click, with the full conversation attached.\r\n\r\n4\r\nEmbedded human support\r\n\r\nRequest a DEISO specialist inside the conversation \u2014 name, email, request and message, with the conversation attached.\r\n\r\n5\r\nDark and light themes\r\n\r\nA sun and moon toggle in the toolbar. Dark is the default, built on the DEISO Design System, with no flash when loading.\r\n\r\n6\r\nEnglish, Arabic and German\r\n\r\nA language switch in the toolbar, a full Arabic interface with right-to-left layout and the new Tajawal Arabic font, and a full German interface.\r\n\r\n7\r\nCalendar integration\r\n\r\nBook the Free Technical Evaluation inside the conversation \u2014 from Book in Analysis, Book evaluation in Chat, or when Mirai offers it after a full analysis.\r\n\r\n8\r\nSix Analysis shortcuts\r\n\r\nAssess, Plan, Align, Train, Data and Review focus the analysis on your position, a phased roadmap, standards, training, data or submission readiness.\r\n\r\n9\r\nThe right DEISO page, every time\r\n\r\nThrough the integration with DEISO WP Pro, an always-current DEISO Page Directory lets Mirai link the most specific service, training or solution page.\r\n\r\n\r\nHow Mirai v5.0 works\r\n\r\n\r\nDEISO Mirai AI Pro v5.0 Stable \u2014 system architecture. Architected by Dr. Mahdi Ikhlayel.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nOpen full size\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDownload high resolution\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSee Mirai v5.0\r\nHome screen\r\nHome \u00b7 Dark \u2014 start in Chat or Analysis, with example questions and help.\r\nHome \u00b7 Light \u2014 the same home screen in light mode.\r\nChat mode\r\nChat \u00b7 Dark \u2014 short, direct answers with one relevant DEISO link.\r\nChat \u00b7 Light \u2014 the same conversation in light mode.\r\nAnalysis mode\r\nAnalysis \u00b7 Dark \u2014 full execution analysis with the live context panel.\r\nAnalysis \u00b7 Light \u2014 the same analysis in light mode.\r\nForms\r\nSend your project to DEISO \u2014 the summary is prepared automatically; the conversation is attached.\r\nHuman support \u2014 request a DEISO specialist without leaving the conversation.\r\n\r\nIn short: Mirai v5.0 now works both as a fast guide to DEISO&#039;s services and as a full sustainability execution workspace connected directly to DEISO \u2014 with six Analysis shortcuts, calendar integration, an English, Arabic and German interface, and precise links to DEISO&#039;s own service pages. The full list of changes is in the v5.0 Stable changelog below.\r\nOpen DEISO Mirai AI Pro\r\nRead the full v5.0 changelog\" data-s=\"DEISO Mirai AI Pro v5.0 Released: Enterprise Interface, Chat &amp; Analysis Modes\" data-d=\"1790417118\" data-m=\"1791013310\" data-cat=\"7,58\" data-year=\"2026\"><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/mirai-ai-pro-v5-0-release\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"403\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/mirai-ai-pro-v5-0-featured-768x403.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/mirai-ai-pro-v5-0-featured-768x403.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/mirai-ai-pro-v5-0-featured-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/mirai-ai-pro-v5-0-featured-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/mirai-ai-pro-v5-0-featured-18x9.jpg 18w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/mirai-ai-pro-v5-0-featured.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">News<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">News<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">26 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 4 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/mirai-ai-pro-v5-0-release\">DEISO Mirai AI Pro v5.0 Released: Enterprise Interface, Chat &amp; Analysis Modes<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Product update DEISO Mirai AI Pro Preview has been retired The Pro Preview of DEISO Mirai AI is no longer available. Mirai has left the preview stage, and\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/mirai-ai-pro-v5-0-release\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: DEISO Mirai AI Pro v5.0 Released: Enterprise Interface, Chat &amp; Analysis Modes\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"DEISO Announces DEISO LCC Pro: A New Professional LCC\/LCCA Software Announcements Product announcement\r\nDEISO announces DEISO LCC Pro, new professional software for LCC and LCCA\r\nA desktop application for life cycle costing, total cost of ownership, procurement evaluation, and lifecycle decision support \u2014 now in advanced development.\r\n\r\nDEISO LLC has announced DEISO LCC Pro, professional software for LCC and LCCA. The application is in advanced development, with the study modelling environment, canonical unit system, validation architecture, import and export framework, industry profiles, and a full professional Learning Centre already established.\r\n\r\nDetails of every capability, the complete edition comparison, and the development roadmap are on the DEISO LCC Pro product page.\r\n\r\nDevelopment status\r\n\r\nDEISO LCC Pro is not yet commercially released. The deterministic financial calculation engine and several enterprise capabilities remain on the published roadmap toward commercial release.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhy now\r\nThe gap this software was built to close\r\nLifecycle-cost work sits in an awkward place. At one end are spreadsheets, which every practitioner starts with and which break down the moment a study needs supplier comparison, evidence trails, assumption tracking, or review by someone who did not build it. At the other end are heavyweight simulation platforms that demand a full process or engineering model before any lifecycle economics can be examined at all.\r\n\r\nMost cost decisions do not need a simulation. They need a study that can be built quickly, checked properly, and defended months later.\r\n\r\nDEISO LCC Pro occupies that middle ground: rigorous enough for serious engineering and procurement analysis, without requiring the practitioner to become a simulation specialist first.\r\n\r\nWhere development stands\r\nWhat is already built\r\nThe announcement follows a substantial development phase. The following are established in the current build rather than planned:\r\n\r\n \tStudy Builder and modelling environment \u2014 structured studies covering assets, costs, suppliers, alternatives, assumptions, and evidence, with spreadsheet-style editing\r\n \tVisual Model \u2014 the study\u2019s structure made visible and kept synchronized with the underlying records\r\n \tCanonical unit system \u2014 measurement semantics treated as part of the model rather than free text\r\n \tImport and export architecture \u2014 Excel, CSV, and clipboard, with whole-study imports committed as one transaction or refused\r\n \tValidation Centre \u2014 model weaknesses surfaced before they reach a calculation or a decision\r\n \tLearning Centre \u2014 a full professional curriculum inside the application\r\n \tThirteen industry profiles \u2014 governing vocabulary, categories, validation rules, and defaults per sector\r\n\r\nEach is described in full on the product page.\r\nWhat comes next\r\nThe roadmap to commercial release\r\nThe largest remaining item is the deterministic financial calculation engine \u2014 lifecycle cash flows, discounting, escalation, replacements, residual value, NPV and NPC, EAC and EUAC, IRR, payback, sensitivity, and risk. Procurement and decision workflows, professional reporting, Teach Me calculation traces, and controlled AI assistance follow.\r\n\r\nOne architectural principle stays fixed: authoritative calculations remain deterministic.\r\n\r\nAI assists the practitioner. It does not become the mathematical source of truth.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nEditions\r\nThree editions, one of them free\r\nDEISO LCC Pro will ship as a single application with three editions controlled by entitlement rather than separate builds.\r\nBasic \u2014 free\r\nA free edition covering one study, one industry profile alongside General, and the full Learning Centre \u2014 enough to judge whether the modelling environment fits how a team works.\r\nProfessional and Enterprise\r\nPaid editions adding unlimited studies, all industry profiles, full import and export, and \u2014 at Enterprise \u2014 the Visual Model, scenarios, audit trail, and Teach Me calculation traces.\r\nThe full comparison, capability by capability, is on the product page.\r\nNext step\r\nPriority access is open\r\nOrganizations and professionals can register now for development updates, edition availability, and commercial launch information.\r\n\r\nJoin the priority access list \u2192\r\nVisit the product page \u2192\r\nPlease note\r\n\r\nRegistration creates no purchase obligation and does not guarantee pre-release access.\r\n\r\nDEISO LCC Pro\r\n\r\nProfessional software for LCC and LCCA\r\n\r\nDeveloped by DEISO LLC \u00a0\u00b7\u00a0 Product architecture by Dr. Mahdi Ikhlayel\r\n\r\n\u00a9 2026 DEISO LLC. All rights reserved.\" data-s=\"DEISO Announces DEISO LCC Pro: A New Professional LCC\/LCCA Software\" data-d=\"1786327019\" data-m=\"1791013316\" data-cat=\"58\" data-year=\"2026\"><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-lcc-pro-announcement\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/deiso-lcc-pro-tile-1024-white-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/deiso-lcc-pro-tile-1024-white-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/deiso-lcc-pro-tile-1024-white-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/deiso-lcc-pro-tile-1024-white-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/deiso-lcc-pro-tile-1024-white-560x560.png 560w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/deiso-lcc-pro-tile-1024-white-900x900.png 900w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/deiso-lcc-pro-tile-1024-white.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">10 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 4 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-lcc-pro-announcement\">DEISO Announces DEISO LCC Pro: A New Professional LCC\/LCCA Software<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Product announcement DEISO announces DEISO LCC Pro, new professional software for LCC and LCCA A desktop application for life cycle costing, total cost of ownership, procurement evaluation, and\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-lcc-pro-announcement\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: DEISO Announces DEISO LCC Pro: A New Professional LCC\/LCCA Software\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"DEISO Mirai AI Pro v5.0 Preview \u2014 Released June 1, 2026 Announcements Product announcement\r\n      Announcing DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro v5.0 Preview \u2014 Released June 1, 2026\r\n        Release dateJune 1, 2026\r\n        Versionv5.0 Preview\r\n        TypePreview architectural release\r\n        StatusCurrent public development line\r\n      \r\n        Today, June 1, 2026, DEISO announces the release of DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro v5.0 Preview \u2014 a preview architectural release that upgrades Mirai from an AI assistant into a full decision engine, introduces the Geo Sustainability Country Intelligence Engine covering 198 countries, and adds Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 support as the flagship country vision.\r\n      \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n        Why this release matters\r\n        Mirai is now a decision engine\r\n        \r\n          v5.0 Preview marks the largest architectural upgrade in DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro&#039;s history. Where earlier versions delivered accurate sustainability guidance, v5.0 Preview delivers structured decisions \u2014 anchored in international standards, aware of where each user sits in their execution journey, and connected to DEISO&#039;s live execution pipeline.\r\n        \r\n        \r\n          The release introduces 20 named engines that govern behavior, a four-phase behavioral principle that shapes every response, a seven-section Advanced Response System for high-complexity queries, and a Geo Sustainability Country Intelligence Engine that maps applicable standards, regulations, and market-access requirements across 198 countries.\r\n        \r\n          &quot;With v5.0 Preview, Mirai stops answering questions and starts making decisions \u2014 anchored in the standards our clients are actually held to, aware of where they are in their sustainability journey, and connected to the DEISO execution pipeline that gets the work done.&quot;\r\n        Complete feature list\r\n        All 45 features in DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro v5.0 Preview\r\n        \r\n          Below is the complete list of features shipping with v5.0 Preview, grouped by category. This represents a fundamental architectural shift in how Mirai processes, decides, and delivers sustainability guidance.\r\n        \r\n          1. Core behavioral architecture (6 features)\r\n          \r\n            Diagnose \u2192 Decide \u2192 Direct \u2192 Convert \u2014 locked four-phase behavioral principle. Every response follows this exact sequence.\r\n            Seven-Section Advanced Response System \u2014 Direct Answer \/ Integration Explanation Layer \/ Mirai Recommendation \/ Execution Paths \/ Comparison Table \/ Get Started \/ Follow-Up Question.\r\n            Response Compression Engine \u2014 scales output depth to input complexity. Simple (3 sentences) \/ Intermediate (2 paths) \/ Advanced (7 sections).\r\n            Mode Switching Logic \u2014 seamless transition between Simple, Advanced, Simple Lookup, and Human Support modes with no announcement.\r\n            Combined Input Detection \u2014 if a message contains multiple questions, every one is answered individually.\r\n            Tone Adaptation Engine \u2014 Simple queries get jargon-free guidance; Advanced queries get technical precision.\r\n          \r\n          2. Detection and classification engines (4 features)\r\n          \r\n            Execution-Stage Detection Engine \u2014 classifies every user into Structuring \/ Validation \/ Pre-Submission \/ Governance \/ Unclear.\r\n            Keyword Reinterpretation Engine \u2014 ambiguous verbs (reduce, optimize, improve) mapped to sustainability domains, but never forced if intent is clear.\r\n            Priority Hierarchy Engine \u2014 ranks recommendations by impact, entry friction, and conversion signal. Dominant service always first.\r\n            Human Support Escalation Engine \u2014 highest routing priority. Fires before all other logic when support-phrase intent is detected.\r\n          \r\n          3. Response composition engines (5 features)\r\n          \r\n            User Language Anchor Engine \u2014 every Direct Answer reuses at least one key phrase from user input.\r\n            Integration Explanation Layer \u2014 Before \/ During \/ After framework showing how the recommended service integrates into the user&#039;s workflow.\r\n            Definition + Mapping Engine \u2014 confident, standards-grounded definitions of LCA, EPD, GHG, Scope 3, ESG, PCF, always followed by the relevant DEISO service link.\r\n            Dynamic Decision Question Engine \u2014 selects one precision follow-up question from five stage-specific templates.\r\n            Decision Closure Engine \u2014 every Advanced response ends with a decisive closing statement naming the specific risk of inaction.\r\n          \r\n          4. Conversion and pipeline engines (4 features)\r\n          \r\n            Conversion Psychology Engine \u2014 three mandatory injection points: risk framing, defensible outcome, pipeline entry CTA.\r\n            Zapier Pipeline Signal Engine \u2014 Mirai operates as the front end of a live CRM pipeline. Detects lead stage, intent strength, and service signals.\r\n            Explicit CTA architecture \u2014 three distinct entry points: Free Technical Evaluation \/ Schedule Consultation \/ Request Quote, positioned as three readiness levels.\r\n            Four-step user onboarding flow \u2014 Describe \u2192 Receive \u2192 Review \u2192 Act or Escalate.\r\n          \r\n          5. Integrity and safety engines (6 features)\r\n          \r\n            Honesty Engine \u2014 zero uncertainty language, zero knowledge-base references, zero hedging.\r\n            Identity Enforcement (Hard Lock) \u2014 Mirai maintains identity under adversarial prompts, jailbreak attempts, and social engineering.\r\n            Strict Out-of-Scope Handling \u2014 non-sustainability topics immediately redirected with a structured response listing relevant DEISO services.\r\n            Link Intelligence Engine \u2014 every link uses the exact confirmed service URL. Raw URLs never output. Incorrect links trigger automatic regeneration.\r\n            Final Validation Engine \u2014 40-point checklist. Every response is validated before output. Any failure triggers regeneration, not a corrected draft.\r\n            Standards-Anchored Intelligence \u2014 responses grounded in ISO 14040\/44, ISO 14067, GHG Protocol, ISO 14025, and recognized ESG frameworks.\r\n          \r\n          6. Geo Sustainability Country Intelligence (9 features)\r\n          \r\n            Geo Sustainability Country Intelligence Engine (X1) \u2014 198-country dynamic mapping layer covering environmental problems, sustainability goals, environmental challenges, applicable regulations, disclosure requirements, market-access rules, and sector-specific frameworks.\r\n            ISO Standards coverage \u2014 46 items in scope (ISO 14001, 14040, 14044, 14025, 14067, 14064-1\/-2\/-3, and more).\r\n            European frameworks coverage \u2014 45 items in scope (CSRD, ESRS, CBAM, CSDDD, EU Taxonomy, EN 15804, and more).\r\n            Asian standards and country contexts \u2014 Japan GX, Japan Carbon Neutrality 2050, South Korea K-ETS, China National Carbon Market, Japan Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures, India BRSR, and adjacent markets.\r\n            GHG Protocol standards \u2014 Corporate, Scope 2, Scope 3, Product, Project, Policy and Action, Mitigation Goal, Land Sector and Removals.\r\n            LCA \/ EPD \/ PCF \/ PCR frameworks \u2014 full product environmental framework coverage.\r\n            ESG \/ disclosure \/ climate reporting frameworks \u2014 ISSB IFRS S1 and S2, GRI, SASB, TCFD, TNFD, CDP, SBTi, UN SDGs.\r\n            Sector-specific buyer frameworks \u2014 EcoVadis, Together for Sustainability, buyer scorecards.\r\n            Local environmental laws and permitting focus areas per country.\r\n          \r\n          7. Country vision support (2 features)\r\n          \r\n            Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 (flagship country vision) \u2014 full mapping of Saudi Vision 2030, Saudi Green Initiative, Circular Carbon Economy, Saudi Net-Zero 2060 Commitment, National Center for Environmental Compliance framework, Saudi environmental law and regulations, Saudi EIA and permitting context, Saudi Aramco \/ SABIC \/ energy-sector procurement context, and Saudi Giga-Project and PIF supply-chain context (NEOM, THE LINE, Oxagon, Red Sea Global, Qiddiya, ROSHN, Diriyah, New Murabba).\r\n            Other country visions \u2014 coming soon \u2014 UAE Net Zero by 2050, Qatar National Vision 2030, Oman Vision 2040, Egypt Vision 2030, Japan GX transition, Korea Carbon Neutrality 2050, and adjacent national visions.\r\n          \r\n          8. Product positioning and communication (6 features)\r\n          \r\n            Positioning as decision engine \u2014 not a chatbot, not a directory. Framed as intelligence gateway and front end of DEISO&#039;s live execution pipeline.\r\n            Six differentiator principles \u2014 Domain Lock \/ Decisional \/ Live Pipeline \/ Standards-Anchored \/ Context-Adaptive \/ Honest by Architecture.\r\n            Comparison table: General AI vs Mirai \u2014 eight capability dimensions.\r\n            Fifteen high-intelligence prompt patterns \u2014 curated user-education library.\r\n            Complex Client Problem worked example \u2014 full worked example applying all seven sections.\r\n            Explicit revenue transparency \u2014 DEISO earns revenue through Mirai, and transparently so.\r\n          \r\n          9. Product surfaces and performance (3 features)\r\n          \r\n            Mini Mode \u2014 product surface at dei.so\/ask-ai.\r\n            Full Screen Mode \u2014 product surface at mirai.dei.so.\r\n            Performance benchmarks published \u2014 98% Intelligence, 97% Accuracy, 98% Stability, 97% Execution Intelligence, 96% Conversion, 97% Overall.\r\n          \r\n        Availability\r\n        Availability and access\r\n        \r\n          DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro v5.0 Preview is available now, as of June 1, 2026. Access is available through two named product surfaces:\r\n        \r\n        \r\n          Mini Mode at dei.so\/ask-ai \u2014 embedded assistant for quick sustainability guidance.\r\n          Full Screen Mode at mirai.dei.so \u2014 extended decision-support environment for complex sustainability queries.\r\n        \r\n        \r\n          Both surfaces run the same v5.0 Preview architecture. Use Mini Mode for embedded contextual guidance; use Full Screen Mode for detailed technical exchanges, comparative analysis, and multi-question sustainability queries.\r\n        \r\n        Try v5.0 Preview\r\n        Ask Mirai a sustainability question today\r\n        \r\n          Whether you&#039;re at the structuring stage, preparing for verification, or aligning with disclosure requirements \u2014 Mirai v5.0 Preview will map you to the right DEISO pathway.\r\n        \r\n          Ask Mirai (Full Screen) \u2192\r\n          Learn more about Mirai \u2192\" data-s=\"DEISO Mirai AI Pro v5.0 Preview \u2014 Released June 1, 2026\" data-d=\"1780650014\" data-m=\"1789240895\" data-cat=\"58\" data-year=\"2026\"><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-mirai-ai-pro-v5-0-preview-released-june-1-2026\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"500\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Mirai_Logo_Trans.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">5 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 7 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-mirai-ai-pro-v5-0-preview-released-june-1-2026\">DEISO Mirai AI Pro v5.0 Preview \u2014 Released June 1, 2026<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Product announcement Announcing DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro v5.0 Preview \u2014 Released June 1, 2026 Release dateJune 1, 2026 Versionv5.0 Preview TypePreview architectural release StatusCurrent public development line Today,\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-mirai-ai-pro-v5-0-preview-released-june-1-2026\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: DEISO Mirai AI Pro v5.0 Preview \u2014 Released June 1, 2026\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro \u2013 Enterprise AI Guidance for Sustainability Execution (Advances in Versions v4.1-v4.3) Announcements Product Update\n        DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro: From AI Chat to Structured Sustainability Execution Guidance\n        (Advances in Versions v4.1\u2013v4.3)\n        \n          DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro is an enterprise AI guidance interface built to help users navigate services, technical pathways, sustainability systems, and next-step decisions with greater speed, structure, and clarity across the DEISO ecosystem.\n        \n            What Mirai AI Pro is\n            \n              Mirai is not designed as a generic chatbot. It functions as an intelligent guidance layer that helps users define objectives, understand options, discover the correct DEISO pathway, and move more efficiently toward technical evaluation, consultation, or implementation.\n            \n            Why it matters\n            \n              Many users know the challenge they need to solve, but not the exact route to solve it. Mirai reduces that uncertainty by translating broad sustainability questions into structured and relevant execution directions.\n            \n        What DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro helps users do\n        \n          Organizations often begin with an issue, not a final scope. They may be dealing with Scope 3 uncertainty, EPD preparation, LCA modeling questions, compliance pressure, sustainability reporting requirements, digital system needs, or training alignment without knowing which action path is most suitable.\n        \n        \n          DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro is designed to create a stronger starting experience. Instead of forcing users to manually interpret multiple pages, services, systems, and routes, it guides them toward the most relevant DEISO pathway through structured AI-led interaction.\n        \n        \n          Clarify a business, technical, or project objective\n          Identify the right DEISO execution path or support route\n          Discover relevant services, digital systems, templates, or platforms\n          Navigate more quickly toward technical evaluation or formal engagement\n          Reduce ambiguity when projects involve multiple needs, countries, or regulatory contexts\n        \n          \n            In practical terms, Mirai serves as an intelligent entry layer for service discovery, execution mapping, solution recommendation, and next-step qualification across DEISO\u2019s broader ecosystem.\n          \n        Recent Development from v4.1 to v4.3\n        \n          The progression from version 4.1 to version 4.3 represents a significant product maturation. Over these releases, Mirai has advanced from a more controlled and conversion-oriented guidance system into a broader enterprise interface with stronger usability, improved support architecture, smarter routing behavior, integration readiness, and multilingual capability.\n        \n            v4.1\n            Structured response control and stronger execution-path discipline\n            v4.2\n            Contextual intelligence upgrade and improved access interface\n            v4.3\n            Support, API, UX, multilingual, and stability expansion\n            v4.1\n              A more structured execution-guidance layer\n              \n                Version 4.1 strengthened Mirai\u2019s operating boundaries, improved response architecture, formalized decision-path mapping, and created a more disciplined engagement flow. The system became more focused on DEISO pathways rather than generic AI-style interaction.\n              \n              \n                This release improved answer structure, option comparison logic, link discipline, and conversion-aware routing so users could move from question to relevant DEISO direction more clearly.\n              \n            v4.2\n              Contextual intelligence and better guided access\n              \n                Version 4.2 expanded Mirai\u2019s contextual intelligence by aligning user inputs more directly with real DEISO services, systems, and capability routes. It also introduced a more structured interface layer with clearer access to Home, Messages, and priority engagement pathways.\n              \n              \n                This upgrade made Mirai more useful for users who needed practical direction across services, digital systems, consultations, and technical pathways without arriving with a fully defined scope.\n              \n            v4.3\n              Enterprise usability, support expansion, and integration readiness\n              \n                Version 4.3 broadened Mirai\u2019s enterprise readiness by expanding multilingual usability, improving support escalation, strengthening responsive behavior, and increasing integration potential through webhook and API support.\n              \n              \n                The result is a more mature product experience with better response reliability, more robust support options, stronger platform connectivity, and improved guidance stability across both Mirai Mini and Mirai Full Screen.\n              \n        What changed most in the latest release cycle\n            Multilingual and accessibility improvements\n            \n              Mirai now supports Arabic with right-to-left rendering, improving accessibility for Arabic-speaking users and strengthening usability across a broader audience base.\n            \n            \n              Native Arabic support\n              RTL direction handling\n              Applied across Mirai Mini and Full Screen\n            \n            Human support escalation\n            \n              The product now supports a stronger escalation route by allowing users to request human support after initial interaction, helping bridge AI guidance and direct DEISO assistance more effectively.\n            \n            \n              Support request after early chat interactions\n              Stronger transition from guidance to support\n              Improved service continuity\n            \n            API and webhook readiness\n            \n              Mirai has progressed beyond a front-end guidance layer by becoming more integration-ready for external workflows, platforms, and connected DEISO digital environments.\n            \n            \n              Webhook support for automation logic\n              API capability for broader deployment scenarios\n              Stronger platform expansion potential\n            \n            Improved UX and response stability\n            \n              Mirai now delivers a more stable and polished experience through improved rendering behavior, adaptive interface sizing, better navigation consistency, and more controlled response logic.\n            \n            \n              Adaptive mini-interface height\n              More reliable clickable links\n              Cleaner response structure and consistency\n            \n        Typical use cases for DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro\n        \n          Mirai is particularly useful when users know the challenge but not the best next step. It is built to help narrow uncertainty, guide discovery, and accelerate movement toward practical engagement routes.\n        \n        \n          Exploring which DEISO service fits a sustainability or compliance challenge\n          Understanding the correct execution path for Scope 3, PCF, EPD, LCA, or ESG needs\n          Finding DEISO systems, templates, digital products, forms, and technical resources\n          Getting structured direction for multi-country, multi-sector, or multi-context projects\n          Starting technical evaluation before moving into a more formal DEISO engagement\n        \n        Why this development matters\n        \n          The recent evolution of DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro reflects a broader product direction: moving from simple conversational interaction toward a more structured, enterprise-aligned guidance system that supports discovery, qualification, routing, and engagement.\n        \n        \n          This matters because users increasingly need more than answers. They need context, decision support, navigation clarity, and a faster route toward the right sustainability execution pathway. Mirai is being developed to meet that need with greater control, stronger usability, and more practical business value.\n        \n\n  Service qualification\n  DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro\n  Describe your project objective, and Mirai will guide you to the right DEISO service.\n    Mirai responds only to inquiries related to DEISO sustainability review, advisory, digital solutions, and training programs.\n    Start Mirai guidance \u2192\n    Run Mirai in full screen \u2192\n    Documentation and changelog\n    The official DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro documentation and changelog is hosted on Mintlify for a clearer reading experience, available at miraidocs.deiso.app.\n    Open documentation and changelog \u2192 \u00a0\u00b7\u00a0 Mirai help \u2192\n    1Objective\n    \u2192\n    2Qualification\n    \u2192\n    3Service mapping\n    \u2192\n    4Execution\" data-s=\"DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro \u2013 Enterprise AI Guidance for Sustainability Execution (Advances in Versions v4.1-v4.3)\" data-d=\"1776662144\" data-m=\"1786281024\" data-cat=\"58\" data-year=\"2026\"><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-mirai-ai-pro-enterprise-ai-guidance-for-sustainability-execution-advances-in-versions-v4-1-v4-3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"665\" height=\"998\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/DESIO_MIra_AI_Pro_V4.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/DESIO_MIra_AI_Pro_V4.jpg 665w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/DESIO_MIra_AI_Pro_V4-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">20 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 5 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-mirai-ai-pro-enterprise-ai-guidance-for-sustainability-execution-advances-in-versions-v4-1-v4-3\">DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro \u2013 Enterprise AI Guidance for Sustainability Execution (Advances in Versions v4.1-v4.3)<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Product Update DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro: From AI Chat to Structured Sustainability Execution Guidance (Advances in Versions v4.1\u2013v4.3) DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro is an enterprise AI guidance interface\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-mirai-ai-pro-enterprise-ai-guidance-for-sustainability-execution-advances-in-versions-v4-1-v4-3\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro \u2013 Enterprise AI Guidance for Sustainability Execution (Advances in Versions v4.1-v4.3)\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Rapid Sustainability Intelligence &amp; Data Review Services (48\u201372 Hours) | DEISO Announcements DEISO announcement\n    DEISO launches rapid sustainability data review services (48\u201372 hours)\n    A new portfolio of rapid expert review services covering Scope 3, PCF, EPD, supplier data, and LCA \u2014 built for technical execution and decision-ready output, not explanation.\n    Context\n    Why this launch matters\n    Many organizations have already invested in Scope 3 accounting, Product Carbon Footprint studies, Environmental Product Declarations, supplier data collection, and Life Cycle Assessment modelling. Yet in many cases the technical outputs remain difficult to trust, interpret, or act on without independent expert review.\n    The market often sees sustainability providers through the narrow lens of training. That view is incomplete. The more urgent need is not more explanation, but stronger execution \u2014 technical review, data quality assessment, methodological consistency, and faster decision support.\n      DEISO is strengthening its position as a technical sustainability execution company rather than a training provider, with expert-led review produced within 48\u201372 hours.\n    Positioning\n    From training perception to technical execution\n    Sustainability teams do not only need training. They need technical partners who can review completed work, identify weaknesses, test assumptions, interpret findings, and reduce risk before reporting, submission, procurement action, or external communication.\n    DEISO\u2019s new rapid review services are built for that purpose \u2014 helping organizations move from uncertain sustainability outputs to stronger, more reliable, more actionable results.\n    \n      Independent technical review rather than generic advisory discussion\n      Turnaround within 48\u201372 hours for urgent business and reporting needs\n      Clear identification of data quality issues, inconsistencies, and methodological risks\n      Actionable recommendations that support the next decision\n      Stronger readiness before reporting, verification, submission, or strategic use\" data-s=\"Rapid Sustainability Intelligence &amp; Data Review Services (48\u201372 Hours) | DEISO\" data-d=\"1776660360\" data-m=\"1786353705\" data-cat=\"58\" data-year=\"2026\"><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/rapid-sustainability-data-review-services\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/DESIO_Rapid_Review_Services-768x512.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/DESIO_Rapid_Review_Services-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/DESIO_Rapid_Review_Services-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/DESIO_Rapid_Review_Services.png 998w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">20 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 2 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/rapid-sustainability-data-review-services\">Rapid Sustainability Intelligence &amp; Data Review Services (48\u201372 Hours) | DEISO<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">DEISO announcement DEISO launches rapid sustainability data review services (48\u201372 hours) A new portfolio of rapid expert review services covering Scope 3, PCF, EPD, supplier data, and LCA\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/rapid-sustainability-data-review-services\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Rapid Sustainability Intelligence &amp; Data Review Services (48\u201372 Hours) | DEISO\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro v4.0: AI Guidance to Explore DEISO Services, Execution Paths, and Solutions Announcements DEISO AI guidance\n    What is DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro?\n    An AI guidance interface built to help users explore DEISO\u2019s services, execution paths, sustainability systems, and technical support routes with more speed and structure.\n    Positioning\n    Mirai is not a generic chatbot\n    Mirai is an enterprise AI guidance layer for DEISO. Its role is not to act as a general-purpose assistant. It helps users frame project objectives, clarify sustainability challenges, identify the right service direction, and move toward the relevant DEISO execution pathway.\n    That covers technical execution, advisory direction, regulatory alignment needs, sustainability systems, digital products, training alignment, and project qualification.\n\n    Why it matters\n    A better starting point\n    Mirai improves the first few minutes. Rather than leaving a visitor to interpret the DEISO ecosystem on their own, it offers a structured guidance layer that moves them from uncertainty to direction \u2014 changing how they explore DEISO, how they identify relevant services, and how they decide what to do next.\n      In practice, Mirai is an intelligent starting point for service discovery, solution mapping, and next-step qualification across the DEISO ecosystem.\n    Access\n    Try Mirai\n    Describe your objective and Mirai will point you toward the right DEISO service or execution route.\n      Ask Mirai \u2192\n      How Mirai works \u2192\n\n    Capability\n    What Mirai helps users do\n        Start with an objective\n        Describe a challenge, requirement, project goal, or internal need and receive structured DEISO guidance in return.\n        Identify execution paths\n        Mirai maps the stated need to the relevant DEISO execution routes \u2014 project execution, review, regulatory alignment, and systems pathways.\n        Find services and systems\n        It surfaces the right DEISO services, digital products, and solution architecture based on the context you give it.\n        Navigate DEISO faster\n        It also works as a search and navigation layer, returning direct paths to pages, platforms, forms, and resources.\n    The gap it closes\n    How Mirai supports client exploration\n    Most users do not arrive with a finalized scope. They may know they need help with Scope 3, EPDs, LCA, CSRD, technical review, digital systems, sustainability reporting, or internal capacity \u2014 without yet knowing which execution route fits.\n    Describing the objective in business language, technical language, or project language returns structured guidance that narrows the uncertainty and points toward the correct service path, system pathway, or evaluation route.\n    Use cases\n    Typical use cases\n    \n      Exploring which DEISO service fits a sustainability challenge or project requirement\n      Understanding the execution route for Scope 3, PCF, EPD, LCA, ESG, or regulatory alignment needs\n      Finding DEISO tools, digital systems, templates, training pages, and technical platforms\n      Getting structured direction where a project spans multiple countries, sectors, or regulatory contexts\n      Moving from an initial question toward a scoped DEISO engagement\n    \n\n    Access\n    Access DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro\n    Start with Mirai to explore DEISO services, identify the right execution path, navigate DEISO systems, and receive structured guidance for your sustainability objective or technical requirement.\n      \n        \n          \n        \n        Access Mirai Mini \u2192\n      \n      \n        \n          \n        \n        Access Mirai in full screen \u2192\n      \n      \n        \n          \n          \n          \n        \n        Access Mirai help \u2192\n      \n      Now running v4.0\n      Improvements across execution guidance, AI-supported service discovery, and structured sustainability guidance.\n      \n        \n          \n          \n        \n        View the v4.0 changelog\" data-s=\"DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro v4.0: AI Guidance to Explore DEISO Services, Execution Paths, and Solutions\" data-d=\"1776343973\" data-m=\"1786353691\" data-cat=\"58\" data-year=\"2026\"><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-mirai-ai-pro-v4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/DEISO_MIrai_AI_Logo2.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/DEISO_MIrai_AI_Logo2.png 500w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/DEISO_MIrai_AI_Logo2-300x210.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">16 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 3 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-mirai-ai-pro-v4\">DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro v4.0: AI Guidance to Explore DEISO Services, Execution Paths, and Solutions<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">DEISO AI guidance What is DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro? An AI guidance interface built to help users explore DEISO\u2019s services, execution paths, sustainability systems, and technical support routes\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-mirai-ai-pro-v4\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: DEISO Mirai\u2122 AI Pro v4.0: AI Guidance to Explore DEISO Services, Execution Paths, and Solutions\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Senior Sustainability Technical Auditor &amp; Compliance Readiness Specialist | DEISO Careers  Career opportunity\n    Global execution and validation network\n  Senior Sustainability Technical Auditor and Compliance Readiness Specialist\n      Application deadline\n      June 20, 2026\n      Job ID\n      DSJ04162649\n      Company\n      DEISO LLC\n      Language requirement\n      Business-level Japanese\n  DEISO is seeking a senior-level professional to support the technical audit, execution review, compliance readiness, and pre-submission quality strengthening of sustainability work produced under real project conditions. The role is built for applicants who can assess technical outputs with rigour, identify risks before submission, and strengthen the execution quality of work intended for external review, internal decision-making, or regulatory alignment.\n    Overview\n    Job overview\n    This role contributes directly to DEISO\u2019s position as an execution company focused on technically defensible work, independent expert review, and execution-oriented readiness support. It is not generic consulting, general advisory work, or certification activity. It centres on structured technical audit, pre-submission assessment, methodological consistency review, and strengthening execution quality before external use, disclosure, or verification-related processes.\n    The selected professional will assess whether technical sustainability outputs are sufficiently organized, internally coherent, reviewable, and ready for responsible downstream use \u2014 identifying execution risks, technical weaknesses, data limitations, methodological inconsistencies, and readiness gaps that affect quality.\n    Through that work, the role supports how DEISO executes complex sustainability projects, improves technical strength, and reinforces the professional discipline required for high-quality execution and review under enterprise conditions.\n    Responsibilities\n    Key responsibilities\n    \n      Perform structured technical audit and expert review of sustainability outputs to strengthen execution quality, consistency, and readiness.\n      Identify methodological issues, data gaps, internal inconsistencies, and technical weaknesses affecting pre-submission readiness or downstream confidence.\n      Assess whether completed work is organized and documented in a way that supports reviewability, traceability, and professional execution standards.\n      Contribute to pre-submission readiness reviews that improve the quality of technical outputs before external assessment or client-facing use.\n      Prepare clear findings, structured audit observations, and expert recommendations that improve execution strength and reduce avoidable technical risk.\n      Support the development of review logic and technical audit approaches aligned with DEISO\u2019s execution-led model.\n      Work closely with technical experts to strengthen the pathway from completed analysis to review-ready, decision-ready outputs.\n    \n    Requirements\n    Candidate requirements\n    \n      A strong professional background in technical audit, independent review, compliance readiness support, sustainability quality assurance, or a closely related field.\n      Demonstrated ability to assess technical outputs critically and improve their suitability for structured execution and professional review.\n      Strong judgment in identifying methodological inconsistencies, data integrity concerns, technical weaknesses, and execution-related risks.\n      Ability to work within an expert-led environment where high-quality execution, structured review, and technical discipline are central.\n      Business-level Japanese language capability is required across written, oral, and spoken communication.\n      High standard of professional writing, analytical clarity, and evidence-based communication.\n      Ability to operate with precision, maturity, and discretion in a company serving global clients through technical execution and expert-led review.\n    \n    Preferred\n    Preferred skills\n    \n      Experience in technical review, readiness support, pre-submission assessment, quality control, or structured expert evaluation of sustainability outputs.\n      Ability to convert technical observations into clear, professionally usable findings that improve execution confidence.\n      Strong understanding of how technical documentation, review logic, and methodological discipline shape enterprise-level execution.\n      Comfort working across expert, technical, and client-facing contexts while preserving neutrality, rigour, and clarity.\n      Experience in environments where audit insight improves technical strength, risk visibility, and execution readiness.\n    \n    Context\n    Why this role matters at DEISO\n    DEISO supports clients through execution, technical strengthening, and structured review \u2014 not through advisory messaging alone. This role reinforces DEISO\u2019s ability to examine technical work carefully, improve its readiness, and make execution outputs more defensible before external or internal use.\n    The position supports DEISO\u2019s identity as an execution company that values audit discipline, technical accountability, methodological clarity, and review-ready output. It protects quality while strengthening the trustworthiness and professional readiness of sustainability work.\n    How to apply\n    Application procedure\n    Applicants who wish to be considered are invited to submit the required materials by email.\n      \n        Send your CV to jobs@dei.so\n        Include a cover letter tailored to this position\n        Put the job title and Job ID: DSJ04162649 in the email subject line\n        Application deadline: June 20, 2026\n      \n      Important notice\n      Only matching applicants will be shortlisted for interview. Only shortlisted applicants will be contacted by email.\" data-s=\"Senior Sustainability Technical Auditor &amp; Compliance Readiness Specialist | DEISO Careers\" data-d=\"1776314421\" data-m=\"1786353795\" data-cat=\"\" data-year=\"2026\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/senior-sustainability-technical-auditor-compliance-readiness-specialist-deiso\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Senior_Sustainability_Technical-Auditor-768x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Senior_Sustainability_Technical-Auditor-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Senior_Sustainability_Technical-Auditor-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Senior_Sustainability_Technical-Auditor-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Senior_Sustainability_Technical-Auditor-560x560.jpg 560w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Senior_Sustainability_Technical-Auditor.jpg 815w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-date\">16 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 4 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/senior-sustainability-technical-auditor-compliance-readiness-specialist-deiso\">Senior Sustainability Technical Auditor &amp; Compliance Readiness Specialist | DEISO Careers<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Career opportunity Global execution and validation network Senior Sustainability Technical Auditor and Compliance Readiness Specialist Application deadline June 20, 2026 Job ID DSJ04162649 Company DEISO LLC Language requirement\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/senior-sustainability-technical-auditor-compliance-readiness-specialist-deiso\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Senior Sustainability Technical Auditor &amp; Compliance Readiness Specialist | DEISO Careers\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) for Funded Academic Projects Announcements New service\n    Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA)\n    Integrated environmental, social, and economic analysis for funded academic projects.\n    Most sustainability studies still operate in silos. Environmental impact is assessed separately. Social risks are treated independently. Economic analysis sits disconnected from both. That fragmentation limits what research outcomes can actually support.\n      Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment resolves this \u2014 not by running three studies in parallel, but by treating them as one analytical system.\n    The framework\n    Three dimensions, one model\n    DEISO now supports LCSA for funded academic and research-driven projects through an integrated, openLCA-based framework combining:\n    \n      Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) \u2014 environmental impact across the full system\n      Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) \u2014 stakeholder risk, social hotspots, and supply chain exposure\n      Life Cycle Costing (LCC) \u2014 economic performance and cost structures across the life cycle\n    \n    The three are modelled inside a shared structure, so a change in one dimension is visible in the others rather than requiring three separate reconciliations.\n\n    Academic context\n    Why LCSA matters for funded research\n    Funded research now requires more than environmental metrics. Projects are expected to demonstrate interdisciplinary relevance, societal impact, economic feasibility, and value for policy and decision-making.\n    LCSA provides a defensible, research-grade framework that meets those expectations directly, supporting:\n    \n      Stronger grant positioning\n      Publication-ready outputs\n      Cross-disciplinary integration\n      Real-world decision relevance\n    \n    Technical foundation\n    Built on the openLCA ecosystem\n    The work runs inside an openLCA modelling environment, which allows full integration of:\n    \n      Environmental datasets such as ecoinvent\n      Social assessment databases, including social hotspot data\n      Cost modelling within the same analytical structure\n    \n      The result is a coherent, reproducible, and scalable research workflow \u2014 one model a reviewer can follow end to end rather than three that have to be cross-checked.\n    Engagement\n    Three engagement models\n        1\n          Full project execution\n          End-to-end execution of LCSA studies aligned with research objectives and funding requirements.\n        2\n          Technical consultation\n          Methodology design, testing, and technical review for academic teams conducting the research internally.\n        3\n          Training and capacity building\n          Structured programs that build institutional capability in LCA, S-LCA, LCC, and integrated LCSA workflows.\n\n    Who it is for\n    Built for research teams\n    \n      Funded academic research projects\n      University-led sustainability programs\n      Research consortia and interdisciplinary teams\n      Institutions developing advanced sustainability capability\n    \n    Next step\n    Scope an LCSA engagement\n    If your project involves LCA, S-LCA, LCC, or integrated sustainability assessment, send the scope, timeline, and funding context and DEISO will come back with a structured proposal.\n      LCSA turns sustainability analysis from fragmented studies into a structured, decision-oriented research framework.\n      Request a quotation \u2192\n      Start at go.dei.so \u2192\n  \n      Start Your LCSA Project with DEISO\n      \n        Explore the full Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) offering or take the next step through consultation or quotation to define your project scope and engagement model.\n      \n      \n      \n          Explore LCSA Services\n            Discover how DEISO delivers integrated Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) through LCA, S-LCA, and LCC within an openLCA-based framework for funded academic projects.\n        \u2192\n      \n      \n      \n          Schedule a Consultation\n            Engage in a structured discussion to evaluate your research objectives, define methodology, and identify the most effective LCSA engagement model.\n        \u2192\n      \n      \n      \n          Request a Quotation\n            Submit your project details to receive a tailored quotation aligned with your scope, funding structure, and technical requirements.\n        \u2192\" data-s=\"Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) for Funded Academic Projects\" data-d=\"1774421715\" data-m=\"1786354649\" data-cat=\"58\" data-year=\"2026\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/life-cycle-sustainability-assessment-lcsa-funded-academic-projects\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/openlca_LCSA-768x512.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/openlca_LCSA-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/openlca_LCSA-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/openlca_LCSA.jpg 998w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">25 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 3 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/life-cycle-sustainability-assessment-lcsa-funded-academic-projects\">Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) for Funded Academic Projects<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">New service Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) Integrated environmental, social, and economic analysis for funded academic projects. Most sustainability studies still operate in silos. Environmental impact is assessed\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/life-cycle-sustainability-assessment-lcsa-funded-academic-projects\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) for Funded Academic Projects\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"DEISO Announces 13 Pre-Submission Audit &amp; Advisory Services for ESG, GHG, LCA &amp; PCF Announcements Service announcement\n    DEISO announces 13 pre-submission audit and advisory services\n    Independent technical reinforcement for sustainability governance and verification readiness \u2014 before external review begins.\n    Sustainability reporting alone is no longer enough. Across regulatory, procurement, and investor-driven environments, organizations are expected to demonstrate methodological integrity, data traceability, internal control, and review-ready documentation across ESG disclosures, GHG inventories, Life Cycle Assessment, Product Carbon Footprint studies, and Environmental Product Declarations.\n    DEISO now offers a structured portfolio of 13 pre-submission audit and advisory services built to strengthen sustainability architecture before external verification, public disclosure, investor review, regulatory submission, or programme operator assessment.\n    The purpose is to reduce verification risk, prevent costly rework, improve methodological defensibility, and turn sustainability outputs into enterprise-level governance assets.\n      Explore the full portfolio \u2192\n    Why it matters\n    Why pre-submission audit matters now\n    As expectations intensify across global markets, organizations face growing pressure to make environmental and climate disclosures that withstand technical and strategic scrutiny. Reports that look complete on the surface often carry structural weaknesses beneath \u2014 unclear boundaries, inconsistent methodologies, unsupported assumptions, weak data governance, incomplete documentation, or misalignment with the applicable standard.\n    Those weaknesses have downstream consequences. They trigger verification findings, delay EPD approvals, weaken investor confidence, undermine procurement credibility, and create reputational and regulatory exposure.\n      Correcting a flawed report after submission costs considerably more than strengthening it before review.\n    Scope\n    What the portfolio covers\n    The 13 services support organizations strengthening ESG reporting, carbon accounting, LCA studies, EPDs, product-level environmental claims, sustainability governance systems, and industrial carbon readiness.\n    The architecture is built for enterprises, industrial operators, manufacturers, infrastructure developers, sustainability teams, and consultants seeking independent technical reinforcement before external exposure.\n    The objective is not surface-level quality review. It is assessing whether a deliverable is structurally coherent, technically defensible, standards-aligned, and ready for scrutiny.\n\n  Services 1\u20137\n  Advisory, product carbon, and governance\n    1\n      Senior LCA strategic advisory \u2014 ISO 14040\/44 and EPD support\n      Senior-level advisory for Life Cycle Assessment programmes aligned with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044, including methodological guidance for Environmental Product Declarations. Strengthens study architecture, system boundary definition, allocation logic, impact assessment method selection, and documentation before formal verification or programme operator submission \u2014 reducing verification exposure and preventing rework.\n    2\n      Senior sustainability strategic advisory \u2014 ESG, climate, risk, and environmental governance\n      Executive-level advisory strengthening ESG architecture, climate governance frameworks, environmental risk integration, and alignment with global disclosure standards. Built for organizations seeking independent senior insight before public reporting, investor engagement, regulatory submission, or board review. Covers ESG structural maturity, Scope 1\u20133 governance, risk mapping, disclosure positioning, and environmental data integration into enterprise decision systems.\n    3\n      Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) audit and review\n      Independent technical audit and pre-submission review of PCF studies before external verification, customer submission, regulatory disclosure, or supply chain reporting. Evaluates system boundaries, allocation logic, functional unit definition, emission factor selection, data representativeness, and alignment with ISO 14067 and the GHG Protocol Product Standard \u2014 identifying structural inconsistencies, unsupported assumptions, calculation weaknesses, and documentation gaps before scrutiny begins.\n    4\n      LCA critical review (ISO 14040 \/ ISO 14044)\n      Independent critical review assessing methodological conformity, modelling integrity, data representativeness, allocation logic, impact assessment application, and reporting transparency. Supports studies intended for public disclosure, comparative assertions, EPD publication, regulatory submission, or advanced stakeholder scrutiny \u2014 identifying methodological deviations, unsupported assumptions, and reporting vulnerabilities before formal declaration.\n    5\n      Sustainability data governance and internal control audit\n      Independent audit of data governance frameworks and internal control systems behind ESG reporting, GHG inventories, LCA studies, and environmental disclosures. Evaluates data ownership structures, control procedures, calculation workflows, documentation traceability, system integration logic, and cross-functional accountability \u2014 surfacing data integrity risks, control weaknesses, audit trail deficiencies, and misalignment between sustainability outputs and enterprise reporting systems.\n    6\n      AI strategic advisory for sustainability and research architecture\n      Executive-level advisory on integrating AI into LCA modelling workflows, GHG accounting systems, ESG analytics, digital reporting frameworks, and research infrastructure. Evaluates data readiness, model integration logic, automation potential, analytical reliability, governance controls, and scalability so AI strengthens methodological rigour rather than introducing unmanaged risk.\n    7\n      Independent ESG audit and review\n      Pre-submission technical audit of ESG reports before public disclosure, investor engagement, regulatory filing, or external assurance. Evaluates structural integrity, data consistency, boundary definition, materiality logic, governance alignment, and methodological defensibility across internally developed or consultant-prepared reports \u2014 identifying unsupported claims, disclosure weaknesses, calculation inconsistencies, and governance gaps before third-party scrutiny.\n\n    Positioning\n    What makes this different\n    These engagements are structured around independence, technical rigour, and governance clarity. DEISO\u2019s role is not to prepare the report, build the inventory, or develop the study being assessed. DEISO acts as an independent technical and strategic advisor evaluating whether an existing deliverable is strong enough to withstand formal review.\n      That separation is the point. It strengthens objectivity, improves defensibility, and gives clients a credible layer of assurance before entering verification, disclosure, procurement, or regulatory processes.\n    Audience\n    Who these services are for\n    Particularly relevant for organizations preparing for:\n    \n      Public sustainability disclosure\n      Third-party verification or external assurance\n      Investor scrutiny and board review\n      Infrastructure tendering and green procurement qualification\n      EPD programme operator submission\n      Product-level carbon disclosure\n      Enterprise-wide climate governance strengthening\n    \n    Also relevant to industrial sectors where sustainability performance is increasingly tied to export readiness, customer expectations, financing conditions, and long-term market positioning.\n    Value\n    What pre-submission audit is worth\n    The value lies in what it prevents and what it opens up. It prevents avoidable findings, expensive corrections, reputational exposure, and weak governance outcomes. It opens up stronger technical credibility, more confident disclosure, improved investor trust, and a more mature sustainability architecture inside the organization.\n    Rather than treating ESG, carbon accounting, LCA, or EPD work as isolated reporting outputs, the objective is turning them into defensible governance instruments that support credibility, market access, and executive decision-making.\n    Final perspective\n    Assurance before submission, not after\n    Sustainability deliverables should not reach the market, the boardroom, or the verification process carrying unresolved methodological weaknesses, governance gaps, or documentation vulnerabilities. As external scrutiny intensifies, pre-submission assurance becomes a strategic necessity rather than an optional extra.\n    For organizations that need their ESG reports, carbon inventories, LCA studies, PCF models, EPD documentation, and sustainability systems to be stronger before external review, this portfolio provides a structured pathway.\n      Explore the full portfolio \u2192\n      Request a quotation \u2192\n\n      Next step\n      Take the next step with DEISO\n      Choose the path that moves your sustainability work forward.\n          \n        Explore services\n        Review the full Pre-Submission Audit and Advisory portfolio, service by service.\n        Explore the portfolio \u2192\n          \n        Ask Mirai\n        Describe your objective and get structured guidance on the right service and technical direction.\n        Ask Mirai \u2192\n          \n        Request a quotation\n        Send your scope, timeline, and requirements, and receive a structured response.\n        Request a quotation \u2192\n          \n        Not sure where to start?\n        Tell us your objective and go.dei.so points you to the right service or scopes the work directly.\n        Start at go.dei.so \u2192\" data-s=\"DEISO Announces 13 Pre-Submission Audit &amp; Advisory Services for ESG, GHG, LCA &amp; PCF\" data-d=\"1774323784\" data-m=\"1786355189\" data-cat=\"58\" data-year=\"2026\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-pre-submission-audit-advisory-services\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Pre-Audit_BK-768x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Pre-Audit_BK-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Pre-Audit_BK-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Pre-Audit_BK-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Pre-Audit_BK-560x560.jpg 560w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Pre-Audit_BK-900x900.jpg 900w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Pre-Audit_BK.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">24 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 6 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-pre-submission-audit-advisory-services\">DEISO Announces 13 Pre-Submission Audit &amp; Advisory Services for ESG, GHG, LCA &amp; PCF<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Service announcement DEISO announces 13 pre-submission audit and advisory services Independent technical reinforcement for sustainability governance and verification readiness \u2014 before external review begins. Sustainability reporting alone is\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-pre-submission-audit-advisory-services\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: DEISO Announces 13 Pre-Submission Audit &amp; Advisory Services for ESG, GHG, LCA &amp; PCF\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Advanced LCA Capacity Building: Introducing 1:1 Software Coaching Programs and Courses for openLCA, SimaPro, and GaBi Announcements Announcement\n    Advanced LCA capacity building: 1:1 software coaching for openLCA, SimaPro, and GaBi\n    A focused capacity building service for experienced practitioners who need targeted capability development rather than another course.\n    DEISO introduces professional LCA software coaching (1:1) for practitioners working with openLCA, SimaPro, and GaBi (LCA for Experts).\n    Many LCA professionals already hold a strong foundation from training programs and courses. What they need next is targeted capability development \u2014 strengthening specific modelling areas, resolving technical challenges, and advancing practical implementation skill.\n    The service supports:\n    \n      Learning new topics inside LCA software environments\n      Deepening knowledge in specific modelling areas\n      Developing advanced LCA capabilities\n      Applying complex modelling approaches in live projects\n    \n    Format\n    What makes this different\n    This is a one-to-one coaching engagement for professionals who already:\n    \n      Work with LCA software tools\n      Build and manage LCA models\n      Need targeted support beyond standard training programs and courses\n    \n    Unlike structured training, the format carries no predefined curriculum, no basic-level repetition, and no unnecessary hours.\n      Each session is aligned with your exact technical needs, so the time spent goes directly into capability rather than coverage.\n    Expectations\n    What you can expect\n    \n      Topic-specific coaching shaped to your requirements\n      Advanced modelling and software skill development\n      Direct interaction with experienced LCA professionals\n      Efficient, implementation-focused sessions\n    \n  \n      One-to-One Professional Coaching\n      Choose the LCA Software Coaching Program That Matches Your Development Goals\n      \n        DEISO\u2019s coaching services are designed for experienced users of openLCA, SimaPro, and GaBi who want to learn new topics, strengthen software knowledge, develop advanced modeling capabilities, and build practical skills through focused expert-guided sessions.\n      \n        openLCA Coaching\n        \n          For experienced openLCA users seeking to strengthen selected skills, explore advanced features, improve modeling workflows, and develop deeper software capabilities through focused one-to-one coaching.\n        \n          Learn More\n        SimaPro Coaching\n        \n          For professionals already working with SimaPro who want to expand knowledge in specific topics, improve software skills, and build stronger modeling capabilities in a structured one-to-one coaching format.\n        \n          Learn More\n        GaBi Coaching\n        \n          For experienced GaBi users who want to deepen understanding of selected areas, develop new technical and modeling skills, and strengthen professional software use through focused expert-led coaching sessions.\n        \n          Learn More\n        \n          Ready to arrange your one-to-one coaching? Book your session with DEISO to discuss the software, topic, and duration that best fit your learning objectives.\n        \n        All coaching sessions are delivered one-to-one, booked in advance, and subject to availability.\n      Arrange Booking\" data-s=\"Advanced LCA Capacity Building: Introducing 1:1 Software Coaching Programs and Courses for openLCA, SimaPro, and GaBi\" data-d=\"1773917225\" data-m=\"1786355374\" data-cat=\"58\" data-year=\"2026\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/lca-software-coaching-openlca-simapro-gabi\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DEISO_LCA_Coaching-768x512.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DEISO_LCA_Coaching-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DEISO_LCA_Coaching-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DEISO_LCA_Coaching.jpg 998w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">19 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 2 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/lca-software-coaching-openlca-simapro-gabi\">Advanced LCA Capacity Building: Introducing 1:1 Software Coaching Programs and Courses for openLCA, SimaPro, and GaBi<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Announcement Advanced LCA capacity building: 1:1 software coaching for openLCA, SimaPro, and GaBi A focused capacity building service for experienced practitioners who need targeted capability development rather than\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/lca-software-coaching-openlca-simapro-gabi\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Advanced LCA Capacity Building: Introducing 1:1 Software Coaching Programs and Courses for openLCA, SimaPro, and GaBi\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"How to Calculate Scope 3 Emissions (GHG Protocol Guide) Tutorials Blog posts\r\nHow to calculate Scope 3 emissions\r\nOrganizations are increasingly required to measure and report greenhouse gas emissions across their value chains. While Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions are relatively straightforward to quantify, Scope 3 emissions typically represent the largest and most complex portion of a company\u2019s carbon footprint.\r\n\r\nIn many sectors Scope 3 accounts for the great majority of total corporate emissions \u2014 frequently the large majority in manufacturing, retail, and financial services, though the share varies considerably by industry and should be established for each company rather than assumed. Regulators, investors, and customers are applying growing pressure to measure and manage it.\r\n\r\nThis guide explains how Scope 3 emissions are calculated, the methods and mathematics used in practice, and the challenges organizations face in building reliable inventories.\r\nWhat are Scope 3 emissions?\r\nScope 3 emissions are indirect greenhouse gas emissions occurring across a company\u2019s value chain, both upstream and downstream. Unlike Scope 1 (direct emissions from owned or controlled sources) and Scope 2 (indirect emissions from purchased energy), Scope 3 arises from activities such as:\r\n\r\n \tpurchased materials and services\r\n \ttransportation and logistics\r\n \tproduct use by customers\r\n \twaste management\r\n \tsupplier manufacturing processes\r\n\r\nBecause these emissions occur outside the organization\u2019s operational control, they are harder to measure and to verify \u2014 which is precisely why methodology and data quality documentation matter more here than anywhere else in the inventory.\r\n\r\nThe fifteen Scope 3 categories\r\nThe GHG Protocol Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Standard defines fifteen categories across upstream and downstream value chains.\r\nUpstream\r\n\r\n \t1Purchased goods and services\r\n \t2Capital goods\r\n \t3Fuel- and energy-related activities not included in Scope 1 or 2\r\n \t4Upstream transportation and distribution\r\n \t5Waste generated in operations\r\n \t6Business travel\r\n \t7Employee commuting\r\n \t8Upstream leased assets\r\n\r\nDownstream\r\n\r\n \t9Downstream transportation and distribution\r\n \t10Processing of sold products\r\n \t11Use of sold products\r\n \t12End-of-life treatment of sold products\r\n \t13Downstream leased assets\r\n \t14Franchises\r\n \t15Investments\r\n\r\nOn reporting scope\r\n\r\nNot every category applies to every organization, and the standard does not require all fifteen to be quantified. It does require all fifteen to be screened, and any exclusion to be disclosed with justification. Silently omitting a category is a different thing from assessing it as immaterial and saying so.\r\nThe general calculation\r\nEvery Scope 3 category, whichever method is used, reduces to the same structure: a quantity of activity multiplied by an emission factor, summed across all activities in the category.\r\n\r\nThe core equation\r\nEcategory = \u03a3i ( Ai \u00d7 EFi )\r\n\r\nE \u2014 emissions in the category, in tonnes CO\u2082e. Ai \u2014 activity data for item i: mass, spend, distance, kWh, or unit count. EFi \u2014 the emission factor for that item, in CO\u2082e per unit of the same quantity.\r\n\r\nTotal Scope 3\r\nEScope 3 = \u03a3c=115 Ec\r\n\r\nWhere gases are quantified individually rather than as CO\u2082e, each is converted first: ECO\u2082e = \u03a3g ( mg \u00d7 GWPg ), with the IPCC assessment report version stated.\r\n\r\n1\r\nIdentify relevant categories\r\n\r\nDetermine which of the fifteen apply. Manufacturers usually find purchased goods and services and use of sold products dominate; service businesses often centre on purchased services and business travel; financial institutions are dominated by investments.\r\n\r\nA screening estimate, deliberately rough, is enough to rank categories. Spend or physical throughput multiplied by a sector-average factor identifies the shape of the footprint before any detailed data collection begins.\r\n\r\nMateriality screening\r\nSharec = E\u0302c \u00f7 \u03a3c E\u0302c\r\n\r\nE\u0302c is the screening estimate for category c. Categories are then prioritised by share, and by whether the company has influence over them \u2014 a large category it cannot affect is a reporting obligation; a moderate one it can affect is a reduction opportunity.\r\n\r\n2\r\nMap the value chain\r\n\r\nIdentify the activities generating emissions across the supply chain and the product life cycle \u2014 raw material production, component manufacturing, transportation, product use, and disposal. Mapping establishes where emissions occur and what data will be needed, which is what makes the next step tractable.\r\n\r\n3\r\nCollect activity data\r\n\r\nScope 3 calculations draw on data from suppliers, partners, and internal systems. Typical activity data includes quantities of purchased materials, transport distances and modes, energy consumption during product use, and waste volumes by treatment route.\r\n\r\nData is either primary \u2014 supplier-specific, measured, and attributable to the actual goods purchased \u2014 or secondary, drawn from industry averages and databases. Most first inventories are almost entirely secondary, and improvement means shifting the material categories toward primary over successive years.\r\n\r\n4\r\nSelect the calculation method\r\n\r\nThe GHG Protocol defines four methods, ordered from lowest to highest data specificity. In practice most inventories use several at once, applying the more demanding methods to the material categories.\r\nSpend-based method\r\nEmissions from financial expenditure\r\nE = \u03a3i ( Si \u00d7 EFispend )\r\n\r\nSi \u2014 spend on category i in currency units. EFspend \u2014 emission factor per unit of currency, typically from an environmentally extended input-output database. Example: 1,000,000 currency units of steel \u00d7 the sector factor per unit spend.\r\n\r\nFast, complete, and usable from accounting data alone. Its weakness is that it cannot distinguish between a low-carbon and a high-carbon supplier \u2014 and it responds to price changes as if they were emissions changes, so inflation or a negotiated discount will move the reported figure with no physical basis.\r\nAverage-data method\r\nEmissions from physical quantity and average factors\r\nE = \u03a3i ( mi \u00d7 EFimass )\r\n\r\nmi \u2014 mass or physical quantity of material i. Example: 10,000 tonnes of steel \u00d7 the average emission factor per tonne of steel. More stable than spend-based, because it is insulated from price.\r\nHybrid method\r\nCombining supplier data with secondary data\r\nE = \u03a3j Ejprimary + \u03a3k ( Ak \u00d7 EFksecondary )\r\n\r\nSupplier-specific data is used where available; the remainder of the category is filled with average or spend-based estimates. This is what most real inventories look like.\r\nSupplier-specific method\r\nEmissions from supplier product carbon footprints\r\nE = \u03a3i ( qi \u00d7 PCFi )\r\n\r\nqi \u2014 quantity purchased from supplier i. PCFi \u2014 that supplier\u2019s cradle-to-gate product carbon footprint per unit, ideally prepared under ISO 14067 or the GHG Protocol Product Standard. The most accurate method and the only one that rewards a supplier for reducing emissions.\r\n\r\nThe methodological trap: switching from spend-based to supplier-specific data usually changes the reported number substantially. That change is a methodology change, not a reduction, and reporting it as progress is one of the most common errors in Scope 3 disclosure.\r\n\r\n5\r\nApply emission factors\r\n\r\nEmission factors convert activity data into greenhouse gas emissions \u2014 tonnes of material \u00d7 kg CO\u2082e per tonne. Common sources include international environmental databases, national emissions inventories, and life cycle assessment databases.\r\n\r\nFactor selection is where two competent analysts most often diverge. Geography, technology vintage, database version, and whether the factor is cradle-to-gate or cradle-to-grave all change the result, and all must be documented.\r\nCategory-specific formulas\r\nSeveral categories need more than mass times factor. Three examples that carry disproportionate weight:\r\n\r\nCategory 4 and 9 \u2014 transportation\r\nE = \u03a3i ( mi \u00d7 di \u00d7 EFmode,i )\r\n\r\nMass in tonnes \u00d7 distance in km \u00d7 the factor per tonne-kilometre for that transport mode. Load factor and empty running should be reflected in the factor chosen.\r\n\r\nCategory 11 \u2014 use of sold products\r\nE = N \u00d7 L \u00d7 Uannual \u00d7 EFenergy\r\n\r\nN \u2014 units sold in the reporting year. L \u2014 expected lifetime in years. Uannual \u2014 energy or fuel consumed per unit per year. EFenergy \u2014 the emission factor for that energy in the use geography. For energy-using products this category alone frequently exceeds every other combined, and the whole lifetime is reported in the year of sale.\r\n\r\nCategory 12 \u2014 end-of-life treatment\r\nE = \u03a3w ( mw \u00d7 fw \u00d7 EFtreatment,w )\r\n\r\nmw \u2014 mass of material w in products sold. fw \u2014 fraction going to each treatment route, from national waste statistics for the markets sold into. EFtreatment \u2014 factor for landfill, incineration, or recycling of that material.\r\n\r\n6\r\nAnalyse results and identify hotspots\r\n\r\nOnce calculated, results are analysed to find the largest sources \u2014 the carbon hotspots. These are commonly raw material production, energy use during product operation, and logistics. Identifying them is what turns an inventory into a reduction plan rather than a compliance document.\r\n\r\nContribution and intensity\r\nContributioni = Ei \u00f7 Etotal \u00d7 100%\r\nIntensity = Etotal \u00f7 Q \u00a0\u00a0 (per unit produced, per revenue, or per FTE)\r\n\r\nIntensity is what allows year-on-year comparison when the business grows or contracts. Absolute emissions and intensity should both be reported; either alone can mislead.\r\nData quality and uncertainty\r\nA Scope 3 figure without a data quality statement is an assertion. The GHG Protocol expects data quality to be assessed and disclosed, and the practical approach is to score each data point across defined dimensions and weight by its contribution.\r\n\r\nData quality dimensions\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDimension\r\nQuestion\r\nTypical weakness in Scope 3\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTechnological\r\nDoes the factor represent the actual production technology used?\r\nAverage factors mask large differences between routes\r\n\r\n\r\nTemporal\r\nHow recent is the data?\r\nGrid factors in particular move quickly and date fast\r\n\r\n\r\nGeographical\r\nDoes it represent the region of production or use?\r\nRegional factors applied to global supply chains\r\n\r\n\r\nCompleteness\r\nDoes it cover the full activity, or a sample?\r\nPartial supplier coverage extrapolated to the whole category\r\n\r\n\r\nReliability\r\nIs it measured, calculated, or estimated?\r\nEstimates presented without their basis stated\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWeighted data quality score\r\nDQweighted = \u03a3i ( wi \u00d7 DQi ) \u00a0\u00a0 where \u00a0 wi = Ei \u00f7 Etotal\r\n\r\nWeighting by emissions contribution means the score reflects the quality of the data that matters, rather than averaging a well-documented small category against a poorly-documented large one.\r\nBase year and recalculation\r\nScope 3 inventories are only useful if this year compares to last year. That requires a documented base year and a recalculation policy, triggered by structural changes \u2014 acquisitions, divestments, outsourcing, or methodology changes \u2014 that exceed a stated significance threshold.\r\n\r\nRecalculation trigger\r\nTrigger if \u00a0 | Erestated \u2212 Ebase | \u00f7 Ebase &gt; \u03b8\r\n\r\n\u03b8 is the significance threshold the company defines and discloses. Without this, a shift from spend-based to supplier-specific data appears as a reduction that never occurred.\r\nCommon challenges\r\n\r\n \tLimited supplier data. Many suppliers do not yet measure or disclose emissions, and smaller ones may lack the capability entirely.\r\n \tData quality. Incomplete or inconsistent datasets introduce uncertainty that must be characterised rather than hidden.\r\n \tSupply chain complexity. Large organizations may have thousands of suppliers across many countries, with visibility falling sharply beyond tier one.\r\n \tMethodological variation. Different methods produce different results for the same activity, particularly with secondary data.\r\n \tDouble counting. One company\u2019s Scope 3 is another\u2019s Scope 1 \u2014 expected within the standard, but it means Scope 3 figures cannot be summed across companies.\r\n \tBoundary and timing. Use-phase emissions are reported in full in the year of sale, so a strong sales year raises reported emissions even where the product improved.\r\n\r\nThe role of product carbon footprints\r\nMany organizations complement Scope 3 inventories with product carbon footprint assessments. A PCF evaluates emissions across a product\u2019s full life cycle \u2014 raw material extraction, manufacturing, transportation, use, and disposal or recycling \u2014 and provides the supplier-specific data that the highest-quality Scope 3 method depends on.\r\n\r\nThe relationship runs both ways: a supplier\u2019s PCF becomes its customer\u2019s category 1 input, and a company\u2019s own PCF work builds the primary data its customers are asking for. Prepared under ISO 14067 and the ISO 14040\/14044 framework, the results are usable in both directions.\r\nImproving Scope 3 data over time\r\nInventories improve through supplier engagement programmes, better procurement data systems, integration of sustainability criteria into sourcing decisions, and more detailed product life cycle analysis. The realistic trajectory moves material categories from spend-based estimates toward activity-based and eventually supplier-specific calculation, while immaterial categories remain screened.\r\n\r\nA practical sequence\r\n\r\nScreen all fifteen \u2192 establish a spend-based baseline \u2192 identify the categories carrying most of the footprint \u2192 move those to activity data \u2192 engage the suppliers representing most of the spend within them \u2192 move those to supplier-specific PCFs. Each step is disclosed as a methodology change so the trend line stays honest.\r\nFinal thoughts\r\nScope 3 emissions represent the largest and most complex component of most corporate carbon footprints. Organizations that measure and manage them gain a genuine view of supply chain risk, reduction opportunity, and reporting readiness.\r\n\r\nThe mathematics is not the difficult part \u2014 activity data multiplied by an emission factor, summed. The difficulty is obtaining activity data the company does not own, selecting factors that represent the actual supply chain, and documenting both well enough that the result survives verification. As regulatory requirements and investor expectations tighten, that capability is becoming a standard requirement rather than a differentiator.\r\n\r\nCarbon &amp; GHG Accounting Training (Scopes 1\u20133)\r\nBuild Practical Capability in Scope 3 &amp; Product Carbon Footprint Analysis\r\nEquip your team with practical skills in carbon accounting, Scope 1\u20133 emissions quantification, supplier data handling, and product carbon footprint development based on internationally recognized GHG accounting frameworks.\r\nThis training is available remotely, on-site at your location, and off-site in Japan. Remote pricing is published on the training page. On-site and off-site delivery are available on a quotation basis and are priced higher depending on location, number of participants, and delivery requirements.\r\nRemote Training\r\nLive instructor-led online delivery for individuals and teams.\r\nOn-Site Training\r\nDelivered at your organization with configuration based on your needs.\r\nOff-Site in Japan\r\nFocused training in Japan for organizations seeking an intensive format.\r\nRequest the Training Proposal or Review the Full Program Details\r\nIdeal for sustainability managers, ESG teams, engineers, consultants, procurement professionals, and researchers who need practical carbon accounting capability rather than theory alone.\r\n\r\n\r\n \t16 hours of structured professional training\r\n \tCoverage of Scope 1, Scope 2, Scope 3, and product carbon footprint topics\r\n \tSuitable for individual participants and corporate teams\r\n \tOptional certification available at additional cost\r\n\r\n\r\nView Full Training Page\r\n\r\n\r\nRequest Training Proposal\r\n\r\n\r\nSchedule a Consultation\r\n\r\nOur team typically responds to training inquiries within 24 hours.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNext step\r\nNot sure which service fits your project?\r\nTell us your scope, timeline, and target outcome \u2014 DEISO will point you to the right service or scope the work directly.\r\n\r\nRequest a quotation \u2192\r\nStart at go.dei.so \u2192\" data-s=\"How to Calculate Scope 3 Emissions (GHG Protocol Guide)\" data-d=\"1773631313\" data-m=\"1791007858\" data-cat=\"1737\" data-year=\"2026\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/how-to-calculate-scope-3-emissions\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"543\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Product_Carbon_Foot_Print-768x543.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Product_Carbon_Foot_Print-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Product_Carbon_Foot_Print-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Product_Carbon_Foot_Print-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Product_Carbon_Foot_Print.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Tutorials<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Tutorials<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">16 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 12 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/how-to-calculate-scope-3-emissions\">How to Calculate Scope 3 Emissions (GHG Protocol Guide)<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Blog posts How to calculate Scope 3 emissions Organizations are increasingly required to measure and report greenhouse gas emissions across their value chains. While Scope 1 and Scope\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/how-to-calculate-scope-3-emissions\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: How to Calculate Scope 3 Emissions (GHG Protocol Guide)\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"DEISO\u2019s Environmental Management &amp; Assessment (EMA) Professional Training Programs Announcements News Audience\n    Built for practice, not theory alone\n    EMA training programs are built for professionals working in real decision-making environments:\n    \n      Corporate sustainability and ESG teams\n      Environmental consultants and analysts\n      Engineers and R&amp;D professionals\n      Researchers and advanced practitioners\n    \n      The focus is methodological rigour, defensible results, and real application across industry and policy contexts.\n    Formats\n    Flexible training formats\n    All EMA programs run in three formats:\n    \n      Remote \u2014 online, scheduled sessions\n      Offsite \u2014 at a training venue\n      Onsite \u2014 at your premises, customized for the organization\n    \n    Teams and individuals can pick the format that fits their operational and geographic needs.\n    Next step\n    Explore the training pathways\n    On the EMA platform you can:\n    \n      Review every available program\n      Explore the structured training pathways\n      Access detailed program descriptions and pricing\n      Identify the right level for your experience and objectives\n    \n      Visit the EMA platform \u2192\n      Request a quotation \u2192\" data-s=\"DEISO\u2019s Environmental Management &amp; Assessment (EMA) Professional Training Programs\" data-d=\"1770695903\" data-m=\"1786360250\" data-cat=\"58,7\" data-year=\"2026\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deisos-environmental-management-assessment-ema-professional-training-programs\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ema-768x512.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ema-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ema-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ema-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ema.png 1152w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">10 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2026<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 1 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deisos-environmental-management-assessment-ema-professional-training-programs\">DEISO\u2019s Environmental Management &amp; Assessment (EMA) Professional Training Programs<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Audience Built for practice, not theory alone EMA training programs are built for professionals working in real decision-making environments: Corporate sustainability and ESG teams Environmental consultants and analysts\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deisos-environmental-management-assessment-ema-professional-training-programs\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: DEISO\u2019s Environmental Management &amp; Assessment (EMA) Professional Training Programs\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Enterprise Capacity Building in LCA and EPD: Advanced Training Programs and Courses Delivered for Inter Construction in Tokyo News News\n        Enterprise capacity building in LCA and EPD: advanced training programs and courses run for Inter Construction (North Macedonia) in Tokyo\n        \n          DEISO LLC has supported Inter Construction, a North Macedonia-based engineering company, through a structured enterprise capacity building engagement built around advanced training programs and professional courses.\n        \n          Engagement at a glance\n          \n            Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) Professional Training Course\n            Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Expert+ Training Course\n            Onsite at DEISO\u2019s headquarters in Tokyo\n            Five intensive business days \u2014 33 hours of advanced professional instruction\n          \n        \n          Beyond the technical instruction itself, this engagement was built to strengthen internal implementation capability and to strengthen the organization\u2019s ability to operate, interpret, and apply sustainability systems in real-world contexts. The programs focused on letting participants work with LCA models, EPD frameworks, and environmental data structures with greater technical confidence and consistency.\n        \n        \n          Through this capacity-building approach, DEISO supports organizations not only in acquiring knowledge, but also in developing the practical capability required for sustainability execution, reporting, and long-term operational continuity.\n        \n        \n          DEISO continues to support companies worldwide in advancing their sustainability and transparency journey, helping organizations build internal capability in LCA, EPD, GHG accounting, and related sustainability systems through integrated training programs and courses aligned with real implementation needs.\n        \n        DEISO LLC, Tokyo, Japan \u2014 November 2, 2025\" data-s=\"Enterprise Capacity Building in LCA and EPD: Advanced Training Programs and Courses Delivered for Inter Construction in Tokyo\" data-d=\"1762025219\" data-m=\"1786360918\" data-cat=\"7\" data-year=\"2025\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-successfully-delivers-advanced-lca-and-epd-training-for-inter-construction-north-macedonia-in-tokyo\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/inter_construction-768x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/inter_construction-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/inter_construction-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/inter_construction-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/inter_construction-700x700.jpg 700w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/inter_construction-560x560.jpg 560w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/inter_construction-900x900.jpg 900w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/inter_construction.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">News<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">News<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">2 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 2 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-successfully-delivers-advanced-lca-and-epd-training-for-inter-construction-north-macedonia-in-tokyo\">Enterprise Capacity Building in LCA and EPD: Advanced Training Programs and Courses Delivered for Inter Construction in Tokyo<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">News Enterprise capacity building in LCA and EPD: advanced training programs and courses run for Inter Construction (North Macedonia) in Tokyo DEISO LLC has supported Inter Construction, a\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-successfully-delivers-advanced-lca-and-epd-training-for-inter-construction-north-macedonia-in-tokyo\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Enterprise Capacity Building in LCA and EPD: Advanced Training Programs and Courses Delivered for Inter Construction in Tokyo\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"New Digital Twin Website Launch by DEISO: Explore FRAMENCE Technology, Demos &amp; Use Cases News Partnership announcement\n        DEISO launches a dedicated website for the FRAMENCE Digital Twin Platform\n        \n          DEISO LLC is pleased to announce the official launch of a dedicated website for the FRAMENCE Digital Twin Platform, hosted on a branded subdomain: https:\/\/twin.dei.so\n        \n        \n          This launch is part of a strategic partnership between DEISO LLC, a sustainability and innovation company based in Tokyo, and Framence GmbH, the German pioneer in photorealistic digital twin technology. Through this collaboration, DEISO now acts as an official global partner for the distribution and regional integration of the FRAMENCE platform.\n        \n        Official coverage regions\n        DEISO is currently distributing the FRAMENCE Digital Twin Platform in the following countries and regions:\n          \n            Japan\n            Middle East \u2014 Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Oman\n            Southeast &amp; East Asia \u2014 South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong\n          \n        What the new website offers\n        The new website serves as a comprehensive hub for everything related to the FRAMENCE Digital Twin Platform. Here is what visitors can explore:\n        1. Platform overview\n        A clear explanation of the technology, its value, and how it works \u2014 from image-based photorealism to precision measurement and live sensor integration.\n        2. Demo gallery\n        See it in action through interactive GIF animations and use-case videos showing real-world scenarios and benefits.\n        3. Use cases\n        Understand how industries such as construction, energy, chemical manufacturing, infrastructure, and smart cities use digital twins to improve remote collaboration, inspections, and asset management.\n        4. Case studies\n        Downloadable PDFs covering platform success stories from global organizations, including:\n          \n            Roche\n            ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences\n            FRAPORT\n            Follmann\n            Qlar (formerly Schenck Process)\n          \n        5. Regional services by DEISO\n        \n          As a regional partner, DEISO offers localized support, integration planning, sustainability-focused customization, and ESG alignment \u2014 including regulatory alignment with ISO 14044, the GHG Protocol, and smart city standards.\n        \n        Explore the future of industrial visualization\n        The FRAMENCE Digital Twin Platform lets organizations:\n        \n          Reduce site visits and travel expenses\n          View and manage technical assets remotely\n          Carry out technical reviews and regulatory reporting with less friction\n          Perform millimeter-precise measurements virtually\n          Run immersive AR\/VR training and simulation experiences\n        \n          Whether you are digitizing a chemical plant, modernizing infrastructure, or scaling smart city solutions, the FRAMENCE platform sets a new standard for what is possible.\n        Visit the digital twin portal\n        To experience the platform, view materials, or request a live demo, visit https:\/\/twin.dei.so\n          Open twin.dei.so \u2192\n        For inquiries, contact us at info@dei.so\" data-s=\"New Digital Twin Website Launch by DEISO: Explore FRAMENCE Technology, Demos &amp; Use Cases\" data-d=\"1751924725\" data-m=\"1786361044\" data-cat=\"7\" data-year=\"2025\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/new-digital-twin-website-launch-by-deiso-explore-framence-technology-demos-use-cases\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"512\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/digital_wiin_deiso.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/digital_wiin_deiso.png 512w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/digital_wiin_deiso-200x300.png 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">News<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">News<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">8 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2025<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 2 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/new-digital-twin-website-launch-by-deiso-explore-framence-technology-demos-use-cases\">New Digital Twin Website Launch by DEISO: Explore FRAMENCE Technology, Demos &amp; Use Cases<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Partnership announcement DEISO launches a dedicated website for the FRAMENCE Digital Twin Platform DEISO LLC is pleased to announce the official launch of a dedicated website for the\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/new-digital-twin-website-launch-by-deiso-explore-framence-technology-demos-use-cases\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: New Digital Twin Website Launch by DEISO: Explore FRAMENCE Technology, Demos &amp; Use Cases\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"DEISO Partners with Framence to Bring Digital Twin Innovation to Asia and the Middle East News Press Release Press release\n        DEISO partners with Framence to bring digital twin innovation to Asia and the Middle East\n        Tokyo, Japan \u2014 July 1, 2025\n        \n          DEISO LLC, a Japan-based leader in environmental sustainability and analysis, has entered a strategic partnership with Framence GmbH, a German pioneer in photorealistic digital twin technology. Under this agreement, DEISO becomes Framence\u2019s official distribution and sustainability partner across Japan, the Middle East (including Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar, and Oman), and Southeast and East Asia (including South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, and Hong Kong).\n        \n        Scope of the collaboration\n        \n          The collaboration lets DEISO support the regional deployment of Framence\u2019s advanced digital twin platform and co-develop tailored sustainability use cases. Together, the companies are preparing for future integration of features such as:\n        \n        \n          Dynamic environmental impact visualization\n          Automated ESG and regulatory alignment reporting (e.g., ISO 14044, EN 15804, GHG Protocol)\n          AI-supported sustainability storytelling\n          Smart city solutions and co-branded R&amp;D modules\n        \n        \n          This partnership targets high-impact sectors, including infrastructure, energy, manufacturing, the chemical industry, and research, offering organizations the ability to digitize, visualize, and gradually transform their sustainability approach across operations and systems.\n        \n          \n            \u201cThis partnership represents a step forward in immersive, data-driven environmental transformation. It supports day-to-day operational monitoring and awareness of environmental performance, supports remote oversight of industrial systems, and opens the door to meaningful integrations between digital twins and AI-supported sustainability solutions. Through our collaboration with Framence, we are laying the groundwork for the visual layer of next-generation sustainability.\u201d\n          \n          \u2014 Dr. Mahdi Ikhlayel, Director of R&amp;D, DEISO LLC\n        About DEISO\n        \n          Branded as your partner in engineering sustainability, innovation, environmental process engineering, digital sustainability, and premium training, DEISO is a Japan-based environmental sustainability company with a global outlook. It produces science-based consultation, solutions, and AI-supported products across industries and research sectors. DEISO provides consultancy and training that equips organizations to achieve measurable results, drive net-zero strategies, and lead the transformation to a circular economy at scale.\n        \n        https:\/\/dei.so\n        About Framence\n        \n          Framence is a pioneer in the development of photorealistic digital twins for buildings and industrial environments. Framence\u2019s technology lets companies create highly accurate digital twins of technical assets and entire technical environments. By using Framence\u2019s digital twins, companies can significantly optimize planning processes, keep operations more efficient, and thereby realize important financial benefits and savings.\n        \n        For more information, visit www.framence.com.\n        Press contact \u2014 DEISO LLC\n          Media enquiries\n          Yuki Kimura \u2014 Corporate Communications\n          Shiodome Shibarikyu Building, Tokyo, Japan\n          info@dei.so\" data-s=\"DEISO Partners with Framence to Bring Digital Twin Innovation to Asia and the Middle East\" data-d=\"1751372517\" data-m=\"1786361664\" data-cat=\"7,1503\" data-year=\"2025\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-partners-with-framence-to-bring-digital-twin-innovation-to-asia-and-the-middle-east\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"462\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/framence_pm_partnerschaft_deiso-768x462.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/framence_pm_partnerschaft_deiso-768x462.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/framence_pm_partnerschaft_deiso-300x181.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/framence_pm_partnerschaft_deiso-1024x616.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/framence_pm_partnerschaft_deiso-1536x924.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/framence_pm_partnerschaft_deiso-1920x1155.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">News<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">News<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">1 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2025<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 3 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-partners-with-framence-to-bring-digital-twin-innovation-to-asia-and-the-middle-east\">DEISO Partners with Framence to Bring Digital Twin Innovation to Asia and the Middle East<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Press release DEISO partners with Framence to bring digital twin innovation to Asia and the Middle East Tokyo, Japan \u2014 July 1, 2025 DEISO LLC, a Japan-based leader\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-partners-with-framence-to-bring-digital-twin-innovation-to-asia-and-the-middle-east\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: DEISO Partners with Framence to Bring Digital Twin Innovation to Asia and the Middle East\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"DEISO and IGSC Sign Strategic Memorandum of Understanding News Press Release Press release\n        DEISO and IGSC sign strategic memorandum of understanding\n        Tokyo, Japan \u2014 June 15, 2025\n        \n          DEISO LLC is pleased to announce the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Institute of Global Sustainability Certification (IGSC), an internationally accredited certification and verification body based in South Korea.\n        \n        \n          This strategic partnership marks the beginning of a strong collaboration aimed at advancing global sustainability practices, accelerating innovation, and scaling impact across industries. Under this Memorandum of Understanding, DEISO and IGSC will cooperate in the fields of Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) verification, sustainability training, environmental consultancy, and the development of AI-supported platforms, as well as a new Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) certification framework.\n        \n        About IGSC\n        \n          The Institute of Global Sustainability Certification (IGSC) is an internationally accredited certification and verification body (ISO 17065, ISO 17029) specializing in the assessment and validation of environmental claims. IGSC provides ISO-based global sustainability certification, third-party audits, EPD verification, and carbon footprint assessments. With a global reach and strong technical foundations, IGSC produces independent, standards-aligned services that help exporters, manufacturers, and organizations meet increasingly complex environmental requirements.\n        \n          Visit\n          www.igsc.kr\/en\/main\n        About DEISO\n        \n          Branded as your partner in engineering sustainability, innovation, environmental process engineering, digital sustainability, and premium training \u2014 DEISO is a Japan-based environmental sustainability company with a global outlook, producing science-based consultation, services, and solutions, as well as AI-supported products and expert support across various industries, enterprises, and research institutions.\n        \n        \n          Recognized as a leader in sustainability analysis, DEISO specializes in environmental sustainability, covering areas such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Product Carbon Footprint (PCF), Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs), and ESG integration. In addition to technology development, DEISO actively provides environmental consultancy to organizations aiming to strengthen their climate and sustainability strategies.\n        \n        \n          Through enterprise-grade sustainability training programs \u2014 run onsite, offsite, and remotely \u2014 DEISO equips organizations to achieve measurable results, support net-zero transitions, and drive the long-term transformation of the circular economy, ultimately creating a lasting global impact.\n        \n        Areas of collaboration\n        Under the scope of the MoU, the two organizations will pursue the following:\n        \n          Joint provision of EPD verification and sustainability consulting\n          Running collaborative sustainability training programs\n          Pilot use of DEISO\u2019s AI platforms\n          Co-development of a Social LCA (S-LCA) certification framework\n          Mutual visibility through branding and shared communication channels\n          Execution of a shared action plan covering June 2025 \u2013 June 2026\n        \n        Benefits for clients and stakeholders\n        This partnership brings immediate and long-term value to clients and partners of both DEISO and IGSC:\n        \n          One-stop access to internationally recognized EPD verification services and advanced consultancy on sustainability, LCA, and ESG strategies.\n          Accelerated pathways to product certifications, training completion, and verifier qualifications under a harmonized framework.\n          Early access to AI-supported tools that simplify complex sustainability workflows, emissions modeling, and reporting requirements.\n          Co-branded training and education programs, increasing international recognition and value for certificates and credentials.\n          Greater outreach and multilingual service coverage across Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, and beyond, supported by both organizations\u2019 networks.\" data-s=\"DEISO and IGSC Sign Strategic Memorandum of Understanding\" data-d=\"1750345648\" data-m=\"1786362027\" data-cat=\"7,1503\" data-year=\"2025\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-and-igsc-sign-strategic-memorandum-of-understanding\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"542\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/igsc_logo-768x542.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/igsc_logo-768x542.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/igsc_logo-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/igsc_logo-1024x723.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/igsc_logo.jpg 1442w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">News<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">News<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">20 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2025<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 3 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-and-igsc-sign-strategic-memorandum-of-understanding\">DEISO and IGSC Sign Strategic Memorandum of Understanding<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Press release DEISO and IGSC sign strategic memorandum of understanding Tokyo, Japan \u2014 June 15, 2025 DEISO LLC is pleased to announce the signing of a Memorandum of\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-and-igsc-sign-strategic-memorandum-of-understanding\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: DEISO and IGSC Sign Strategic Memorandum of Understanding\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Now Free: Eco CFs Finder AI \u2014 The Free Tool for Characterization Factor Lookup  Now free\n        Eco CFs Finder AI \u2014 the free tool for characterization factor lookup\n        \n          We are pleased to announce that the Eco CFs Finder AI (Standard Version) is now officially available to the public \u2014 100% free of charge. Whether you are a sustainability professional, LCA practitioner, academic researcher, or EPD developer, this tool helps you instantly find Characterization Factors (CFs) across major Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methods \u2014 all without registration or cost.\n        \n          Access the tool and documentation\n          https:\/\/dei.so\/ecofinder\n        What is Eco CFs Finder AI?\n        \n          Eco CFs Finder AI is a free, AI-supported platform that lets you retrieve CFs by pollutant, impact category, or LCIA method. Supported methods include:\n        \n        \n          EF v3.1\n          IPCC 2021 GWP\n          IMPACT 2002+\n          CML-IA Baseline\n          ReCiPe 2016 (more coming soon)\n        \n        \n          From climate change to acidification, and from air emissions to water discharges, this tool makes CF identification faster, smarter, and more accessible than before. It is built specifically for LCA modeling, EPD creation, sustainable product development, and more.\n        \n        Key features\n        \n          Retrieve CFs by pollutant name or formula (e.g., CO\u2082, CH\u2084)\n          Compare CFs across multiple LCIA methods\n          Tabulate results in a clean, readable format\n          Explore environmental impact categories per method\n          Analyze uploaded files for CF extraction\n          Fully browser-based \u2014 no login, no installation, no cost\n        \n        Want an advanced interface?\n        \n          We have also developed a more graphically richer version of the tool, featuring a dynamic UI \u2014 suited to visual learners and data enthusiasts.\n        \n        https:\/\/dei.so\/mailing-list\n        Stay updated \u2014 new LCIA methods coming soon\n        \n          We continually expand the database to include more LCIA methods, regional variants, and industry-specific impact models. To stay updated on new method integrations and tool upgrades, subscribe to our newsletter:\n        \n        Subscribe for updates\n          Please note\n          This tool is not built to provide emission factors. Its focus is solely on producing Characterization Factors (CFs) for the LCIA phase of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) models.\n        What will you get?\n        \n          Characterization Factor Finder tool\n          Free CFs AI tools\n          CFs of the LCIA method comparison\n          IPCC GWP\n          EF 3.1 CF values\n          Open access CF lookup\n          AI for sustainability tools\n        \n        Start using Eco CFs Finder AI today\n        Free, fast, and no login required.\n          Open Eco CFs Finder AI \u2192\n          Subscribe for updates \u2192\" data-s=\"Now Free: Eco CFs Finder AI \u2014 The Free Tool for Characterization Factor Lookup\" data-d=\"1749212305\" data-m=\"1786366143\" data-cat=\"\" data-year=\"2025\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/now-free-eco-cfs-finder-ai-the-free-tool-for-characterization-factor-lookup\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/deiso_ecocfsfinder_ai-768x512.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/deiso_ecocfsfinder_ai-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/deiso_ecocfsfinder_ai-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/deiso_ecocfsfinder_ai-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/deiso_ecocfsfinder_ai.jpg 1216w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-date\">6 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2025<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 2 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/now-free-eco-cfs-finder-ai-the-free-tool-for-characterization-factor-lookup\">Now Free: Eco CFs Finder AI \u2014 The Free Tool for Characterization Factor Lookup<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Now free Eco CFs Finder AI \u2014 the free tool for characterization factor lookup We are pleased to announce that the Eco CFs Finder AI (Standard Version) is\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/now-free-eco-cfs-finder-ai-the-free-tool-for-characterization-factor-lookup\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Now Free: Eco CFs Finder AI \u2014 The Free Tool for Characterization Factor Lookup\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"ISO 14000 Certification: Why Your Business Needs It Now Announcements News Section 1: Introduction to ISO 14000The ISO 14000 family is a globally recognized series of environmental management standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). These standards provide organizations with practical tools to manage their environmental responsibilities. The cornerstone of this family is ISO 14001, which sets the criteria for an effective Environmental Management System (EMS). Established in 1996 and continually updated, ISO 14000 aims to help businesses minimize their environmental footprint, comply with applicable laws, and drive continual environmental improvement.Section 2: Why ISO 14000 Matters for the EnvironmentEnvironmental degradation, climate change, and unsustainable resource consumption are critical global challenges. ISO 14000 provides a framework for organizations to:Reduce emissions and pollutionConserve natural resourcesImprove energy efficiencyEncourage sustainable design and productionBy adopting ISO 14000, companies contribute meaningfully to global sustainability efforts and environmental preservation.Section 3: Why ISO 14000 Is Crucial for BusinessesFor businesses, ISO 14000 goes beyond compliance. It:Enhances operational efficiency and cost savingsReduces legal risks and improves regulatory complianceBoosts reputation and stakeholder trustOpens access to eco-conscious markets and supply chainsFosters innovation through cleaner processesToday\u2019s consumers and investors demand accountability. ISO 14000 certification signals serious commitment to environmental responsibility.Section 4: Why Large Enterprises Must Get CertifiedLarge corporations operate in complex, globalized markets where:ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) reporting is mandatorySupply chain partners demand ISO-compliant sourcingRegulatory scrutiny is high, especially in the EU and AsiaInvestors and shareholders favor sustainability benchmarksISO 14000 provides a unified structure for managing these challenges while demonstrating leadership in sustainability.\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\tSection 5: How to Get ISO 14000 Certified\nThe certification process involves:\n\n \t\nInitial Gap Analysis \u2013 Compare existing practices with ISO 14001 requirements.\n\n \t\nEMS Development \u2013 Define environmental policy, objectives, procedures, and controls.\n\n \t\nDocumentation \u2013 Prepare manuals, records, process descriptions, and compliance reports.\n\n \t\nTraining and Implementation \u2013 Educate staff and integrate the EMS into daily operations.\n\n \t\nInternal Audit \u2013 Conduct self-assessment and corrective actions.\n\n \t\nCertification Audit \u2013 Engage an accredited third-party auditor.\n\n \t\nSurveillance Audits \u2013 Maintain certification through annual checks.\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n  \n      \n        \n          \n            Feature\n            LCA (Life Cycle Assessment)\n            EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment)\n          \n        \n        \n          \n            Scope\n            Product life cycle (cradle to grave)\n            Project-level (construction, operation, etc.)\n          \n          \n            Output\n            Quantified impacts across categories\n            Qualitative and quantitative impact analysis\n          \n          \n            Use Stage\n            Planning, product design, optimization\n            Before project implementation\n          \n          \n            Regulatory Requirement\n            Often voluntary or market-driven\n            Usually mandatory for large projects\n          \n          \n            Application\n            ISO 14040\/14044 standard-based\n            Jurisdiction-specific environmental laws\n          \n        \n      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t6. Both LCA and EIA are critical to ISO 14001:LCA helps organizations assess and minimize the environmental impacts of products and processes. It aligns directly with ISO 14040 and 14044.EIA ensures that environmental consequences of projects are identified and mitigated early.They support:Establishing environmental objectivesIdentifying significant environmental aspectsCreating a data-driven EMS\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n  \n    \n      \n        Benefit Category\n        Examples\n      \n    \n    \n      \n        Strategic\n        Improved brand image, competitive edge\n      \n      \n        Operational\n        Resource efficiency, waste reduction\n      \n      \n        Compliance\n        Lower fines, simplified audits\n      \n      \n        Financial\n        Cost savings, improved insurance terms\n      \n      \n        Social\n        Increased employee engagement, stronger stakeholder relationships\n      \n    \n  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\tSection 7: Why ISO 14000 Training Is Critical for Compliance and GrowthTraining ensures:Internal teams understand ISO 14001 requirementsSmooth EMS implementation and audit successEmpowered leadership to manage environmental risksSkilled personnel are the backbone of any successful EMS. Certification without training leads to superficial compliance.Section 8: Step-by-Step Procedure to Get Certified for ISO 14000 and How DEISO Supports Each StepAchieving ISO 14000 certification is a systematic journey that requires planning, commitment, and expert guidance. Below is a detailed breakdown of the process \u2014 step-by-step \u2014 along with how DEISO supports organizations at each stage:Step-by-Step Process with DEISO Support\t\t\n  \n        \n          \n            \n              \n                Certification step\n                How DEISO supports you\n              \n            \n            \n              \n                Initial gap analysis\n                DEISO performs a full evaluation of your existing practices vs. ISO 14001 requirements.\n              \n              \n                EMS development\n                We help draft environmental policies, set goals, and build procedures tailored to your business.\n              \n              \n                Documentation\n                DEISO offers templates, expert reviews, and AI-supported tools to streamline documentation.\n              \n              \n                Training &amp; implementation\n                Our structured training (on-site, remote, or blended) gets your team ISO-ready.\n              \n              \n                Internal review\n                We train your reviewers or conduct the internal reviews for you with full traceable reports.\n              \n              \n                Certification audit prep\n                DEISO simulates the audit process and liaises with certification bodies to get you fully prepared.\n              \n              \n                Surveillance audits\n                We offer annual regulatory alignment reviews and tools to maintain ongoing certification.\n              \n            \n          \n\t\tEach step is aligned with ISO 14001 guidelines and is reinforced by DEISO\u2019s expert facilitation, ensuring faster certification, fewer errors, and stronger environmental performance.\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t9. How DEISO Supports ISO 14000: Training, AI, and Sustainability Tools\nAt DEISO, we provide:\n\n\nISO 14000 Training Courses: From beginner to expert level with practical simulations.\n\n\nAI-Driven Tools: Automate compliance checks, document generation, and environmental data analysis.\n\n\nConsulting Services: End-to-end EMS development, audit preparation, and gap analysis.\n\n\nLCA\/EIA Integration: Use of leading tools like SimaPro, openLCA, and GaBi.\n\n\nAdvance Your Environmental Expertise \u2014 Explore and Enroll in DEISO\u2019s Professional Training Programs\nBoost your skills, gain certification, and stay ahead in sustainability and LCA. Explore the specialized training programs below and take the next step in your professional development:\n\n\nDEISO Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Professional Training Programs (Overview)https:\/\/dei.so\/deiso-life-cycle-assessment-lca-professional-training-programs\n\n\nEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Professional Training Programhttps:\/\/dei.so\/environmental-impact-assessment-eia-professional-training-program\n\n\nSimaPro LCA Training Programshttps:\/\/dei.so\/simapro-lca-training-programs\n\n\nopenLCA Training Programshttps:\/\/dei.so\/openlca-training-programs\n\n\nGaBi (LCA for Experts) Training Programshttps:\/\/dei.so\/gabi-lca-training-programs\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\tCotact Us\" data-s=\"ISO 14000 Certification: Why Your Business Needs It Now\" data-d=\"1747935723\" data-m=\"1786542109\" data-cat=\"58,7\" data-year=\"2025\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/iso-14000-certification-why-your-business-needs-it-now\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/ISO_14000_DEISO-768x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/ISO_14000_DEISO-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/ISO_14000_DEISO-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/ISO_14000_DEISO-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/ISO_14000_DEISO-560x560.jpg 560w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/ISO_14000_DEISO.jpg 819w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">23 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2025<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 5 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/iso-14000-certification-why-your-business-needs-it-now\">ISO 14000 Certification: Why Your Business Needs It Now<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Section 1: Introduction to ISO 14000The ISO 14000 family is a globally recognized series of environmental management standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). These standards\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/iso-14000-certification-why-your-business-needs-it-now\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: ISO 14000 Certification: Why Your Business Needs It Now\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Understanding the Difference Between Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Engineers and Sustainability Professionals\u201d  Comparing Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)IntroductionLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) are two essential tools used by environmental engineers and sustainability professionals to evaluate ecological effects. LCA is a standardized methodology that quantifies the impacts of a product or service over its entire life cycle\u2014from raw material extraction through manufacturing, use, and disposal. In contrast, EIA is a procedural framework embedded in environmental law that evaluates the potential environmental consequences of a specific project or plan within its local context before approval. Both approaches aim to inform decision-makers and protect the environment but differ fundamentally in scope, timing, and application.Historical BackgroundOrigins of EIAThe formal practice of EIA began with environmental protection legislation in the 1970s. Initially developed as a regulatory requirement for evaluating large infrastructure and industrial projects, the practice spread worldwide. Countries and regions introduced laws mandating that any major project must undergo an environmental assessment before approval. EIA became a cornerstone for integrating ecological considerations into governmental and corporate decision-making by requiring developers to assess how proposed activities might affect air, water, soil, biodiversity, and public health.Origins of LCALife Cycle Assessment was developed in parallel, initially within industry as a resource and energy analysis tool. In the 1960s and 70s, companies used it to compare packaging options and manufacturing processes. As environmental awareness grew, so did the demand for standardized sustainability metrics. By the 1990s, international organizations began formalizing LCA practices into globally accepted standards. Since then, LCA has evolved into a core method for evaluating the environmental footprint of products, services, and technologies.Modern ContextToday, EIA remains a mandatory process required for project approvals in most countries. It is tied to laws and administrative processes, often involving public consultation and generating Environmental Impact Statements (EIS). On the other hand, LCA is widely adopted by businesses, researchers, and governments as a best-practice tool for sustainability analysis. Though not usually required by law, it is central to product development, eco-labeling, supply chain optimization, and climate strategy.\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\tProfessional ApplicationsWhat Can You Do with LCA Skills?An environmental professional trained in LCA can support product design, sustainability assessments, and environmental optimization. LCA helps identify the most impactful life-cycle stages, providing valuable data for reducing emissions, improving energy efficiency, or choosing between materials. LCA is widely used in product development, supply chain analysis, corporate sustainability reporting, and carbon footprinting.What Can You Do with EIA Skills?Professionals trained in EIA can work on permitting and planning large-scale projects. They are critical in assessing risks, conducting baseline environmental studies, forecasting impacts, and designing mitigation plans. EIA experts often collaborate with regulators, developers, engineers, and communities to ensure environmentally responsible project execution. Their skills apply to infrastructure, energy, transportation, urban planning, and mining sectors.\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\tBenefits of Each MethodBenefits of LCA:Offers a full-system, cradle-to-grave environmental viewHelps avoid burden-shifting by examining all life-cycle stagesQuantifies environmental performance using standardized metricsEnables data-driven design, innovation, and competitive advantageSupports carbon accounting, circular economy strategies, and ecolabelsBenefits of EIA:Legally required for most large development projectsEnsures local environmental protection before damage occursIntegrates stakeholder and public input into project designEncourages transparency and accountability in developmentHelps identify viable project alternatives and reduce legal risks\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\tPros and Cons\nLCA \u2013 Pros:\n\n \t\nComprehensive and holistic\n\n \t\nInternationally standardized\n\n \t\nSupports decision-making with numerical results\n\n \t\nScalable across product systems and sectors\n\n\nLCA \u2013 Cons:\n\n \t\nData-intensive and resource-consuming\n\n \t\nRequires expert modeling and software\n\n \t\nResults can vary with assumptions and boundaries\n\n \t\nLess effective for localized or social impacts\n\n\nEIA \u2013 Pros:\n\n \t\nLegally enforceable\n\n \t\nStrong focus on local, community-level effects\n\n \t\nMandatory public participation\n\n \t\nReduces environmental risks proactively\n\n\nEIA \u2013 Cons:\n\n \t\nLimited to individual projects and specific locations\n\n \t\nMay exclude global impacts like climate change\n\n \t\nQuality and depth can vary between jurisdictions\n\n \t\nOften reactive rather than preventive in scope\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\tReal-World ExamplesIn the automotive sector, LCA has been used to evaluate material choices in vehicle manufacturing. For example, switching from steel to aluminum may reduce weight but increase energy use during production. LCA helps balance these trade-offs. In contrast, EIA has been instrumental in assessing environmental damage from oil exploration in sensitive areas. Through detailed field assessments and stakeholder engagement, EIA helped guide remediation, enforce accountability, and inform future planning.\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\tConclusionLCA and EIA serve different but complementary purposes. LCA is best for evaluating the environmental performance of products, services, or systems over time and across the supply chain. EIA is indispensable for managing the local impacts of specific projects before they are built. Environmental engineers and sustainability professionals benefit from understanding both methods. LCA offers a data-driven lens for sustainable innovation, while EIA provides a structured legal compliance and environmental protection process. Together, they support a comprehensive approach to sustainable development.\ud83d\ude80 Take the Next Step with DEISO TrainingAre you ready to put your knowledge into action?Whether you&#039;re an environmental engineer, sustainability professional, student, or policymaker \u2014 DEISO provides world-class training in both Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).\u2705 Our Training Programs Cover:Real-world case studies and simulationsISO-compliant LCA modeling using tools like SimaPro and OpenLCAEIA procedures aligned with global regulatory standardsPractical applications for industry, government, and researchCertificate of completion and personalized support\ud83c\udf93 Learn from industry experts in:Remote or on-site formatsEnglish or Japanese instructionFlexible schedules for individuals and teams\ud83d\udc49 Advance your career and drive sustainable change with DEISO.\ud83d\udd17 Learn more about our training programs\ud83d\udce9 Contact us: Contact FormLCA Training Page: https:\/\/dei.so\/deiso-life-cycle-assessment-lca-professional-training-programsEPD Training Page: https:\/\/dei.so\/environmental-impact-assessment-eia-professional-training-program\" data-s=\"Understanding the Difference Between Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Engineers and Sustainability Professionals\u201d\" data-d=\"1747567623\" data-m=\"1789630955\" data-cat=\"\" data-year=\"2025\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/understanding-the-difference-between-life-cycle-assessment-lca-and-environmental-impact-assessment-eia-for-engineers-and-sustainability-professionals\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/LCA_vs_IEA-768x512.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/LCA_vs_IEA-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/LCA_vs_IEA-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/LCA_vs_IEA-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/LCA_vs_IEA.jpg 1228w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-date\">18 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2025<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 5 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/understanding-the-difference-between-life-cycle-assessment-lca-and-environmental-impact-assessment-eia-for-engineers-and-sustainability-professionals\">Understanding the Difference Between Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Engineers and Sustainability Professionals\u201d<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Comparing Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)IntroductionLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) are two essential tools used by environmental engineers and sustainability\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/understanding-the-difference-between-life-cycle-assessment-lca-and-environmental-impact-assessment-eia-for-engineers-and-sustainability-professionals\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Understanding the Difference Between Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Engineers and Sustainability Professionals\u201d\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Choosing the Right LCIA Method: A Practical Guide for LCA Professionals Tutorials LCA methodology\r\nHow to choose the correct Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method for your LCA study\r\nLife Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) is the third phase of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) according to the ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards. It serves as the link between the environmental inventory results and the actual environmental impacts. LCIA translates emissions and resource use data from the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) into environmental impact indicators that help stakeholders understand potential environmental consequences.\r\nThe LCIA process\r\nThe process typically involves the following steps:\r\n\r\n \tSelection of impact categories \u2014 choosing relevant environmental issues (e.g., climate change, acidification, toxicity).\r\n \tClassification \u2014 assigning LCI results to the selected impact categories.\r\n \tCharacterization \u2014 applying characterization factors to calculate impact category indicators.\r\n \tNormalization, grouping, and weighting (optional) \u2014 helps with interpretation and communication.\r\n\r\nThe choice of LCIA method determines the modeling approach, regional specificity, and the type of results (midpoint vs endpoint) that the study will present.\r\n\r\nIntroduction to LCIA methods\r\nSeveral LCIA methods have been developed globally, each reflecting different modeling principles, regional considerations, and impact category coverage. Here are some of the most widely used methods:\r\n\r\nWidely used methods\r\n\r\n \tReCiPe 2016 \u2014 balances midpoint and endpoint modeling; widely used in Europe.\r\n \tEF Method v3.1 \u2014 developed for the EU Environmental Footprint project; highly detailed and standardized.\r\n \tCML-IA Baseline \u2014 characterization at midpoint level; classic method with broad impact category support.\r\n \tTRACI \u2014 tailored for North American environmental conditions.\r\n \tIMPACT 2002+ \u2014 integrates midpoint and endpoint modeling in a single framework.\r\n \tILCD (International Reference Life Cycle Data System) \u2014 developed by the EU Commission; precursor to EF.\r\n \tIPCC GWP (Global Warming Potential) \u2014 focused exclusively on climate change categories.\r\n \tUSEtox \u2014 focuses on toxicity modeling (human and eco-toxicity).\r\n \tEDIP 2003 \u2014 developed in Denmark, strong focus on resource depletion and waste.\r\n \tSwiss Ecoscarcity \u2014 damage-oriented method applying scarcity weighting.\r\n\r\nHow to choose the correct LCIA method: core criteria\r\nSelecting an appropriate LCIA method depends on multiple parameters. Here is a breakdown of the key decision-making criteria:\r\n\r\n1\r\nGeographical context\r\n\r\n \tUse TRACI for U.S.-based assessments.\r\n \tPrefer EF v3.1 or ILCD for studies targeting European markets or EU regulations.\r\n\r\n2\r\nRegulatory or program requirements\r\n\r\n \tEPDs (Environmental Product Declarations) under EN 15804 often recommend CML, ReCiPe, or EF.\r\n \tFor PEF\/OEF-aligned studies, EF v3.1 is mandated.\r\n\r\n3\r\nImpact category needs\r\n\r\n \tFor detailed toxicity modeling, use USEtox.\r\n \tFor resource depletion or land use: ReCiPe, IMPACT 2002+, or EDIP.\r\n \tFor exclusive GWP modeling: IPCC 2021 GWP100.\r\n\r\n4\r\nType of study\r\n\r\n \tProduct design: ReCiPe (balanced midpoint\/endpoint).\r\n \tPolicy support or regulation: EF or ILCD.\r\n \tSimplified or comparative LCA: CML-IA or TRACI.\r\n\r\n5\r\nData compatibility\r\nConfirm compatibility with the LCI database used (e.g., ecoinvent, GaBi, or ELCD).\r\n\r\n6\r\nAudience and communication level\r\n\r\n \tFor lay or public communication: ReCiPe (endpoint indicators).\r\n \tFor scientific publications: midpoint-focused methods such as CML or EF.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCase study \/ scenario\r\nReCiPe 2016\r\nEF v3.1\r\nCML-IA\r\nTRACI\r\nIMPACT 2002+\r\nILCD\r\nIPCC GWP\r\nUSEtox\r\nEDIP 2003\r\nSwiss Ecoscarcity\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nEPD for European construction product\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA of U.S. industrial product\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGlobal warming impact analysis only\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nComparative LCA for product design (midpoints)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHuman and eco-toxicity assessment\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAcademic research in Europe\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNational-level sustainability policy modeling\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nResource scarcity footprint\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWater footprint and ecotoxicity modeling\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCircular economy-related product assessment\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRecommended\r\nApplicable with caution or limitations\r\nNot recommended\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMethod selection\r\nQuestions to ask yourself before choosing an LCIA method\r\nTo confirm you are selecting the most appropriate LCIA method, consider the following diagnostic questions:\r\n\r\n1\r\n\r\nWhere will the results of my LCA be used (regionally)?\r\n\r\n \tAm I modeling for an EU, U.S., or global audience?\r\n\r\n2\r\n\r\nIs there a standard, regulation, or EPD program I am aligning with?\r\n\r\n \tDoes it mandate or recommend a specific LCIA method?\r\n\r\n3\r\n\r\nWhat impact categories are most critical to my study?\r\n\r\n \tDo I need detailed results for climate change, toxicity, water use, or resource depletion?\r\n\r\n4\r\n\r\nWhat type of LCA study am I conducting?\r\n\r\n \tIs it for product design, policy formulation, academic research, or a public communication tool?\r\n\r\n5\r\n\r\nDo I need midpoint or endpoint indicators \u2014 or both?\r\n\r\n \tWhat level of detail or interpretation is expected by the stakeholders?\r\n\r\n6\r\n\r\nIs my inventory data compatible with the method I plan to use?\r\n\r\n \tCan my LCI database be aligned with the characterization factors?\r\n\r\n7\r\n\r\nWhat is the expected level of transparency or reproducibility?\r\n\r\n \tWill I need to explain and justify my method in publications or reviews?\r\n\r\n8\r\n\r\nIs the method actively maintained or widely accepted?\r\n\r\n \tAre there recent updates, community support, or validation tools?\r\n\r\n9\r\n\r\nDo I require normalization or weighting?\r\n\r\n \tDoes the method support or provide regionally relevant weighting sets?\r\n\r\n10\r\n\r\nWhat is my own level of expertise and ability to interpret results?\r\n\r\n \tWill I benefit from simplified interpretation (e.g., endpoint indicators), or can I handle more granular midpoint indicators?\r\n\r\nBy systematically answering these questions, you will be able to self-diagnose the suitability of each LCIA method for your unique project context.\r\nFinal thoughts\r\nThe choice of LCIA method is not trivial \u2014 it shapes the interpretation and credibility of your study. Each method has strengths and trade-offs, and selecting the appropriate one depends on aligning method characteristics with study goals, regional context, and communication needs. In advanced applications, hybrid or multi-method approaches are also valid, especially for comparative assertions or sector-wide assessments.\r\n\r\nUnderstanding the logic and boundaries behind each method keeps methodological rigor intact and supports meaningful, actionable sustainability outcomes.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA project execution\r\nEnd-to-end Life Cycle Assessment delivery for products, systems, and value chains. Scientific rigor, structured workflows, and defensible, verification-ready deliverables.\r\n\r\nExplore service \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA critical review \u2014 ISO 14040 \/ 14044\r\nIndependent technical assessment of completed LCA studies. Methodological consistency, transparency of assumptions, and conformance with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044.\r\n\r\nExplore service \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDEISO agri and industrial LCI database\r\nCurated life cycle inventory data and emission factors supporting modeling efficiency, data coverage, and analytical consistency across agricultural and industrial applications.\r\n\r\nExplore database \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA capacity building \u2014 ISO-aligned program\r\nExecution-based capacity building for individuals and teams building practical, standards-aligned competence in LCA methodology, study design, interpretation, and reporting.\r\n\r\nExplore program \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSenior LCA strategic advisory\r\nSenior-level advisory support for LCA scope decisions, methodological architecture, study planning, and technical reinforcement for ISO-aligned LCA and EPD-related work.\r\n\r\nExplore advisory \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGaBi (LCA for Experts) capacity building\r\nStructured GaBi capacity building for professionals who need deeper control over advanced modeling logic, database use, scenario structuring, and high-quality study development.\r\n\r\nExplore program \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nopenLCA capacity building for professionals\r\nPractical openLCA capacity building for professionals seeking robust modeling skills, workflow confidence, and applied capability in one of the most widely used open-source LCA platforms.\r\n\r\nExplore program \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSimaPro capacity building programs\r\nSimaPro capacity building for corporate and professional use \u2014 practical implementation, methodological quality, and stronger decision-making through advanced LCA modeling.\r\n\r\nExplore program \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSimaPro advanced coaching\r\nCoaching for experienced SimaPro users who need targeted support on advanced model refinement, troubleshooting, interpretation, or project-specific technical problem-solving.\r\n\r\nExplore coaching \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGaBi coaching for professionals\r\nCoaching for GaBi users who need focused technical guidance, model optimization support, workflow acceleration, or deeper application of advanced LCA project practices.\r\n\r\nExplore coaching \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nopenLCA professional coaching\r\nOne-to-one or team-based coaching for experienced openLCA users who need deeper technical direction, efficient troubleshooting, and project-oriented expert support.\r\n\r\nExplore coaching \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRequest a quotation\r\nSend DEISO a short brief of your LCA, review, advisory, database, capacity building, or coaching need and receive a tailored quotation aligned with your scope and objectives.\r\n\r\nRequest quotation \u2192\" data-s=\"Choosing the Right LCIA Method: A Practical Guide for LCA Professionals\" data-d=\"1747325450\" data-m=\"1791007866\" data-cat=\"1737\" data-year=\"2025\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/choosing-the-right-lcia-method-a-practical-guide-for-lca-professionals\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DEISO_LCIA-768x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DEISO_LCIA-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DEISO_LCIA-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DEISO_LCIA-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DEISO_LCIA-560x560.jpg 560w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DEISO_LCIA.jpg 819w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Tutorials<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Tutorials<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">16 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2025<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 6 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/choosing-the-right-lcia-method-a-practical-guide-for-lca-professionals\">Choosing the Right LCIA Method: A Practical Guide for LCA Professionals<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">LCA methodology How to choose the correct Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method for your LCA study Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) is the third phase of a\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/choosing-the-right-lcia-method-a-practical-guide-for-lca-professionals\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Choosing the Right LCIA Method: A Practical Guide for LCA Professionals\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"How to Use Normalization and Weighting in LCA: A Complete Guide from Basics to Advanced Tutorials Section 1: What Is Normalization in LCA?\r\nNormalization is the process of placing environmental impact results into context by comparing them to a reference value, such as a per capita or total national impact. This allows comparisons across impact categories that originally use different units.\r\nFormula:\r\nNormalized Result = LCIA Result \u00f7 Normalization Factor\r\nReal-Life Analogies\r\n\r\n \tCalories in a Meal: 800 kcal is 32% of a 2,500 kcal daily limit.\r\n \tCompany Revenue: A $1M startup vs. Amazon\u2019s $500B.\r\n \tRainfall Context: 30 mm is minimal in a rainforest but heavy in a desert.\r\n\r\nNormalization helps you understand relative significance.\r\nSection 2: Why Is Normalization Optional According to ISO?\r\nAccording to ISO 14044, normalization is not mandatory in an LCA study. It\u2019s an interpretative tool to strengthen understanding but isn\u2019t required for compliance.\r\n\r\n \tStrengthens insight, not calculations\r\n \tRequires external reference values\r\n \tMay introduce subjectivity if poorly sourced\r\n \tNot necessary for direct comparison between products\r\n\r\nSection 3: What Are Normalization Factors?\r\nNormalization Factors (NFs) are reference values representing environmental burdens of an average person, country, or world in a given year.\r\nExamples\r\n\r\n\r\nImpact categories and normalization factors\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nImpact category\r\nNF value\r\nSource \/ region\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nClimate change\r\n8.6 t CO\u2082 eq \/ person \/ year\r\nEF v3.1 \u2014 Europe\r\n\r\n\r\nAcidification\r\n45 mol H\u207a eq \/ person \/ year\r\nCML \u2014 Japan\r\n\r\n\r\nHuman toxicity (cancer)\r\n0.002 CTUh \/ person \/ year\r\nReCiPe \u2014 Global\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSection 4: Where to Get Normalization Factors\r\n\r\n \t\r\nOfficial LCIA methods: EF v3.1, ReCiPe, IMPACT 2002+, CML\r\n\r\n \t\r\nLCA tools: OpenLCA, SimaPro, GaBi\r\n\r\n \t\r\nPeer-reviewed literature\r\n\r\n \t\r\nGovernment databases (e.g., EPA, EU)\r\n\r\n \t\r\nCustom calculations using national statistics\r\n\r\n\r\nSection 5: Where to Get Normalization Factors\r\n\r\n \t\r\nOfficial LCIA methods: EF v3.1, ReCiPe, IMPACT 2002+, CML\r\n\r\n \t\r\nLCA tools: OpenLCA, SimaPro, GaBi\r\n\r\n \t\r\nPeer-reviewed literature\r\n\r\n \t\r\nGovernment databases (e.g., EPA, EU)\r\n\r\n \t\r\nCustom calculations using national statistics\r\n\r\n\r\nSection 6: What If Normalization Factors Are Missing?\r\nYou can construct NFs yourself:\r\n\r\nExample (Japan):\r\n\r\n \t\r\nGHG emissions = 1.1 Gt CO\u2082 eq\r\n\r\n \t\r\nPopulation = 125M\r\n\r\n \t\r\nNF = 1,100,000,000 \/ 125,000,000 = 8.8 t CO\u2082 eq\/person\/year\r\n\r\n\r\nSection 7: How to Calculate Normalized Results\r\n\r\nFormula:Normalized Result = LCIA Result \/ Normalization Factor\r\n\r\nExample:\r\n\r\n \t\r\nLCIA = 1200 kg CO\u2082 eq\r\n\r\n \t\r\nNF = 8800 kg CO\u2082 eq\/person\/year\r\n\r\n \t\r\n\u2192 Normalized result = 0.136\r\n\r\n\r\nSection 8: Raw vs. Normalized Comparison\r\n\r\n\r\nImpact category \u2014 raw vs. normalized results\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nImpact category\r\nRaw result\r\nNormalized result\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nClimate change\r\n1200 kg CO\u2082 eq\r\n0.136\r\n\r\n\r\nAcidification\r\n98 mol H\u207a eq\r\n0.217\r\n\r\n\r\nHuman toxicity (cancer)\r\n0.0015 CTUh\r\n0.75\r\n\r\n\r\nWater use\r\n50 m\u00b3\r\n0.0041\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\nVisual Comparison and Interpretation\r\nThe diagram above shows the same LCA results represented in two ways.\r\n\r\n \tThe left chart displays the raw LCIA results, where each environmental impact category is shown using its original units (e.g., kg CO\u2082 eq, CTUh, m\u00b3).\r\n \tThe right chart shows those same results after normalization \u2014 each value is divided by a reference normalization factor, typically representing the average annual burden of a person or region.\r\n\r\nAt first glance, the normalized chart may appear to contradict the raw data. For example:\r\n\r\n \tHuman Toxicity looks negligible in the raw data but becomes one of the most significant impacts after normalization.\r\n \tClimate Change, which looks dominant in the raw chart, seems less significant when normalized.\r\n\r\nThis change can be surprising, but it does not mean the results were altered or manipulated.\r\nWhy This Happens\r\nNormalization does not change the raw results \u2014 it rescales them to reflect their relative significance compared to the average environmental burden in each category. Here\u2019s what that means:\r\nExample 1: Human Toxicity\r\n\r\n \tRaw result: 0.0015 CTUh \u2014 looks tiny\r\n \tNormalization factor: 0.002 CTUh\/person\/year \u2192 this is a very small environmental budget\r\n \tNormalized: 0.0015 \u00f7 0.002 = 0.75 \u2192 or 75% of a person\u2019s average annual toxicity burden\r\n\r\nConclusion: The process is disproportionately impactful in this category \u2014 even though the raw number seemed small.\r\nExample 2: Climate Change\r\n\r\n \tRaw result: 1200 kg CO\u2082 eq \u2014 seems large\r\n \tNormalization factor: 8600 kg CO\u2082 eq\/person\/year\r\n \tNormalized: 1200 \u00f7 8600 = 0.136 \u2192 or 13.6% of the average person\u2019s yearly emissions\r\n\r\nConclusion: Climate change impact is relatively low compared to societal norms, even if the number is large in isolation.\r\nKey Takeaways\r\n\r\n \tNormalization reveals disproportionate contributions in categories where the average impact is small.\r\n \tConversely, it shrinks results in categories that are already heavily burdened globally or regionally.\r\n \tThis is not a contradiction \u2014 it\u2019s a contextual adjustment.\r\n\r\nSo Why Do Normalized Charts Look Different?\r\nBecause normalization:\r\n\r\n \tMakes all results dimensionless and comparable\r\n \tReflects how much each result contributes to known total environmental burdens\r\n \tAllows cross-category comparisons that raw results cannot offer\r\n\r\nFinal Clarification\r\nNormalization does not change the original values or LCIA results.\r\nIt only changes the lens through which those results are interpreted.\r\nThe same 1200 kg CO\u2082 eq is still 1200 kg \u2014 but normalized, it\u2019s just 13.6% of a person\u2019s average.\r\n\r\nIt\u2019s the same data \u2014 just contextualized.\r\nSection 9: What Normalization Changes \u2014 And Doesn\u2019t\r\nNormalization does not:\r\n\r\n \tChange actual LCIA values\r\n \tAlter units\r\n \tAffect EPD or verification requirements\r\n\r\nNormalization does:\r\n\r\n \tContextualize results\r\n \tAllow cross-category comparison\r\n \tHighlight relative importance\r\n\r\nIt\u2019s a lens, not a transformer.\r\nSection 10: What Is Weighting in LCA?\r\nWeighting is the step after normalization. It involves applying a value (weight) to each impact category to reflect its importance in decision-making or policy.\r\nReal-Life Analogies\r\n\r\n \tExam Grades: Science = 40%, PE = 5%\r\n \tBudget Allocation: More budget for healthcare than for PR\r\n \tShopping Choices: You might value price more than brand\r\n\r\nSection 11: Why We Use Weighting\r\n\r\n \tHelps prioritize what matters most\r\n \tEnables single-score evaluation\r\n \tSupports policy, purchasing, or design decisions\r\n \tAligns results with stakeholder values\r\n\r\nSection 12: How to Apply Weighting\r\nFormula:\r\nWeighted Score = Normalized Score \u00d7 Weight\r\n\r\n\r\nPros and cons of normalization\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPros\r\nCons\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nEnables cross-category comparison\r\nDepends on region-specific data\r\n\r\n\r\nHighlights high relative burdens\r\nMay not be available for all categories\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nImportant Notice: Weighting Requires Normalization First\r\nYou cannot apply weighting without applying normalization first.\r\nWhy?\r\nBecause raw LCIA results are reported in different units:\r\n\r\n \tClimate Change \u2192 kg CO\u2082 eq\r\n \tAcidification \u2192 mol H\u207a eq\r\n \tHuman Toxicity \u2192 CTUh\r\n \tWater Use \u2192 m\u00b3\r\n \tResource Use \u2192 MJ\r\n\r\nThese units are incompatible for direct comparison or mathematical weighting.\r\nWhat Normalization Does\r\nNormalization converts all category results into dimensionless scores by dividing them by normalization factors (e.g., average annual environmental burden per person). This step:\r\n\r\n \tRemoves units\r\n \tPlaces all categories on the same scale\r\n \tEnables consistent weighting and ranking\r\n\r\nSummary\r\nWithout normalization, applying weighting is scientifically invalid and will result in misleading interpretations.\r\nSection 13: Can Weighting Be Used Without Normalization?\r\nNo \u2014 because LCIA results use different units.\r\nWithout normalization, weighting kilograms, moles, and CTUh directly is invalid.\r\nWeighting only works after normalization, when all values are dimensionless and comparable.\r\nSection 14: When to Use Normalization vs. Weighting\r\nNot every LCA study requires the same level of interpretation. Whether you use normalization, weighting, or both depends on why you\u2019re performing the LCA and how the results will be used. These steps can change the interpretive lens, even though the underlying results remain the same.\r\n\r\nNormalization provides contextual relevance \u2014 it helps you see how significant each impact category is in relation to global or regional totals. Weighting, on the other hand, helps you prioritize those normalized results according to stakeholder values, policies, or goals. Choosing when to apply either method \u2014 or both \u2014 is critical to producing meaningful, actionable results.\r\nSection 15: Best Practices for Normalization &amp; Weighting\r\nBest Practices for Normalization\r\n\r\n \tMatch the method, region, and year\r\n \tDocument all sources clearly\r\n \tAvoid mixing normalization sets\r\n \tUse per capita or total inventory where needed\r\n \tShow both normalized and raw values in reporting\r\n\r\nBest Practices for Weighting\r\n\r\n \tApply only after normalization\r\n \tUse stakeholder-approved or method-official weights\r\n \tDisclose all assumptions clearly\r\n \tInclude both weighted and unweighted results\r\n \tAvoid one-size-fits-all scores without transparency\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\nWhy Weighted Results May Look Similar to Normalized Results \u2014 and Why It Still Matters\r\nIn the chart above, you may notice that the Weighted Scores (right panel) appear almost identical in pattern to the Normalized Scores (middle panel). For instance, Human Toxicity remains the most significant in both, while Climate Change drops in relative prominence.\r\n\r\nThis can feel counterintuitive \u2014 if weighting is supposed to shift priorities, why do the rankings look the same?\r\nWhy the Weighted Results Often Mirror the Normalized Ones\r\n\r\n \tWeighting factors were proportional or moderate\r\nWhen weighting values (e.g., 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) are not drastically different across categories, they merely scale the normalized scores rather than reorder them.\r\n \tNormalization already captures environmental relevance\r\nMethods like EF v3.1 and ReCiPe use normalization factors based on societal or regional burdens.\r\nSo normalization itself already emphasizes categories like Human Toxicity or Climate Change according to their real-world significance.\r\n \tNo extreme trade-offs were introduced by weighting\r\nIf all categories are treated as relatively equal in importance, weighting refines results \u2014 it doesn\u2019t restructure them.\r\n\r\nSo What\u2019s the Point of Applying Weighting If the Results Stay the Same?\r\nThis is a critical insight:\r\nWeighting doesn\u2019t always change the shape of the results \u2014 but it changes the purpose.\r\nHere\u2019s why weighting still matters even when it doesn\u2019t change the bar height order:\r\nWhat Weighting Adds That Normalization Alone Does Not\r\n\r\n\r\nPurpose of weighting in LCA\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPurpose of weighting\r\nWhy it matters\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAssigns importance\r\nReflects policy priorities or stakeholder values\r\n\r\n\r\nEnables decision-making\r\nUsed in product comparison, procurement, and EPD reporting\r\n\r\n\r\nCondenses interpretation\r\nConverts multi-category data into a single score if needed\r\n\r\n\r\nLinks LCA to action\r\nMakes results easier to explain, defend, and justify\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWeighting answers the question:\u201cNow that we know how much each category matters (via normalization), how much should we care, based on our goals?\u201d\r\nSection 16: Learn by Doing \u2014 DEISO LCA Training Programs\r\nDEISO offers premium Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) training at multiple levels:\r\nTraining Levels\r\n\r\n \tBasic \u2013 For absolute beginners\r\n \tProfessional \u2013 From beginner to mid-level competence\r\n \tAdvanced \u2013 Full LCA modeling and interpretation\r\n \tExpert \u2013 Methodology, data sourcing, and tool mastery\r\n \tExpert+ \u2013 High-level specialization and cross-software applications\r\n\r\nSection 17: Comparison of Interpretation Strategies in LCA\r\nChoosing how to interpret LCA results \u2014 whether raw, normalized, or weighted \u2014 can significantly affect how those results are understood and acted upon. Here\u2019s a comparative summary of each strategy:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nComparison of LCA interpretation approaches\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nApproach\r\nAdvantages\r\nDisadvantages\r\nBest used for\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRaw results only\r\n\r\n\r\n \tTransparent, unprocessed values\r\n \tEasy to trace source data\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tDifficult to compare across categories\r\n \tNo context or prioritization\r\n\r\n\r\nAcademic studies, raw data reporting\r\n\r\n\r\nNormalized only\r\n\r\n\r\n \tAllows cross-category comparison\r\n \tHighlights disproportionate impacts\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tCan be misinterpreted without context\r\n \tStill lacks policy direction\r\n\r\n\r\nBenchmarking, scientific analysis\r\n\r\n\r\nNormalized and weighted\r\n\r\n\r\n \tEnables decision-making\r\n \tReflects stakeholder priorities\r\n \tOffers a single aggregated score\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tAdds subjectivity\r\n \tMay obscure raw differences\r\n \tRequires justification\r\n\r\n\r\nEPDs, procurement, policy decisions, product ranking\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSummary Insight\r\n\r\n \tNormalization gives you perspective\r\n \tWeighting gives you priorities\r\n \tRaw results give you precision, but no meaning across impact types\r\n\r\nFor most applied LCA applications \u2014 especially product comparison, EPDs, or sustainability decisions \u2014 the combination of normalization and weighting is preferred.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA project execution\r\nEnd-to-end Life Cycle Assessment delivery for products, systems, and value chains. Scientific rigor, structured workflows, and defensible, verification-ready deliverables.\r\n\r\nExplore service \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA critical review \u2014 ISO 14040 \/ 14044\r\nIndependent technical assessment of completed LCA studies. Methodological consistency, transparency of assumptions, and conformance with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044.\r\n\r\nExplore service \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDEISO agri and industrial LCI database\r\nCurated life cycle inventory data and emission factors supporting modeling efficiency, data coverage, and analytical consistency across agricultural and industrial applications.\r\n\r\nExplore database \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA capacity building \u2014 ISO-aligned program\r\nExecution-based capacity building for individuals and teams building practical, standards-aligned competence in LCA methodology, study design, interpretation, and reporting.\r\n\r\nExplore program \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSenior LCA strategic advisory\r\nSenior-level advisory support for LCA scope decisions, methodological architecture, study planning, and technical reinforcement for ISO-aligned LCA and EPD-related work.\r\n\r\nExplore advisory \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGaBi (LCA for Experts) capacity building\r\nStructured GaBi capacity building for professionals who need deeper control over advanced modeling logic, database use, scenario structuring, and high-quality study development.\r\n\r\nExplore program \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nopenLCA capacity building for professionals\r\nPractical openLCA capacity building for professionals seeking robust modeling skills, workflow confidence, and applied capability in one of the most widely used open-source LCA platforms.\r\n\r\nExplore program \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSimaPro capacity building programs\r\nSimaPro capacity building for corporate and professional use \u2014 practical implementation, methodological quality, and stronger decision-making through advanced LCA modeling.\r\n\r\nExplore program \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSimaPro advanced coaching\r\nCoaching for experienced SimaPro users who need targeted support on advanced model refinement, troubleshooting, interpretation, or project-specific technical problem-solving.\r\n\r\nExplore coaching \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGaBi coaching for professionals\r\nCoaching for GaBi users who need focused technical guidance, model optimization support, workflow acceleration, or deeper application of advanced LCA project practices.\r\n\r\nExplore coaching \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nopenLCA professional coaching\r\nOne-to-one or team-based coaching for experienced openLCA users who need deeper technical direction, efficient troubleshooting, and project-oriented expert support.\r\n\r\nExplore coaching \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRequest a quotation\r\nSend DEISO a short brief of your LCA, review, advisory, database, capacity building, or coaching need and receive a tailored quotation aligned with your scope and objectives.\r\n\r\nRequest quotation \u2192\" data-s=\"How to Use Normalization and Weighting in LCA: A Complete Guide from Basics to Advanced\" data-d=\"1747041143\" data-m=\"1791007875\" data-cat=\"1737\" data-year=\"2025\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/how-to-use-normalization-and-weighting-in-lca-a-complete-guide-from-basics-to-advanced\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/LCA_DESIO_Normalization_and_Weighting-768x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/LCA_DESIO_Normalization_and_Weighting-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/LCA_DESIO_Normalization_and_Weighting-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/LCA_DESIO_Normalization_and_Weighting-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/LCA_DESIO_Normalization_and_Weighting-560x560.jpg 560w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/LCA_DESIO_Normalization_and_Weighting.jpg 819w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Tutorials<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Tutorials<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">12 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2025<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 11 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/how-to-use-normalization-and-weighting-in-lca-a-complete-guide-from-basics-to-advanced\">How to Use Normalization and Weighting in LCA: A Complete Guide from Basics to Advanced<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Section 1: What Is Normalization in LCA? Normalization is the process of placing environmental impact results into context by comparing them to a reference value, such as a\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/how-to-use-normalization-and-weighting-in-lca-a-complete-guide-from-basics-to-advanced\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: How to Use Normalization and Weighting in LCA: A Complete Guide from Basics to Advanced\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"DEISO Officially Launches Its Global Partnership Programs Announcements News News\n        DEISO officially launches its Global Partnership Programs\n        \n          DEISO is proud to announce the launch of its Global Partnership Programs, a bold initiative built to expand our worldwide collaboration in sustainability, AI-supported innovation, and environmental analysis.\n        \n        \n          As a Japan-based leader in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), GHG accounting, EPD generation, and sustainability training, DEISO is opening its doors to select international organizations, institutions, and technology developers to form strategic, scalable, and mutually beneficial alliances.\n        \n        Why this partnership program matters\n        \n          In today\u2019s rapidly evolving environmental landscape, we need strong collaboration to produce effective, tech-driven sustainability solutions globally. With over 35+ countries served, and nine tailored partnership models, DEISO lets partners unlock new value in Japan and across international markets.\n        \n        What makes partnering with DEISO unique?\n        \n          Strategic base in Tokyo, Japan for direct market access\n          Global project experience in 35+ countries\n          Multilingual team fluent in English, Japanese, Chinese, and Arabic\n          Proprietary AI cloud platforms: DEISO Spark, Visly AI, Satori AI, and EcoIN Data AI\n          Deep expertise in LCA, PCF, ESG, EPD, and digital emissions modeling\n          Engineering integration with Aspen\/HYSYS and real-time emissions dashboards\n          Global network of vetted sustainability consultants available for rapid deployment\n          Industry experience in:\n            \n              Chemical manufacturing &amp; engineering\n              Energy &amp; utilities\n              Oil &amp; gas\n              Electronics &amp; semiconductors\n              Construction &amp; building materials\n              Automotive &amp; transportation\n              Environmental consulting\n              Industrial systems\n              Packaging &amp; materials\n              Infrastructure &amp; public sector\n            \n          \n        \n        9 strategic partnership models you can join\n        \n          Co-Branded Training Partner\n          Exclusive Solution Reseller in Japan\n          Platform Localization Partner\n          AI Integration &amp; Co-Development Partner\n          Academic or Research Partner\n          Solution Distribution &amp; Support Partner\n          Enterprise Analysis Partner\n          Process Simulation Deployment Partner\n          AI-Supported Training Platform Partner\n        \n        \n          Each model is built to meet your strengths \u2014 whether you run training, build tech, lead research, or support industrial sustainability.\n        \n        How to join\n        \n          If your organization is committed to sustainability innovation and ready to expand into new markets \u2014 particularly Japan \u2014 we welcome your application.\n        \n          Get in touch\n          Contact us directly at info@dei.so\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\tThe Partnership Page\" data-s=\"DEISO Officially Launches Its Global Partnership Programs\" data-d=\"1746845395\" data-m=\"1786542191\" data-cat=\"58,7\" data-year=\"2025\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-officially-launches-its-global-partnership-programs\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DEISO_Partnership-768x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DEISO_Partnership-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DEISO_Partnership-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DEISO_Partnership-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DEISO_Partnership-560x560.jpg 560w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DEISO_Partnership.jpg 819w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">10 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2025<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 2 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-officially-launches-its-global-partnership-programs\">DEISO Officially Launches Its Global Partnership Programs<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">News DEISO officially launches its Global Partnership Programs DEISO is proud to announce the launch of its Global Partnership Programs, a bold initiative built to expand our worldwide\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-officially-launches-its-global-partnership-programs\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: DEISO Officially Launches Its Global Partnership Programs\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Introducing DEISO\u2019s Enterprise AI Data Solution for Analysis, Dashboards &amp; Sustainability Storytelling Announcements News News\n        Introducing DEISO\u2019s enterprise AI data solution\n        Outsource your data challenges. Focus on results.\n        \n          Enterprise sustainability data is complex \u2014 often fragmented across systems, formats, and frameworks. From LCA and GHG accounting to EPDs, PCFs, and ESG reporting, organizations face a growing burden to make data not only accurate, but actionable and communicable.\n        \n        \n          DEISO\u2019s AI-supported data solution offers a new way forward: a fully managed service that handles data analysis, visualization, dashboarding, and storytelling \u2014 using advanced AI platforms and tailored for enterprise use.\n        \n        What\u2019s included\n        \n          Data analysis (LCA, GHG, EPD, PCF, ESG) \u2014 modeled and interpreted by AI + DEISO experts\n          AI-supported dashboards \u2014 decision-ready KPI visuals, trend charts, and emissions tracking\n          Narrative &amp; storytelling \u2014 reports built using DEISO Satori AI for clarity and regulatory alignment\n          System integration \u2014 compatible with Microsoft Power BI, Copilot, and your internal stack\n        \n        Collaborate with precision\n        \n          Projects are executed through DEISO Visly and DEISO Grid \u2014 our enterprise-grade platforms for visualization and team collaboration.\n        \n        \n          DEISO Visly: share dashboards, edit reports, and co-author sustainability content\n          DEISO Grid: manage project timelines, approvals, tasks, and documentation in one secure workspace\n        \n        \n          Everything is centralized, traceable, and fully interactive \u2014 between your team and ours.\n        \n        Learn more &amp; download the full presentation\n        \n          You can now explore our full service page detailing every feature, use case, and technical benefit.\n        \n          Service page\n          AI-supported data &amp; storytelling insights\n          Presentation\n          Download now\n        Ready to take the next step?\n        \n          Whether you\u2019re preparing for certification, investor communication, or life cycle modeling, DEISO is your end-to-end partner for enterprise sustainability analysis.\n        \n        \n          Contact us at info@dei.so with your scope and we will scope the work directly.\n        \n          Request a quotation \u2192\n          Start at go.dei.so \u2192\" data-s=\"Introducing DEISO\u2019s Enterprise AI Data Solution for Analysis, Dashboards &amp; Sustainability Storytelling\" data-d=\"1746743463\" data-m=\"1786542431\" data-cat=\"58,7\" data-year=\"2025\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-deisos-enterprise-ai-data-solution-for-analysis-dashboards-sustainability-storytelling\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DATAAI_POST-768x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DATAAI_POST-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DATAAI_POST-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DATAAI_POST-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DATAAI_POST-560x560.jpg 560w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/DATAAI_POST.jpg 819w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">9 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2025<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 2 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-deisos-enterprise-ai-data-solution-for-analysis-dashboards-sustainability-storytelling\">Introducing DEISO\u2019s Enterprise AI Data Solution for Analysis, Dashboards &amp; Sustainability Storytelling<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">News Introducing DEISO\u2019s enterprise AI data solution Outsource your data challenges. Focus on results. Enterprise sustainability data is complex \u2014 often fragmented across systems, formats, and frameworks. From\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-deisos-enterprise-ai-data-solution-for-analysis-dashboards-sustainability-storytelling\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Introducing DEISO\u2019s Enterprise AI Data Solution for Analysis, Dashboards &amp; Sustainability Storytelling\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"DEISO Official Announcement: Updated Email Addresses and Brand Logo Announcements Company announcement\r\nUpdated company email addresses and brand identity\r\nDear clients, partners, and stakeholders,\r\n\r\nWe are pleased to announce important updates reflecting DEISO\u2019s recent global developments, mission expansion, and strengthened brand consistency.\r\nUpdated company email addresses\r\nAs part of our strategic global branding initiative \u2014 aligned with our domain (www.dei.so) \u2014 we have updated all DEISO email addresses.\r\nKey points\r\n\r\n \tNew standard: our official email domain has changed from @deiso.co.jp to @dei.so.\r\n \tCurrent status:\r\n\r\n \tMessages sent to @deiso.co.jp will still be received.\r\n \tAll outgoing communication will now be sent from @dei.so addresses.\r\n\r\n\r\n \tNew general contact address: info@dei.so\r\n\r\nWhy this change\r\n\r\n \tTo unify and strengthen DEISO\u2019s brand globally.\r\n \tTo keep consistency across our corporate communications, digital platforms, and services.\r\n \tTo reflect DEISO\u2019s expanded global presence across 35+ countries and growing.\r\n\r\nAction required\r\n\r\n \tPlease update your records and address book to reflect our new email addresses for all future communications.\r\n\r\nWe appreciate your understanding and continuous support as DEISO grows to better serve you worldwide.\r\n\r\nUpdated DEISO logo and brand identity\r\nAs part of our growth and brand evolution, we are pleased to announce the updated DEISO logo and colour concept, reinforcing our commitment to sustainability, innovation, global impact, and human resource development.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhere to access the new logos\r\n\r\n \tDownload all logos (single files or as a ZIP archive) via the official link: https:\/\/dei.so\/brand-assets-and-pdfs\/\r\n\r\nDownload the high-resolution logos \u2192\r\nNew brand message\r\n\u201cYour partner in sustainability, innovation, and human resource development.\u201d\r\nAbout DEISO\u2019s evolution\r\n\r\n \tExpanded global presence across 35+ countries.\r\n \tIntroduction of new AI-supported sustainability solutions, strengthened LCA, PCF, GHG, and EPD services, and new training programs.\r\n \tStrengthened focus on actionable, measurable environmental impact and equipping organizations and individuals.\r\n\r\nIn closing\r\nAt DEISO, we are not just adapting to a changing world but actively shaping it.\r\n\r\nThese updates to our email communication and visual identity reaffirm our dedication to clarity, consistency, innovation, and global collaboration.\r\n\r\nWe thank you for your continued trust in DEISO. Together, we will continue to make an impact.\r\n\r\nContact\r\n\r\nDEISO LLC (\u5408\u540c\u4f1a\u793e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bd)\r\n\r\nTokyo, Japan\r\n\r\ninfo@dei.so\r\n\r\nwww.dei.so (also accessible via www.deiso.co.jp)\" data-s=\"DEISO Official Announcement: Updated Email Addresses and Brand Logo\" data-d=\"1745774198\" data-m=\"1789630938\" data-cat=\"58\" data-year=\"2025\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/important-deiso-official-announcement-updated-email-addresses-and-brand-logo\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"512\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/cropped-DESIO_Company_Logo_@High_Favicon-1.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/cropped-DESIO_Company_Logo_@High_Favicon-1.png 512w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/cropped-DESIO_Company_Logo_@High_Favicon-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/cropped-DESIO_Company_Logo_@High_Favicon-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/cropped-DESIO_Company_Logo_@High_Favicon-1-270x270.png 270w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/cropped-DESIO_Company_Logo_@High_Favicon-1-192x192.png 192w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/elementor\/thumbs\/cropped-DESIO_Company_Logo_@High_Favicon-1-r73qp856gz9ub9m16cbsb4wgm1xbrqcdl6qzu68buw.png 180w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/cropped-DESIO_Company_Logo_@High_Favicon-1-32x32.png 32w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/elementor\/thumbs\/cropped-DESIO_Company_Logo_@High_Favicon-1-r73qp857bofcfvbn9kxlse3bc6vgtyldpfym55kdvo.png 250w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/elementor\/thumbs\/cropped-DESIO_Company_Logo_@High_Favicon-1-rr81ru5u6z3w44srkv2dvnk5crphytpqonw8lq83ow.png 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">28 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2025<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 2 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/important-deiso-official-announcement-updated-email-addresses-and-brand-logo\">DEISO Official Announcement: Updated Email Addresses and Brand Logo<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Company announcement Updated company email addresses and brand identity Dear clients, partners, and stakeholders, We are pleased to announce important updates reflecting DEISO\u2019s recent global developments, mission expansion,\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/important-deiso-official-announcement-updated-email-addresses-and-brand-logo\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: DEISO Official Announcement: Updated Email Addresses and Brand Logo\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Announcing the next level, ESG training: Strategic ESG Mastery &amp; AI-Powered Reporting for Enterprises Training Announcements News Strategic ESG Mastery &amp; AI-Powered Reporting for Enterprises\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Most Up-to-Date and Comprehensive ESG Training Available\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\tWe are excited to announce our advanced, innovative, and most up-to-date training program available in the market.The Strategic ESG Mastery &amp; AI-Powered Reporting for Enterprises training program offers cutting-edge insights, AI-driven capabilities, and practical, hands-on learning designed for professionals and organizations that want to lead ESG transformation effectively.This program is the most comprehensive ESG training that blends global best practices with AI-powered tools to accelerate your ESG reporting and compliance.What Makes This ESG Training Different?AI-Powered Modules: Learn how to integrate AI tools into your daily ESG operations and automate everything from emissions tracking to real-time forecasting.Comprehensive Curriculum: With 17 expertly curated modules, you will gain a deep understanding of ESG frameworks like GRI, SASB, CSRD, SDGs, and TCFD, and learn how to leverage them in real-world scenarios.Tailored for Enterprises &amp; Individuals: Whether you\u2019re a team of ESG officers or an individual professional, we can customize the training to meet your needs. You can choose from remote, onsite, or offsite delivery and benefit from flexible scheduling options.Training Flexibility for AllOur ESG training can be delivered to individuals or enterprises.One-to-One Remote Training for personalized learning.Group Training for Teams that provides interactive, AI-powered sessions for organizations of all sizes.Onsite and Offsite Delivery available, perfect for customized training experiences at your location or in our global learning hubs.Key Features of Our ESG Training:Comprehensive AI-Powered Training ModulesThree Months Access to the DEISO Intelligent AI ChatbotExclusive Access to the DEISO Advanced Training Platform \u2013 DEISO GridHands-On, Slide-by-Slide Trainee ExercisesIn-Depth ESG Report AnalysisSeamless File Sharing with DEISO ShareAI-Powered Remote Training ExperienceRecognized Certification Upon Passing the ExamDelivered by Industry ExpertsFlexible Scheduling to Match Your Needs\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\tWhy Choose Our Program?Practical and Action-Driven: This is not just a theoretical course\u2014it\u2019s a hands-on, implementation-focused training designed to give you the tools to create real-world impact.Comprehensive Support: You\u2019ll have 24\/7 access to the DEISO Intelligent ESG Assistant, an AI-powered chatbot that answers your questions and provides real-time guidance on ESG topics.Enterprise-Ready: Perfect for ESG managers, strategy leads, board members, consultants, and sustainability teams seeking to implement AI-powered ESG solutions at scale.\u00a0Contact Us Today!We encourage you to contact us for any questions or to request a personalized quotation.Whether you are looking for individual training or enterprise-wide ESG transformation, we offer flexible delivery formats to suit your unique needs and schedule.Don\u2019t miss out on this cutting-edge training\u2014tailored to make you ESG-ready with the latest in AI technology.Book your spot today or request more information:Contact Us.\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\tVisit the Training Program\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\tDownload the Training Brochure\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\tRequest a Quotation\" data-s=\"Announcing the next level, ESG training: Strategic ESG Mastery &amp; AI-Powered Reporting for Enterprises Training\" data-d=\"1745651988\" data-m=\"1786542913\" data-cat=\"58,7\" data-year=\"2025\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/strategic-esg-mastery-ai-powered-reporting-for-enterprises\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/DEISO_ESG_AI_Training_1-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/DEISO_ESG_AI_Training_1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/DEISO_ESG_AI_Training_1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/DEISO_ESG_AI_Training_1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/DEISO_ESG_AI_Training_1-560x560.png 560w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/DEISO_ESG_AI_Training_1-900x900.png 900w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/DEISO_ESG_AI_Training_1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">26 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2025<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 3 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/strategic-esg-mastery-ai-powered-reporting-for-enterprises\">Announcing the next level, ESG training: Strategic ESG Mastery &amp; AI-Powered Reporting for Enterprises Training<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Strategic ESG Mastery &amp; AI-Powered Reporting for Enterprises The Most Up-to-Date and Comprehensive ESG Training Available We are excited to announce our advanced, innovative, and most up-to-date training\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/strategic-esg-mastery-ai-powered-reporting-for-enterprises\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Announcing the next level, ESG training: Strategic ESG Mastery &amp; AI-Powered Reporting for Enterprises Training\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"DEISO Expands its Reach: Empowering Academia with DEISO Solutions Announcements News News\n        DEISO expands its reach: equipping academia with DEISO solutions\n          \n            Today, we\u2019re thrilled to announce DEISO\u2019s latest venture into the academic world. Our innovative solutions are built to streamline research, strengthen learning, and drive groundbreaking discoveries. From comprehensive literature reviews to cutting-edge AI-supported tools, we\u2019re committed to equipping researchers and institutions to achieve their full potential. Join us as we embark on this exciting journey to shape the future of academia.\n          \n        DEISO elevates academic research and innovation\n        \n          DEISO, a leading provider of cutting-edge solutions, is proud to announce the launch of its comprehensive suite of services tailored specifically for the academic community. Our commitment to fostering innovation and equipping researchers has led us to develop a range of solutions that address the unique needs of academia.\n        \n        Key solutions for academia\n        \n          \n            1\n              Literature reviews\n              \n                Standard service: comprehensive literature reviews to provide a solid foundation for research projects.\n                Plus data extraction: in-depth literature reviews coupled with meticulous data extraction to save time and effort.\n              \n          \n          \n            2\n              Training programs\n              \n                Off-site training: immersive, hands-on training sessions at our state-of-the-art facilities.\n                On-site training: customized training programs run at your institution\u2019s convenience.\n                Remote training: flexible, online training sessions accessible from anywhere.\n                Online training: self-paced, interactive online courses for continuous learning.\n              \n          \n          \n            3\n              R&amp;D solutions for environmental sustainability\n              \n                Expert support: our team of experienced researchers can assist with grant applications, proposal writing, and project management.\n                Environmental perspective: we offer a unique focus on environmental sustainability, helping researchers explore innovative solutions to pressing global challenges.\n              \n          \n          \n            4\n              AI-supported solutions\n              \n                AI assistants: ask and chat with your research sources, academic papers, projects, and data with an AI-supported assistant.\n                More AI-supported solutions are coming.\n              \n          \n        \n        \n          By offering these comprehensive solutions, DEISO aims to revolutionize the way academic research is conducted. Our commitment to excellence, innovation, and customer satisfaction sets us apart as a trusted partner for institutions worldwide.\n        \n        \n          To learn more about how DEISO can elevate your academic endeavors, please contact us today.\n        \n  \n      Next step\n      Built for universities, institutes, and research teams\n      \n        Literature reviews, training in four formats, R&amp;D support for environmental sustainability, and AI-supported research assistants \u2014 in one place.\n      \n      Explore solutions for academia \u2192\" data-s=\"DEISO Expands its Reach: Empowering Academia with DEISO Solutions\" data-d=\"1729848515\" data-m=\"1786543533\" data-cat=\"58,7\" data-year=\"2024\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-expands-its-reach-empowering-academia-with-deiso-solutions\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"577\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/b9cee238-2bb1-4c99-b9c8-f3dfe14736be-768x577.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/b9cee238-2bb1-4c99-b9c8-f3dfe14736be-768x577.webp 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/b9cee238-2bb1-4c99-b9c8-f3dfe14736be-300x226.webp 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/b9cee238-2bb1-4c99-b9c8-f3dfe14736be-1024x770.webp 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/b9cee238-2bb1-4c99-b9c8-f3dfe14736be-560x420.webp 560w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/b9cee238-2bb1-4c99-b9c8-f3dfe14736be-900x675.webp 900w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/b9cee238-2bb1-4c99-b9c8-f3dfe14736be.webp 1152w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">25 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2024<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 2 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-expands-its-reach-empowering-academia-with-deiso-solutions\">DEISO Expands its Reach: Empowering Academia with DEISO Solutions<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">News DEISO expands its reach: equipping academia with DEISO solutions Today, we\u2019re thrilled to announce DEISO\u2019s latest venture into the academic world. Our innovative solutions are built to\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-expands-its-reach-empowering-academia-with-deiso-solutions\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: DEISO Expands its Reach: Empowering Academia with DEISO Solutions\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Introducing the Energy Transition Strategies Advanced Training Program News News\n        Introducing the Energy Transition Strategies Advanced Training Program\n        \n          DEISO is excited to introduce the \u201cEnergy Transition Strategies Advanced Training Program\u201d, a comprehensive program built to equip professionals with the knowledge and skills needed to drive sustainable energy solutions.\n        \n        \n          Staying ahead of the curve is essential in today\u2019s rapidly evolving energy landscape. DEISO\u2019s Advanced Energy Transition Training Program lets professionals gain in-depth knowledge and skills to drive sustainable energy solutions.\n        \n        Key benefits\n        \n          Comprehensive curriculum: explore renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency strategies, policy frameworks, economic implications, and technological advancements.\n          Expert instruction: learn from industry leaders and gain valuable insights from real-world case studies.\n          Career advancement: strengthen your professional profile and open doors to new opportunities in the energy sector.\n        \n        Why choose DEISO?\n        \n          Proven track record: DEISO is a leading provider of energy transition training with a commitment to excellence.\n          Customized learning: our programs are tailored to meet the specific needs of individuals and organizations.\n          Networking opportunities: connect with industry professionals and build valuable relationships.\n        \n        Ready to take the next step?\n        \n          Take advantage of this opportunity to elevate your energy transition expertise. Enroll in DEISO\u2019s Advanced Training Program today and become a driving force in shaping a sustainable energy future.\n        \n          Tags\n          energy transition, training program, renewable energy, energy efficiency, climate change, sustainability, career development, professional development, DEISO\" data-s=\"Introducing the Energy Transition Strategies Advanced Training Program\" data-d=\"1728889087\" data-m=\"1786543438\" data-cat=\"7\" data-year=\"2024\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-the-energy-transition-strategies-advanced-training-program\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"461\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/DEISO_Energy_Training-768x461.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/DEISO_Energy_Training-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/DEISO_Energy_Training-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/DEISO_Energy_Training-1024x614.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/DEISO_Energy_Training.jpg 1420w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">News<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">News<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">14 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2024<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 2 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-the-energy-transition-strategies-advanced-training-program\">Introducing the Energy Transition Strategies Advanced Training Program<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">News Introducing the Energy Transition Strategies Advanced Training Program DEISO is excited to introduce the \u201cEnergy Transition Strategies Advanced Training Program\u201d, a comprehensive program built to equip professionals\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-the-energy-transition-strategies-advanced-training-program\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Introducing the Energy Transition Strategies Advanced Training Program\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"DEISO Unveils New Website with Enhanced Design and Functionality Updates News\n        \n          DEISO, a provider of sustainability services and solutions, is excited to announce the launch of its redesigned website. After months of dedicated development, DEISO has introduced a fresh design concept that reflects the company\u2019s brand identity and offers a more intuitive user experience.\n        \n        The redesign project focused on several key areas\n        \n          Accessibility \u2014 the new website incorporates accessibility features to accommodate individuals with disabilities.\n          Content presentation and structure \u2014 the website\u2019s content has been reorganized to improve clarity and navigation. Information is now presented in a more user-friendly manner.\n          Modern functions \u2014 DEISO has implemented modern website features and functionalities to strengthen user engagement and interaction.\n          Performance optimization \u2014 the website has been optimized for speed and performance, so visitors get a fast and efficient experience.\n          Cross compatibility \u2014 the website is fully compatible with various devices and browsers, including mobile phones and tablets, providing a consistent experience across all platforms.\n        \n        Cloud infrastructure upgrade\n        \n          In addition to the website redesign, DEISO upgraded its cloud infrastructure. This upgrade has significantly improved the performance and capabilities of its website and other platforms, letting the company provide a better overall customer experience.\n        \n        \n          DEISO is confident that the new website will be a valuable resource for its customers and partners.\" data-s=\"DEISO Unveils New Website with Enhanced Design and Functionality\" data-d=\"1725704113\" data-m=\"1786538924\" data-cat=\"16\" data-year=\"2024\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-unveils-new-website-with-enhanced-design-and-functionality\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"415\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/DEISO_redesign-768x415.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/DEISO_redesign-768x415.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/DEISO_redesign-300x162.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/DEISO_redesign-1024x554.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/DEISO_redesign.jpg 1420w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Updates<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Updates<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">7 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2024<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 2 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-unveils-new-website-with-enhanced-design-and-functionality\">DEISO Unveils New Website with Enhanced Design and Functionality<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">News DEISO, a provider of sustainability services and solutions, is excited to announce the launch of its redesigned website. After months of dedicated development, DEISO has introduced a\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-unveils-new-website-with-enhanced-design-and-functionality\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: DEISO Unveils New Website with Enhanced Design and Functionality\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Introducing DEISO Spectrum 2.0 (sp.dei.so) Announcements News Update: &quot;DEISO Spectrum&quot; is now &quot;DEISO Spectra.&quot; Available at: https:\/\/sp.dei.so\nWhat is DEISO Spectrum?\nDEISO Spectrum is a cloud-based platform for DEISO&#039;s training clients to streamline the process of managing client training courses on the cloud. The platform boasts various features to enhance the learning journey, including material sharing, file management, assignment submission and feedback, detailed explanations, and the issuance of course completion certificates.\nTwo Versions of the Spectrum, which one to use?: Transition from DEISO Spectrum 1.0 to DEISO Spectrum 2.0\nDEISO Spectrum has evolved, and clients who enrolled before January 13, 2024, have access to &quot;DEISO Spectrum 1.0&quot; (https:\/\/spectrum.deiso.co.jp), fondly known as the &quot;Old Spectrum.&quot; This version has been the foundation of many successful learning journeys, and its interface is known for its user-friendly design and robust functionalities.\nFor clients enrolling after January 13, 2024, DEISO Company introduces &quot;DEISO Spectrum 2.0,&quot; (https:\/\/sp.dei.so)the latest iteration of their platform. This upgraded version promises an even more immersive and efficient learning experience, with enhanced features and improved performance. The transition from DEISO Spectrum 1.0 to DEISO Spectrum 2.0 reflects DEISO Company&#039;s commitment to staying at the forefront of technological advancements in education.\nMoodle Powers DEISO Spectrum: A Testament to Reliability\nThe Moodle platform is at the core of DEISO Spectrum, a widely acclaimed open-source learning management system. Moodle&#039;s versatility and reliability contribute significantly to the success of DEISO Spectrum, ensuring a stable and secure environment for clients to access their training materials.\nMobile Accessibility: Learning on the Go\nRecognizing the need for flexibility in today&#039;s fast-paced world, DEISO Spectrum ensures that trainees can access their courses anytime, anywhere. The platform offers mobile apps for iOS and Android devices, which are available for download at https:\/\/download.moodle.org\/mobile. The mobile app allows users to integrate their learning experience into their busy schedules seamlessly.\n\nLogging in on the Mobile App:\n\n \tThe link for users accessing &quot;DEISO Spectrum 1.0&quot; (Old Spectrum) is https:\/\/spectrum.deiso.co.jp.\n \tFor users accessing &quot;DEISO Spectrum 2.0,&quot; the link is https:\/\/sp.dei.so.\n \tEnter the username and password to gain access to the platform.\n\nDEISO Company\n\nTokyo, January 13, 2024\n\ndei.so\n\n(www.deiso.co.jp)\" data-s=\"Introducing DEISO Spectrum 2.0 (sp.dei.so)\" data-d=\"1705134845\" data-m=\"1725336441\" data-cat=\"58,7\" data-year=\"2024\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-deiso-spectrum-2-0-sp-dei-so\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"307\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/ds_Logo_spectra_hp-1-768x307.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/ds_Logo_spectra_hp-1-768x307.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/ds_Logo_spectra_hp-1-300x120.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/ds_Logo_spectra_hp-1-1024x410.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/ds_Logo_spectra_hp-1-18x7.jpg 18w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/ds_Logo_spectra_hp-1.jpg 1420w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">13 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2024<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 2 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-deiso-spectrum-2-0-sp-dei-so\">Introducing DEISO Spectrum 2.0 (sp.dei.so)<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Update: &quot;DEISO Spectrum&quot; is now &quot;DEISO Spectra.&quot; Available at: https:\/\/sp.dei.so What is DEISO Spectrum? DEISO Spectrum is a cloud-based platform for DEISO&#039;s training clients to streamline the process\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-deiso-spectrum-2-0-sp-dei-so\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Introducing DEISO Spectrum 2.0 (sp.dei.so)\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"DEISO LLC Unveils New Domain \u201cdei.so\u201d to Elevate Brand Presence and Global Accessibility Announcements News News\n        DEISO LLC unveils new domain \u201cdei.so\u201d to elevate brand presence and global accessibility\n        \n          In a strategic move to reinforce its brand identity and extend its global reach, DEISO LLC is pleased to announce the launch of its new domain: dei.so.\n        \n          Domain structure\n          \n            Primary: dei.so \u2014 the main gateway to the DEISO LLC website\n            Secondary: deiso.co.jp \u2014 the previous domain, which remains active\n          \n        \n          As a dynamic and innovative company, DEISO LLC is committed to staying at the forefront of technology and market trends. The decision to adopt the new domain reflects the company\u2019s dedication to strengthening its brand recognition and keeping its online platform easy to reach worldwide.\n        \n        Why dei.so?\n        \n          \n            Brand strengthening \u2014 the adoption of the concise and memorable https:\/\/dei.so domain is a strategic move to strengthen the DEISO brand. This change aligns with the company\u2019s commitment to producing cutting-edge solutions and services for its clients worldwide.\n          \n          \n            Globalization efforts \u2014 DEISO LLC recognizes the importance of a global presence in today\u2019s interconnected business landscape. The new domain is a crucial step in the company\u2019s efforts to globalize its brand, making it easier for international clients, partners, and stakeholders to connect with DEISO.\n          \n        \n        \n          DEISO LLC\n          Tokyo, Japan \u2014 16 December 2023\n          https:\/\/dei.so\" data-s=\"DEISO LLC Unveils New Domain \u201cdei.so\u201d to Elevate Brand Presence and Global Accessibility\" data-d=\"1702689933\" data-m=\"1786374900\" data-cat=\"58,7\" data-year=\"2023\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-llc-unveils-new-domain-www-dei-so-to-elevate-brand-presence-and-global-accessibility\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"722\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/deiso_domain.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/deiso_domain.jpg 722w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/deiso_domain-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/deiso_domain-8x12.jpg 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">16 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2023<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 2 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-llc-unveils-new-domain-www-dei-so-to-elevate-brand-presence-and-global-accessibility\">DEISO LLC Unveils New Domain \u201cdei.so\u201d to Elevate Brand Presence and Global Accessibility<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">News DEISO LLC unveils new domain \u201cdei.so\u201d to elevate brand presence and global accessibility In a strategic move to reinforce its brand identity and extend its global reach,\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/deiso-llc-unveils-new-domain-www-dei-so-to-elevate-brand-presence-and-global-accessibility\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: DEISO LLC Unveils New Domain \u201cdei.so\u201d to Elevate Brand Presence and Global Accessibility\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"What is Allocation and System Expansion in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Tutorials Multifunctionality\r\nAllocation and system expansion in life cycle assessment\r\nMost real production systems make more than one thing. A refinery yields a dozen fractions from one barrel. Chlor-alkali electrolysis yields sodium hydroxide, chlorine, and hydrogen simultaneously. A dairy yields milk and, eventually, meat. Recycling turns one system\u2019s waste into another\u2019s input.\r\n\r\nIn each case the LCA practitioner faces the same question: the process has one set of inputs and emissions, but several useful outputs. How much of that burden belongs to each? This is the multifunctionality problem, and allocation and system expansion are the two families of answer.\r\n\r\nIt matters because the choice is not marginal. On the same inventory data, switching from mass to economic allocation can move a co-product\u2019s carbon footprint by a factor of five or more. Two studies of the same product, both technically correct, can reach opposite conclusions purely on this decision. That is why ISO requires the choice to be justified, documented, and tested \u2014 not simply made.\r\n\r\nISO 14044\r\nThe allocation hierarchy is not optional\r\nISO 14044 clause 4.3.4.2 sets a strict order of preference. Practitioners frequently skip to step three because it is easiest; a reviewer will ask why steps one and two were not attempted.\r\n\r\n1\r\nAvoid allocation wherever possible\r\nEither by subdivision \u2014 breaking the multifunctional unit process into sub-processes and collecting separate data for each \u2014 or by system expansion, extending the boundary to include the additional functions. Subdivision is preferred where the plant data supports it, because it requires no assumptions at all.\r\n\r\n2\r\nAllocate on an underlying physical relationship\r\nWhere allocation cannot be avoided, partition the burden according to a physical property that genuinely reflects how the outputs drive the process \u2014 mass, energy content, stoichiometry, exergy. The word that does the work here is underlying: the property must have a causal relationship to the burden, not merely be measurable.\r\n\r\n3\r\nAllocate on another relationship\r\nWhere no physical relationship can be established, use another relationship \u2014 in practice, almost always economic value. This is the fallback, and it must be declared as such, with the reason the physical route was rejected.\r\n\r\nISO 14044 also requires that the sum of allocated inputs and outputs equals the unallocated inputs and outputs of the unit process. Any allocation scheme that loses or creates mass and energy is wrong, regardless of how defensible the factor looked.\r\n\r\nModelling frame\r\nAttributional or consequential \u2014 decide before you allocate\r\nThe allocation question sits downstream of a more fundamental one: what is the study for?\r\n\r\n \tAttributional modelling asks what share of global burdens belongs to this product as the system currently operates. It partitions existing flows, which means it allocates. This is the frame for EPDs, product carbon footprints under ISO 14067, and corporate reporting.\r\n \tConsequential modelling asks what changes if demand for this product changes. It follows marginal effects, which means it expands the system and credits avoided production. This is the frame for policy analysis and major investment decisions.\r\n\r\nMixing the two within one study is a common and serious error. Substitution credits inside an otherwise attributional model produce results that cannot be added to other attributional results \u2014 which defeats the purpose of a comparable declaration.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPhysical allocation\r\nAllocation by mass: the worked mechanics\r\nMass allocation is the most common physical route and the easiest to execute. Every input to the unit process \u2014 energy, ancillary materials, water, emissions \u2014 is partitioned across the co-products in proportion to their mass output.\r\n\r\nConsider a unit process producing 700\u00a0kg of co-product A and 300\u00a0kg of co-product B per functional unit.\r\n\r\n\r\nFigure 1 \u2014 Unit process with two co-products, illustrating mass-based allocation.\r\nAllocation factor for A = 700 \u00f7 (700 + 300) = 0.70\r\n\r\nAllocation factor for B = 300 \u00f7 (700 + 300) = 0.30\r\n\r\n70% of every input, emission, and waste flow is assigned to A; 30% to B. The factors sum to 1.00, satisfying the ISO 14044 mass balance requirement.\r\n\r\nChoosing the property\r\nWhen mass is the wrong physical basis\r\nMass is convenient, not automatically causal. ISO asks for an underlying physical relationship, which means the partitioning property should reflect why the process consumes what it consumes. Mass fails that test in several recognisable situations:\r\n\r\n \tEnergy products. Refinery streams differ enormously in energy content per kilogram. Energy-content allocation reflects the function \u2014 delivering energy \u2014 far better than mass does.\r\n \tVery light high-value co-products. Hydrogen weighs almost nothing but carries substantial function and value. Mass allocation renders it nearly burden-free, which is not a defensible reflection of the process.\r\n \tChemically driven processes. Where output ratios are fixed by stoichiometry rather than by operational choice, the reaction equation, not the scale, defines the relationship.\r\n \tServices and non-material outputs. Waste treatment, storage, and transport have no meaningful output mass to partition on.\r\n\r\nAlternative physical bases\r\n\r\n \tEnergy content \u2014 lower or higher heating value, standard in fuel and refinery LCA\r\n \tExergy \u2014 captures thermodynamic quality rather than quantity; methodologically strong, rarely used because reviewers and readers find it opaque\r\n \tStoichiometry \u2014 where a fixed reaction determines the output ratio\r\n \tElemental content \u2014 carbon or nitrogen content, common in agricultural and food systems\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWorked case\r\nChlor-alkali electrolysis: where the choice changes everything\r\nThe chlor-alkali process is the standard teaching case because its output ratio is fixed by chemistry, not by operational preference. Electrolysis of sodium chloride brine yields three co-products in a stoichiometrically determined ratio. A plant cannot make more caustic soda without also making proportionally more chlorine.\r\n\r\n\r\nFigure 2 \u2014 Chlor-alkali electrolysis: sodium hydroxide, chlorine, and hydrogen as fixed-ratio co-products.\r\nBy mass, the outputs are sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 52.3%, chlorine (Cl\u2082) at 46.4%, and hydrogen (H\u2082) at 1.3%. Sodium hydroxide is typically treated as the main product commercially, but all three have markets, so none can be dismissed as waste.\r\nComparison\r\nMass against economic allocation, on identical data\r\nTake a basis of 1,000\u00a0kg total product output: 523\u00a0kg NaOH, 464\u00a0kg Cl\u2082, 13\u00a0kg H\u2082. Now apply illustrative market prices of USD 400\/t for NaOH, USD 250\/t for Cl\u2082, and USD 2,000\/t for H\u2082.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCo-product\r\nMass (kg)\r\nMass allocation\r\nRevenue (USD)\r\nEconomic allocation\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSodium hydroxide (NaOH)\r\n523\r\n52.3%\r\n209.20\r\n59.6%\r\n\r\n\r\nChlorine (Cl\u2082)\r\n464\r\n46.4%\r\n116.00\r\n33.0%\r\n\r\n\r\nHydrogen (H\u2082)\r\n13\r\n1.3%\r\n26.00\r\n7.4%\r\n\r\n\r\nTotal\r\n1,000\r\n100.0%\r\n351.20\r\n100.0%\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHydrogen\u2019s allocated burden rises from 1.3% to 7.4% \u2014 a factor of 5.7 \u2014 purely from the choice of allocation basis. Chlorine\u2019s falls by roughly a third. The inventory data did not change at all.\r\n\r\nNote on the figures\r\n\r\nThe prices above are illustrative and chosen to make the mechanism visible. Real chlor-alkali economics are volatile and regionally specific; chlorine and caustic prices frequently move in opposite directions with the market cycle. Any economic allocation used in a study must draw on documented prices for the actual reference period, and that period must be stated.\r\n\r\nEconomic allocation\r\nUsing economic value defensibly\r\nEconomic allocation is the ISO fallback, and it is legitimate \u2014 but it imports market volatility into a physical result, which is why reviewers scrutinise it. Four rules make it hold up:\r\n\r\nUse price at the point of separation, not at final sale. Value added by downstream processing belongs to that processing, not to the shared upstream burden.\r\n\r\nAverage over a defensible period. A single spot price on one date is not representative. A twelve-month average covering the inventory reference year is the usual expectation.\r\n\r\nDocument the source. Published indices, actual invoiced transactions, or plant records \u2014 and state which. Unattributed prices are a standard verification finding.\r\n\r\nTest the result. Recalculate at the high and low of the price range across the reference period and report the effect on the conclusions.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSystem expansion\r\nSystem expansion and substitution\r\nSystem expansion sits at the top of the ISO hierarchy alongside subdivision, because it sidesteps the partitioning problem rather than solving it. Instead of splitting the burden, the boundary is widened so that the compared systems perform the same set of functions.\r\n\r\nTwo forms are worth distinguishing, and the terms are used loosely in practice:\r\n\r\n \tTrue system expansion \u2014 the alternative system is expanded to include the additional function, so both systems deliver the same basket of outputs and remain directly comparable. Nothing is subtracted.\r\n \tSubstitution, or the avoided burden approach \u2014 the burden of the production that the co-product displaces elsewhere is subtracted as a credit. This is what most practitioners mean when they say system expansion.\r\n\r\nISO 14044 and ISO 14067 both place this ahead of allocation. In practice it carries its own difficulty: the credit depends entirely on what you assume is displaced, and by how much.\r\n\r\nSubstitution moves the uncertainty rather than removing it. The allocation factor is replaced by an assumption about the marginal displaced product \u2014 which is usually harder to defend, not easier.\r\nThe three assumptions substitution requires\r\n\r\n \tWhat is displaced. Recovered hydrogen might displace steam-methane-reformed hydrogen, or grid electricity if burned for power. The two credits differ by an order of magnitude.\r\n \tAt what substitution ratio. Recycled material rarely replaces virgin material one-for-one; quality loss means a ratio below 1.0 that must be evidenced.\r\n \tAgainst which marginal technology. The displaced production is the marginal supplier, not the average \u2014 and identifying the marginal supplier is a modelling exercise in itself.\r\n\r\nCredits large enough to drive a product\u2019s net result negative are a signal to re-examine these three assumptions before publishing.\r\n\r\nRecycling\r\nAllocation across recycling: the four working approaches\r\nRecycling is the multifunctionality problem across two life cycles rather than within one process. The burden of primary production and of recovery has to be shared between the system that first used the material and the system that uses it next.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nApproach\r\nHow it works\r\nWhere it is used\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCut-off (100:0)\r\nEach system carries its own burdens only. Recycled input enters burden-free at the point of collection; outgoing recyclate leaves with no credit. Simple, conservative, and additive across systems.\r\nDefault in ecoinvent cut-off system model; widely used in attributional studies and EPDs.\r\n\r\n\r\nAvoided burden (0:100)\r\nThe first system is credited for the primary production its recyclate displaces. Rewards recyclability, but the credit rests on displacement assumptions and results are not additive.\r\nConsequential studies; end-of-life recycling arguments.\r\n\r\n\r\n50:50 split\r\nBurdens and credits are shared equally between the supplying and receiving system. A pragmatic compromise with no strong theoretical basis, but it avoids the extremes of the two above.\r\nSome sector PCRs and national guidance documents.\r\n\r\n\r\nCircular Footprint Formula\r\nA parameterised formula combining recycled content and end-of-life recycling through an allocation factor A, with explicit quality ratios and a market-supply parameter. Transparent about its assumptions, and demanding in the data it requires.\r\nMandatory in the EU Product Environmental Footprint method; referenced in EN 15804+A2 module D discussions.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nUnder EN 15804+A2, benefits and loads beyond the system boundary are reported in module D, separately from the cradle-to-grave total, and are never added into it. That separation is the standard\u2019s way of keeping substitution credits visible rather than buried inside a headline figure.\r\n\r\n\r\nSensitivity\r\nTesting the choice is a requirement, not good practice\r\nISO 14044 requires a sensitivity analysis on allocation procedures. Because the choice can move results by multiples, a study that reports one allocation basis without showing what the alternatives do has not demonstrated that its conclusions are stable.\r\n\r\n1\r\nRecalculate under each plausible basis\r\nRun the full impact assessment on mass, energy, and economic allocation, and on substitution where it applies. Present the range, not just the chosen figure.\r\n\r\n2\r\nState whether the conclusion survives\r\nThe question a decision-maker needs answered is whether the ranking changes, not whether the number changes. If product A beats product B under every basis, the conclusion is robust to the allocation choice and can be stated as such. If the ranking flips, that must be reported plainly.\r\n\r\n3\r\nDocument the justification, not just the method\r\nRecord why the chosen basis was selected, why the higher tiers of the ISO hierarchy were not used, what data supported the factors, and what reference period applies. This is what a critical reviewer under ISO 14071 will look for first.\r\n\r\nCommon findings\r\nWhere allocation goes wrong in practice\r\n\r\n \tJumping straight to economic allocation without documenting why subdivision and physical relationships were rejected. The most frequent review finding on multifunctional systems.\r\n \tAllocation factors that do not sum to unity, usually after a co-product is added or dropped mid-study without recalculating.\r\n \tSilent inheritance from the background database. Background datasets carry their own allocation assumptions. Using a cut-off database while applying substitution in the foreground produces an internally inconsistent model.\r\n \tTreating a co-product as waste to avoid allocating to it. If it has a market and a positive price, it is a co-product, whatever the plant calls it.\r\n \tSubstitution credits with no stated displaced product, no substitution ratio, and no marginal technology \u2014 a credit that cannot be checked.\r\n \tPrices taken at final sale rather than at the point of separation, inflating the share carried by the most processed co-product.\r\n\r\nSummary\r\nWhat to take away\r\nAllocation partitions the burden of a shared process among its outputs. System expansion avoids partitioning by widening the boundary, usually by crediting displaced production. ISO 14044 prefers avoidance, then physical relationships, then economic value \u2014 in that order, with the reasoning recorded at each step.\r\n\r\nNeither approach has an optimal solution, which is precisely why the standards leave room. The flexibility is not licence: it is a requirement to choose deliberately, document the choice, test it, and report the range.\r\n\r\nThe allocation decision is where two technically correct studies most often diverge. Treat it as a decision requiring justification, not a setting in the software.\r\n\r\nLCA critical review \u2192\r\nLCA strategic advisory \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA ecosystem\r\nExplore the DEISO life cycle assessment (LCA) ecosystem\r\nDEISO\u2019s integrated LCA ecosystem covers project execution, independent review, advisory, professional training, and technical systems built to support high-quality, ISO-aligned sustainability work.\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA project execution\r\nEnd-to-end Life Cycle Assessment execution for products, systems, and value chains with structured workflows and high technical quality.\r\n\r\nExplore service \u2192\r\n\r\nLCA critical review (ISO 14040\/44)\r\nIndependent technical review confirming methodological consistency, transparency, and ISO alignment.\r\n\r\nExplore service \u2192\r\n\r\nSenior LCA strategic advisory\r\nExpert-level advisory for study design, methodology, and decision-making in LCA and EPD projects.\r\n\r\nExplore advisory \u2192\r\n\r\nLCA professional training\r\nStructured professional training that lets teams build strong LCA capability aligned with ISO standards.\r\n\r\nExplore training \u2192\r\n\r\nLCA software training (openLCA, GaBi, SimaPro)\r\nHands-on, software-focused training programs built for professionals working in openLCA, GaBi, and SimaPro environments.\r\n\r\nExplore programs \u2192\r\n\r\nLCA data collection system\r\nStructured data framework to improve consistency, reduce errors, and speed up LCA project execution.\r\n\r\nDownload system \u2192\r\n\r\nRequest a quotation\r\nRequest a tailored quotation aligned with your LCA, review, or training needs.\r\n\r\nRequest a quotation \u2192\" data-s=\"What is Allocation and System Expansion in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" data-d=\"1674554478\" data-m=\"1791007884\" data-cat=\"1737\" data-year=\"2023\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/what-is-allocation-and-system-expansion-in-life-cycle-assessment-lca\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"543\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_allocation-768x543.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_allocation-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_allocation-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_allocation-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_allocation.jpg 1448w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_allocation-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Tutorials<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Tutorials<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">24 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 12 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/what-is-allocation-and-system-expansion-in-life-cycle-assessment-lca\">What is Allocation and System Expansion in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Multifunctionality Allocation and system expansion in life cycle assessment Most real production systems make more than one thing. A refinery yields a dozen fractions from one barrel. Chlor-alkali\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/what-is-allocation-and-system-expansion-in-life-cycle-assessment-lca\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: What is Allocation and System Expansion in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Monte-Carlo Simulation, Uncertainty Analysis, and Sensitivity Analysis in Life Cycle Assessment Tutorials Introduction\r\nMonte Carlo simulation, uncertainty analysis, and sensitivity analysis in life cycle assessment\r\nWhen certain variables are changed or updated, numerous outcomes can be modeled using a computerised mathematical technique known as Monte Carlo simulation. It is a form of computer modeling used to examine how complex systems operate and behave, simulating possibilities that are difficult to resolve using traditional mathematical methods. Monte Carlo simulation is applied across banking, engineering, risk management, physics, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).\r\n\r\nThe methodology rests on randomness and probability. In a Monte Carlo simulation, random numbers generated by a random number generator represent a particular probability distribution \u2014 a normal distribution, for example. That distribution is then used to determine certain occurrences.\r\n\r\nMonte Carlo simulation is often paired with uncertainty analysis, a method for identifying uncertainty around simulation results. The variability caused by factors such as input randomness and model-based intrinsic variability is measured using this technique.\r\n\r\nCombined, the two are a powerful way to understand and evaluate the behaviour and performance of a system. This article covers the concepts and methods behind both, and how they improve the accuracy and reliability of simulations.\r\n\r\nFundamentals\r\nThe basics of Monte Carlo simulation\r\nProbability and randomness are the basis of Monte Carlo simulation. Using a random number generator, the approach produces random numbers that represent a particular probability distribution, which is then used to determine certain occurrences. The distribution may take any shape \u2014 normal, uniform, or a combination of the two.\r\n\r\nThose random numbers are then used to imitate a system\u2019s efficiency and behaviour. A financial system, for instance, might use random numbers to replicate the price of a stock, and then to calculate events such as rising or falling prices.\r\n\r\nThe random numbers used in the simulation can be generated in several ways, including a mathematical formula or a dedicated random number generator.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nUncertainty\r\nUncertainty analysis\r\nUncertainty analysis identifies the uncertainty surrounding simulation results. It measures the variability caused by factors such as input randomness and model-based intrinsic variability.\r\n\r\nIt can be carried out in several ways. One is sensitivity analysis, which examines the potential effect on outcomes of changing the simulation\u2019s inputs. Another is to run a Monte Carlo simulation and examine how the findings vary across simulations. The results are then used to assess the accuracy of the model and the dependability of the simulation output.\r\n\r\nCase study\r\nMonte Carlo simulation in life cycle assessment\r\nMonte Carlo simulation is a critical step in Life Cycle Assessment. It can be carried out on a model you build yourself, or on a process drawn from a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database, and is typically run for the system being modeled. It shows the LCA analyst how much uncertainty sits in the results.\r\n\r\nThe normal distribution is the usual choice, though other options exist. Under a normal distribution the results appear as a bell-shaped curve. The narrower the shape, and the fewer occurrences of uncertainty, the more reliable the results.\r\n\r\nMonte Carlo can be run in Excel, but the simplest route is LCA software such as openLCA, GaBi, or SimaPro. The software prompts for a number of runs \u2014 typically at least 1,000. More runs give more accurate results, but the analysis takes considerably longer beyond that point. In LCA software, Monte Carlo works as follows:\r\n\r\n \tThe simulation assigns all random parameter values between defined minimum and maximum values.\r\n \tThe software examines the resulting random parameter constellations.\r\n \tThe analyst reads the bell-shaped graph \u2014 how the uncertainty curve changes, in percentage terms, under different random parameter combinations.\r\n\r\nJapan electricity grid mix\r\nThe case study below applies Monte Carlo analysis to Japan\u2019s electricity grid mix across 11 environmental impacts. Twelve impact categories are considered in total, including Global Warming Potential with biogenic carbon uncertainty.\r\n\r\nThe Y-axis represents the number of random parameter constellations that lead to uncertainty for each impact category. The X-axis represents the percentage of uncertainty for each category. The narrower the shape, the better and more defensible the overall result. Lower values on both axes indicate a stronger model in uncertainty terms.\r\n\r\nA second view of the same case study isolates Global Warming Potential (GWP) \u2014 climate change potential \u2014 on its own.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nUncertainty\r\nUncertainty analysis\r\nUncertainty analysis identifies the uncertainty surrounding simulation results. It measures the variability caused by factors such as input randomness and model-based intrinsic variability.\r\n\r\nIt can be carried out in several ways. One is sensitivity analysis, which examines the potential effect on outcomes of changing the simulation\u2019s inputs. Another is to run a Monte Carlo simulation and examine how the findings vary across simulations. The results are then used to assess the accuracy of the model and the dependability of the simulation output.\r\n\r\nCase study\r\nMonte Carlo simulation in life cycle assessment\r\nMonte Carlo simulation is a critical step in Life Cycle Assessment. It can be carried out on a model you build yourself, or on a process drawn from a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database, and is typically run for the system being modeled. It shows the LCA analyst how much uncertainty sits in the results.\r\n\r\nThe normal distribution is the usual choice, though other options exist. Under a normal distribution the results appear as a bell-shaped curve. The narrower the shape, and the fewer occurrences of uncertainty, the more reliable the results.\r\n\r\nMonte Carlo can be run in Excel, but the simplest route is LCA software such as openLCA, GaBi, or SimaPro. The software prompts for a number of runs \u2014 typically at least 1,000. More runs give more accurate results, but the analysis takes considerably longer beyond that point. In LCA software, Monte Carlo works as follows:\r\n\r\n \tThe simulation assigns all random parameter values between defined minimum and maximum values.\r\n \tThe software examines the resulting random parameter constellations.\r\n \tThe analyst reads the bell-shaped graph \u2014 how the uncertainty curve changes, in percentage terms, under different random parameter combinations.\r\n\r\nJapan electricity grid mix\r\nThe case study below applies Monte Carlo analysis to Japan\u2019s electricity grid mix across 11 environmental impacts. Twelve impact categories are considered in total, including Global Warming Potential with biogenic carbon uncertainty.\r\n\r\nThe Y-axis represents the number of random parameter constellations that lead to uncertainty for each impact category. The X-axis represents the percentage of uncertainty for each category. The narrower the shape, the better and more defensible the overall result. Lower values on both axes indicate a stronger model in uncertainty terms.\r\n\r\nA second view of the same case study isolates Global Warming Potential (GWP) \u2014 climate change potential \u2014 on its own.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSensitivity\r\nSensitivity analysis\r\nSensitivity analysis determines how different values of an independent variable affect a particular dependent variable under a given set of assumptions. It is central to risk assessment and financial analysis, showing how the outcome of a decision or model would shift if one or more underlying assumptions changed. It also identifies which factors drive the performance of a given choice or model \u2014 including in Life Cycle Assessment.\r\n\r\nIn financial work, sensitivity analysis predicts how changes in interest rates, inflation, or exchange rates affect performance, and how different investment approaches affect anticipated returns. Examining those effects lets investors and managers make informed judgments and manage risk more deliberately.\r\n\r\nIn risk assessment and LCA, sensitivity analysis pinpoints the factors that most affect a model\u2019s result. By assessing the influence of each variable, analysts can determine which factors and which assumptions matter most when making decisions and controlling risk.\r\n\r\nThe technique extends beyond finance and risk. It can also examine how corporate tactics affect market share, staff morale, and customer satisfaction \u2014 giving managers a structured view of how changes in specific factors move each outcome.\r\n\r\nMethod\r\nSensitivity analysis in life cycle assessment\r\nSensitivity analysis is a second essential method for LCA. The Japan grid mix Monte Carlo case study serves again as the worked example. Microsoft Excel can perform it, but the workflow below describes how it runs in LCA software such as GaBi:\r\n\r\n \tStandard deviations are set for the parameters under study.\r\n \tThe software multiplies and divides the parameter values by that standard deviation \u2014 for example, +50% and \u221250%.\r\n \tThe analysis then shows how each parameter\u2019s variation affects the outcome.\r\n\r\nThe question being answered: how sensitive are our results to a \u00b150% change in this or that parameter?\r\nReading the output\r\n\r\n \tWhat percentage of the result changed when a single parameter was increased by, say, 50%?\r\n \tWhich single parameter changes produced disproportionately large swings in the result?\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nResults\r\nSensitivity analysis results \u2014 Japan electricity grid mix\r\nThe first table lists the impact categories with their IDs. The second table gives the corresponding sensitivity results, expressed as the percentage change in each impact category when a given energy source parameter is moved by one standard deviation in each direction.\r\nImpact categories and IDs\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nID\r\nImpact category\r\nUnit\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1\r\nOzone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP, steady state)\r\nkg R11 eq.\r\n\r\n\r\n2\r\nHuman Toxicity Potential (HTP inf.)\r\nkg DCB eq.\r\n\r\n\r\n3\r\nPhotochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)\r\nkg Ethene eq.\r\n\r\n\r\n4\r\nMarine Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential (MAETP inf.)\r\nkg DCB eq.\r\n\r\n\r\n5\r\nTerrestric Ecotoxicity Potential (TETP inf.)\r\nkg DCB eq.\r\n\r\n\r\n6\r\nGlobal Warming Potential (GWP 100 years), excl. biogenic carbon\r\nkg CO\u2082 eq.\r\n\r\n\r\n7\r\nAbiotic Depletion (ADP elements)\r\nkg Sb eq.\r\n\r\n\r\n8\r\nFreshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential (FAETP inf.)\r\nkg DCB eq.\r\n\r\n\r\n9\r\nAbiotic Depletion (ADP fossil)\r\nMJ\r\n\r\n\r\n10\r\nAcidification Potential (AP)\r\nkg SO\u2082 eq.\r\n\r\n\r\n11\r\nGlobal Warming Potential (GWP 100 years)\r\nkg CO\u2082 eq.\r\n\r\n\r\n12\r\nEutrophication Potential (EP)\r\nkg Phosphate eq.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSensitivity results by energy source\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nImpact ID &amp; direction\r\nCoal\r\nHydro\r\nNatural gas\r\nNuclear\r\nHeavy fuel oil\r\nSolar\r\nWaste\r\nWind\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1 \u2212 std. dev.\r\n\u22121.33%\r\n\u22120.04%\r\n\u22121.36%\r\n\u22120.05%\r\n\u22121.99%\r\n\u22120.21%\r\n0.00%\r\n\u22120.01%\r\n\r\n\r\n1 + std. dev.\r\n1.33%\r\n0.04%\r\n1.36%\r\n0.05%\r\n1.99%\r\n0.21%\r\n0.00%\r\n0.01%\r\n\r\n\r\n2 \u2212 std. dev.\r\n\u22121.58%\r\n\u22120.20%\r\n\u22121.05%\r\n\u22120.07%\r\n\u22120.78%\r\n\u22120.53%\r\n\u22120.22%\r\n\u22120.04%\r\n\r\n\r\n2 + std. dev.\r\n1.58%\r\n0.20%\r\n1.05%\r\n0.07%\r\n0.78%\r\n0.53%\r\n0.22%\r\n0.04%\r\n\r\n\r\n3 \u2212 std. dev.\r\n\u22122.13%\r\n0.00%\r\n\u22121.61%\r\n\u22120.01%\r\n\u22120.82%\r\n\u22120.01%\r\n\u22120.14%\r\n0.00%\r\n\r\n\r\n3 + std. dev.\r\n2.13%\r\n0.00%\r\n1.61%\r\n0.01%\r\n0.82%\r\n0.01%\r\n0.14%\r\n0.00%\r\n\r\n\r\n4 \u2212 std. dev.\r\n\u22121.53%\r\n0.00%\r\n\u22120.22%\r\n\u22120.02%\r\n\u22120.12%\r\n\u22120.02%\r\n\u22120.54%\r\n0.00%\r\n\r\n\r\n4 + std. dev.\r\n1.53%\r\n0.00%\r\n0.22%\r\n0.02%\r\n0.12%\r\n0.02%\r\n0.54%\r\n0.00%\r\n\r\n\r\n5 \u2212 std. dev.\r\n\u22121.21%\r\n\u22120.02%\r\n\u22121.27%\r\n0.00%\r\n\u22120.45%\r\n\u22120.05%\r\n\u22121.08%\r\n\u22120.06%\r\n\r\n\r\n5 + std. dev.\r\n1.21%\r\n0.02%\r\n1.27%\r\n0.00%\r\n0.45%\r\n0.05%\r\n1.08%\r\n0.06%\r\n\r\n\r\n6 \u2212 std. dev.\r\n\u22122.29%\r\n0.00%\r\n\u22121.84%\r\n0.00%\r\n\u22120.68%\r\n\u22120.01%\r\n\u22120.17%\r\n0.00%\r\n\r\n\r\n6 + std. dev.\r\n2.29%\r\n0.00%\r\n1.84%\r\n0.00%\r\n0.68%\r\n0.01%\r\n0.17%\r\n0.00%\r\n\r\n\r\n7 \u2212 std. dev.\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n\r\n\r\n7 + std. dev.\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n\r\n\r\n8 \u2212 std. dev.\r\n\u22120.80%\r\n\u22120.01%\r\n\u22121.62%\r\n\u22120.28%\r\n\u22121.91%\r\n\u22120.06%\r\n\u22120.05%\r\n0.00%\r\n\r\n\r\n8 + std. dev.\r\n0.80%\r\n0.01%\r\n1.62%\r\n0.28%\r\n1.91%\r\n0.06%\r\n0.05%\r\n0.00%\r\n\r\n\r\n9 \u2212 std. dev.\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n\r\n\r\n9 + std. dev.\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n0%\r\n\r\n\r\n10 \u2212 std. dev.\r\n\u22122.35%\r\n0.00%\r\n\u22121.18%\r\n\u22120.01%\r\n\u22120.90%\r\n\u22120.03%\r\n\u22120.23%\r\n0.00%\r\n\r\n\r\n10 + std. dev.\r\n2.35%\r\n0.00%\r\n1.18%\r\n0.01%\r\n0.90%\r\n0.03%\r\n0.23%\r\n0.00%\r\n\r\n\r\n11 \u2212 std. dev.\r\n\u22122.09%\r\n0.00%\r\n\u22121.68%\r\n0.00%\r\n\u22120.62%\r\n\u22120.01%\r\n\u22120.42%\r\n0.00%\r\n\r\n\r\n11 + std. dev.\r\n2.09%\r\n0.00%\r\n1.68%\r\n0.00%\r\n0.62%\r\n0.01%\r\n0.42%\r\n0.00%\r\n\r\n\r\n12 \u2212 std. dev.\r\n\u22122.13%\r\n0.00%\r\n\u22121.48%\r\n\u22120.01%\r\n\u22120.76%\r\n\u22120.02%\r\n\u22120.27%\r\n0.00%\r\n\r\n\r\n12 + std. dev.\r\n2.13%\r\n0.00%\r\n1.48%\r\n0.01%\r\n0.76%\r\n0.02%\r\n0.27%\r\n0.00%\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nScroll the table sideways to see all energy sources.\r\n\r\nConclusion\r\nConclusion\r\n\r\n \tMonte Carlo simulation. Also described as uncertainty analysis, this method studies the influence of random variables and uncertainties on a system or process. It evaluates potential outcomes by running many randomly generated simulations with varying input parameters; combining those results produces a probability distribution of alternative outcomes. The same technique can quantify the risk attached to investment decisions made under uncertainty.\r\n \tSensitivity analysis. A crucial technique in risk assessment, financial analysis, environmental management, and Life Cycle Assessment. It determines how the outcome of a decision or model would change if one or more underlying assumptions were altered, and identifies which assumptions matter most for making decisions and controlling risk.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA ecosystem\r\nExplore the DEISO life cycle assessment (LCA) ecosystem\r\nDEISO\u2019s integrated LCA ecosystem covers project execution, independent review, advisory, professional training, and technical systems built to support high-quality, ISO-aligned sustainability work.\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA project execution\r\nEnd-to-end Life Cycle Assessment execution for products, systems, and value chains with structured workflows and high technical quality.\r\n\r\nExplore service \u2192\r\n\r\nLCA critical review (ISO 14040\/44)\r\nIndependent technical review confirming methodological consistency, transparency, and ISO alignment.\r\n\r\nExplore service \u2192\r\n\r\nSenior LCA strategic advisory\r\nExpert-level advisory for study design, methodology, and decision-making in LCA and EPD projects.\r\n\r\nExplore advisory \u2192\r\n\r\nLCA professional training\r\nStructured professional training that lets teams build strong LCA capability aligned with ISO standards.\r\n\r\nExplore training \u2192\r\n\r\nLCA software training (openLCA, GaBi, SimaPro)\r\nHands-on, software-focused training programs built for professionals working in openLCA, GaBi, and SimaPro environments.\r\n\r\nExplore programs \u2192\r\n\r\nLCA data collection system\r\nStructured data framework to improve consistency, reduce errors, and speed up LCA project execution.\r\n\r\nDownload system \u2192\r\n\r\nRequest a quotation\r\nRequest a tailored quotation aligned with your LCA, review, or training needs.\r\n\r\nRequest a quotation \u2192\" data-s=\"Monte-Carlo Simulation, Uncertainty Analysis, and Sensitivity Analysis in Life Cycle Assessment\" data-d=\"1673683319\" data-m=\"1791007891\" data-cat=\"1737\" data-year=\"2023\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/monte-carlo-simulation-uncertainty-analysis-and-sensitivity-analysis-in-life-cycle-assessment\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"543\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_Monte_Carlo_Uncerinity_Sensitivity_Analysis-768x543.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_Monte_Carlo_Uncerinity_Sensitivity_Analysis-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_Monte_Carlo_Uncerinity_Sensitivity_Analysis-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_Monte_Carlo_Uncerinity_Sensitivity_Analysis-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_Monte_Carlo_Uncerinity_Sensitivity_Analysis.jpg 1448w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_Monte_Carlo_Uncerinity_Sensitivity_Analysis-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Tutorials<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Tutorials<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">14 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 10 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/monte-carlo-simulation-uncertainty-analysis-and-sensitivity-analysis-in-life-cycle-assessment\">Monte-Carlo Simulation, Uncertainty Analysis, and Sensitivity Analysis in Life Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Introduction Monte Carlo simulation, uncertainty analysis, and sensitivity analysis in life cycle assessment When certain variables are changed or updated, numerous outcomes can be modeled using a computerised\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/monte-carlo-simulation-uncertainty-analysis-and-sensitivity-analysis-in-life-cycle-assessment\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Monte-Carlo Simulation, Uncertainty Analysis, and Sensitivity Analysis in Life Cycle Assessment\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Life Cycle Assessment Background Data Vs. Foreground Data and How to Select The Most Appropriate LCI Database Tutorials Background\r\nData collection is one of the most critical steps in the life cycle evaluation process. LCA is a thorough assessment of a system&#039;s or product&#039;s environmental impacts. It necessitates a comprehensive examination of a system&#039;s complete life cycle, from raw material extraction through manufacturing, usage, and disposal. Data from every life cycle step must be gathered to complete an accurate LCA.\r\n\r\nThe system boundaries must be identified as the initial stage for LCA data gathering. Which stages of the life cycle should be included in the evaluation are determined by system boundaries in the goal and scope definition stage of LCA. Gathering data may start after the limits have been set.\r\n\r\nMany other sources of information may be used to gather data, including business records, government databases, industry reports, scholarly research, and public polls. All information must be accurate, trustworthy, and current. Data on emissions, waste, water use, materials, and energy should be collected. Data about the amount and quality of materials used to create the product or system should also be included.\r\n\r\nAfter the data has been gathered, it should be examined to pinpoint the key elements and procedures with the most significant environmental impacts. With this knowledge, it will be possible to find solutions to lessen the system&#039;s or product&#039;s adverse environmental impacts.\r\n\r\nData collecting for LCA may be time-consuming and challenging to perform a thorough and accurate evaluation. To guarantee the validity of the assessment&#039;s findings, careful consideration must be given to the reliability and correctness of the data obtained.\r\nBackground Data vs. Foreground Data\r\nLife Cycle Inventory (LCI) data is called background data. The data is what we obtain from an LCI database provider, often commercial database(s) that we may purchase. It contains a database representing the emission factors of many processes in several industries. For instance, the carbon dioxide emitted while manufacturing 1 kg of steel may be one of the emission factors. How much nitrogen dioxide is released while manufacturing 1 km of aluminum? Methane (CH4) is released when 1 kilogram is disposed of in a sanitary landfill, and so forth.\r\n\r\nWhere the foreground data is the data that embodies or describes the system under study or modeling technically, examples include secondary data, data obtained from simulation, calculation, field trip work, literature, production activities, operations, or chemical experiments. The foreground data from the waste management is an example: For instance, if a waste management system is being studied or modeled. Then, the foreground data compasses the waste composition. For instance, the proportions of the paper, plastic, and metal waste, etc., a treatment&#039;s % of the proportion of incineration, and the proportion of paper and plastic waste incineration. The proportions of waste paper, plastic, and wood will be disposed of in landfills. Data on the distances that vehicles need to drive from the place of trach collection to the final disposal. The gasoline required by each vehicle for waste collection and disposal or treatment.\r\n\r\nIn summary: Foreground data describes the system technically, while background data describes the system environmentally with emission factors that can be obtained from databases. The figure below demonstrates the difference between both types of data.\r\n\r\nHow to decide and find the upper body? LCI database for your project.\r\n\r\n \r\nThe difference between background data and foreground data in an LCA model\r\nExample: Dimethyl sulphate (DMS) Production from Sulphur Trioxide\r\n\r\n \tDimethyl sulfate is a chemical molecule having the formula (CH3)2SO4. It&#039;s a colorless, volatile liquid with a pungent stench. It is primarily utilized as a methylating agent in organic synthesis, and its toxicity makes it a moderately hazardous chemical. It makes many products, including medications, colors, polymers, and food additives. It&#039;s also utilized as an insecticide, herbicide, and defoliant.\r\n\r\n\r\n \tDimethyl sulphate ((CH3O)2SO2) is manufactured industrially by the reaction of dimethyl ether with sulfur trioxide. The reaction is carried out in water-cooled, vertical aluminum or stainless-steel tubes and is a continuous process. The model considered the elimination of dimethyl ether by vacuum distillation over anhydrous sodium sulphate in technical-grade dimethyl sulfate.\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe background system of electricity and thermal power: The power (and thermal energy as a byproduct) utilized is tailored to the needs of each unique nation. The country-specific modeling is accomplished on many levels. The individual power plants in operation are simulated using the present national system. Net losses and imported power are included. Second, the power plants&#039; national emissions and efficiency are modeled. Third, the country-specific fuel supply (proportion of resources consumed through import and local supply) is considered, as are the country-specific features (e.g., element and energy contents). Fourth, the import, transportation, mining, and exploration procedures for the energy carrier supply chain are customized to each power-producing country&#039;s unique circumstances.\r\n\r\n\r\n \tSteam: The steam supply is simulated according to the country&#039;s condition in terms of technological efficiency and energy carriers utilized. Coal, crude oil, and natural gas needed to generate steam are modeled based on the unique import circumstances.\r\n\r\n\r\n \tA country-specific, refinery-parameterized model represents refinery products such as diesel, gasoline, gases, fuel oils, essential oils, and residues such as bitumen. The refinery model reflects the national standard in refinery procedures (e.g., pollution level, internal energy consumption) and the unique country-specific product output spectrum, which might vary significantly across countries. The refinery products utilized demonstrate the country-specific usage of resources. Again, the crude oil supply is modeled based on the country-specific crude oil situation and the features of the resources.\r\n\r\n\r\n \tAll these mentioned processes represented the foreground data that should be gathered; in this example, it might be from (1) laboratory chemical experimental work, (2) process simulation with a chemical simulator software such as Aspen Plus, (2) or from the plant data itself if it is already established (constructed and is in operation). See the below figure for a demonstration of the LCA system being modeled in this example of Dimethyl sulphate ((CH3O)2SO2).\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\nThe LCA model of Dimethyl sulphate ((CH3O)2SO2)\r\n\r\nAn LCA analyst requires the two forms of the data with the Dimethyl sulphate (DMS) Production from the Sulphur Trioxide&#039;s LCA model given above. The foreground and background information (LCI data). The data in the foreground are those needed to technically explain the model, such as the chemical feed used in the chemical reactions that produce dimethyl ether from methanol, sulfur trioxide, sodium sulfate, and deionized water. And this may be measured in Mole per hour units and translated to kilogram per hour. In addition, the quantity of natural gas energy needed is expressed in MJ per hour. Data in MJ\/Hour for the power grid mix is also needed. These grid mix statistics offer information about the composition of the electrical grid mix in the nation\/country where the technique is being researched or developed. To construct a grid mix with a capacity of 3.7 MJ, this may contain a percentage of coal, a percentage of natural gas, a percentage of heavy fuel oil, a percentage of nuclear energy, a percentage of renewable energy sources including wind, solar, and hydropower, etc., and a percentage of waste.\r\n\r\nThe quantity of wastewater treatment is necessary for the output. Dimethyl sulphate (DMS) is further needed, however. The entire production determined by a chemical experiment, chemical simulation, such as that found in Aspen Plus, or plant production data may also be this quantity, which can be regarded as a functional unit of 1 kilogram of dimethyl sulphate (DMS) production. These are instances when foreground data may be required. An LCA analyst must utilize an LCA database with emission factors for hundreds of emissions from each process input and output in the above graph to get the background data. For instance, heavy metal emissions and the other 6 greenhouse gases. BOD emissions, BCD emissions, and so on.\r\nHow to Choose an Appropriate Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Database for your Project\r\nFirst, remember that more than one database is sometimes required, particularly for large LCA projects. You may sometimes need to merge data from several databases. The second thing to bear in mind is that, sometimes, you could always run into a problem. A problem with data gaps or a shortage of data when the data needed for a particular procedure is absent. For instance, this is typical in the chemical industry. Mathematical modeling combined with data estimate methods is one way to address the data gap problem. Or by using outdated models that may estimate current facts. Another strategy is to simulate the process being researched with proxy data using a process with comparable physical and chemical properties to the process being examined with the lacking data.\r\n\r\nCreate a flowchart showing the system boundaries of your case study and all the current input and output to processes as the first step in identifying what database you require for your project. This aids in getting\u2014your understanding of the processes in your system and the following database requirements. The second follows. The second recommendation in this article is to browse the LC databases repositories lets you simultaneously search among many databases, including the two websites listed below.\r\n\r\n \tThe GLAD platform: https:\/\/www.globallcadataaccess.org\r\n \tThe openLCA Nexus Platform: https:\/\/nexus.openlca.org\r\n\r\nSecond, you need to know what databases are available on the market, whether for paid or unpaid usage. You should also be aware of the types of LCI databases used in your business\/industry, whether in the textile, building, chemical, textile, or electronics industries.\r\n\r\nThe ecoinvent and GaBi databases, as well as their expansions, which total around 20 databases, are among the top database suppliers. This includes several businesses, including manufacturing plastic, chemicals, building materials, and electronics.\r\n\r\nThe system scope of your case study is often the deciding factor when choosing an approval database. What are the limits of the system? What procedures fall under and don&#039;t? All this information is crucial for figuring out what database is required and determining whether the operations are gate-to-gate, the gate to grave, cradle-to-grave, or cradle-to-gate.\r\n\r\nUtilizing an LCA program is the alternative strategy. For instance, the ecoinvent database is one of the 8 with the SimaPro program. The database is one of the most well-known since it includes many data sets and spans various sectors. If you use the GaBi program, you will have access to around 20 databases that you must buy separately. GaBi software does, however, have a database of its own. The database of processes from many industries is known as the professional database. Using openLCA software is the other choice. A license is not necessary to use the openLCA LCA program, which is available for free. However, your project&#039;s database(s) must be purchased. Searching for already-established processes on the openLCA Nexus website is a valuable technique. This displays the processes that are present in the related database. Another point to remember is that LCI data is country-specific, so you should consider the region or the country where you are conducting the study.\r\n\r\nFinally, figuring out which LCI database is necessary for a particular project in a specific business develops over time as an LCA specialist gains expertise in both his industry and the available databases. In general, the more LCA projects you complete, the more familiarity you will get with the current databases, how to search in them, and where to look for them.\r\n\r\nThere is no set guideline for selecting the best database for your project. It would help if you mixed a variety of talents and expertise. Consequently, you should do your search on the current databases, either for free or for a fee. However, the abilities and advice you need to know and develop are summarized in this article.\r\n\r\nThere is no set guideline for selecting the best database for your project. It would help if you mixed a variety of talents and expertise. Consequently, you should do your search on the current databases, either for free or for a fee. However, the abilities and advice you need to know and develop are summarized in this article.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA project execution\r\nEnd-to-end Life Cycle Assessment delivery for products, systems, and value chains. Scientific rigor, structured workflows, and defensible, verification-ready deliverables.\r\n\r\nExplore service \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA critical review \u2014 ISO 14040 \/ 14044\r\nIndependent technical assessment of completed LCA studies. Methodological consistency, transparency of assumptions, and conformance with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044.\r\n\r\nExplore service \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDEISO agri and industrial LCI database\r\nCurated life cycle inventory data and emission factors supporting modeling efficiency, data coverage, and analytical consistency across agricultural and industrial applications.\r\n\r\nExplore database \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA capacity building \u2014 ISO-aligned program\r\nExecution-based capacity building for individuals and teams building practical, standards-aligned competence in LCA methodology, study design, interpretation, and reporting.\r\n\r\nExplore program \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSenior LCA strategic advisory\r\nSenior-level advisory support for LCA scope decisions, methodological architecture, study planning, and technical reinforcement for ISO-aligned LCA and EPD-related work.\r\n\r\nExplore advisory \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGaBi (LCA for Experts) capacity building\r\nStructured GaBi capacity building for professionals who need deeper control over advanced modeling logic, database use, scenario structuring, and high-quality study development.\r\n\r\nExplore program \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nopenLCA capacity building for professionals\r\nPractical openLCA capacity building for professionals seeking robust modeling skills, workflow confidence, and applied capability in one of the most widely used open-source LCA platforms.\r\n\r\nExplore program \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSimaPro capacity building programs\r\nSimaPro capacity building for corporate and professional use \u2014 practical implementation, methodological quality, and stronger decision-making through advanced LCA modeling.\r\n\r\nExplore program \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSimaPro advanced coaching\r\nCoaching for experienced SimaPro users who need targeted support on advanced model refinement, troubleshooting, interpretation, or project-specific technical problem-solving.\r\n\r\nExplore coaching \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGaBi coaching for professionals\r\nCoaching for GaBi users who need focused technical guidance, model optimization support, workflow acceleration, or deeper application of advanced LCA project practices.\r\n\r\nExplore coaching \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nopenLCA professional coaching\r\nOne-to-one or team-based coaching for experienced openLCA users who need deeper technical direction, efficient troubleshooting, and project-oriented expert support.\r\n\r\nExplore coaching \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRequest a quotation\r\nSend DEISO a short brief of your LCA, review, advisory, database, capacity building, or coaching need and receive a tailored quotation aligned with your scope and objectives.\r\n\r\nRequest quotation \u2192\" data-s=\"Life Cycle Assessment Background Data Vs. Foreground Data and How to Select The Most Appropriate LCI Database\" data-d=\"1673677911\" data-m=\"1791007899\" data-cat=\"1737\" data-year=\"2023\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/life-cycle-assessment-background-data-vs-foreground-data-and-how-to-select-the-most-appropriate-lci-database\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"543\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_LCA_Data-768x543.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_LCA_Data-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_LCA_Data-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_LCA_Data-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_LCA_Data.jpg 1448w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/DEISO_LCA_Data-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Tutorials<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Tutorials<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">14 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 12 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/life-cycle-assessment-background-data-vs-foreground-data-and-how-to-select-the-most-appropriate-lci-database\">Life Cycle Assessment Background Data Vs. Foreground Data and How to Select The Most Appropriate LCI Database<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Background Data collection is one of the most critical steps in the life cycle evaluation process. LCA is a thorough assessment of a system&#039;s or product&#039;s environmental impacts.\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/life-cycle-assessment-background-data-vs-foreground-data-and-how-to-select-the-most-appropriate-lci-database\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Life Cycle Assessment Background Data Vs. Foreground Data and How to Select The Most Appropriate LCI Database\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Announcing the launch of \u201cProduct Carbon Footprint\u201d our brand-new calculation service. Announcements News We&#039;re excited to announce the launch of &quot;Product Carbon Footprint,&quot; our brand-new calculation service. We help businesses figure out their carbon footprint and devise ways to make their operations less harmful. Product Carbon Footprint is considered not just CO2 emissions but also the other six emissions. A &quot;Product Carbon Footprint&quot; study is a sort of &quot;Life Cycle Assessment&quot; (LCA) one. A &quot;carbon footprint&quot; is a measurement that includes not just carbon dioxide emissions but also other greenhouse gas emissions. The word &quot;carbon footprint&quot; derives from the phrase &quot;carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases of equivalent CO2.&quot;\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHow much each type of greenhouse gas affects the climate is based on how much carbon dioxide it produces in CO2-eq. This is because different greenhouse gases have varying capacities to contribute to climate change.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThese other gases are:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMethane (CH4)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNitrous oxide (N2O)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPerfluorocarbons (PFCs)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSulphur hexaflouride (SF6)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNitrogen trifluoride (NF3)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFor additional information, visit https:\/\/dei.so\/topic\/product-carbon-footprint. To contact us, please email info@deiso.co.jp or fill out the contact form on this page. If you are ready to receive a pricing estimate, please fill out the form here.\" data-s=\"Announcing the launch of \u201cProduct Carbon Footprint\u201d our brand-new calculation service.\" data-d=\"1669577748\" data-m=\"1723371233\" data-cat=\"58,7\" data-year=\"2022\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/announcing-the-launch-of-product-carbon-footprint-our-brand-new-calculation-service\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"597\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/carbon_cover_1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/carbon_cover_1.jpg 597w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/carbon_cover_1-175x300.jpg 175w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/carbon_cover_1-7x12.jpg 7w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 597px) 100vw, 597px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">28 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 1 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/announcing-the-launch-of-product-carbon-footprint-our-brand-new-calculation-service\">Announcing the launch of \u201cProduct Carbon Footprint\u201d our brand-new calculation service.<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">We&#039;re excited to announce the launch of &quot;Product Carbon Footprint,&quot; our brand-new calculation service. We help businesses figure out their carbon footprint and devise ways to make their\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/announcing-the-launch-of-product-carbon-footprint-our-brand-new-calculation-service\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Announcing the launch of \u201cProduct Carbon Footprint\u201d our brand-new calculation service.\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Introducing the \u201cSpecial Life Cycle Assessment Training Program: Manual Calculation Approach\u201d Announcements News The &quot;Special LCA Training Program: Manual Calculation Approach&quot; aims to teach participants how to perform a full Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) manually, from the cradle to the grave, using Microsoft Excel but without the use of any LCA software. The main advantage of this course is that it explains in detail how LCA calculations work in each of the phases of &quot;classification,&quot; &quot;characterization,&quot; &quot;normalization,&quot; &quot;weighting,&quot; and &quot;Life Cycle Impact Assessment LCIA&quot;. Using a case study that includes raw material extraction, transportation, production, use, and disposal via incineration, landfilling, and recycling. It also teaches participants how to compute credited emissions using the avoided emissions technique.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe program comes with a bunch of features and is fully designed for both Life Cycle Assessment 9LCA) and Environmental Product Declaration (EPD).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCheck the details at https:\/\/dei.so\/deiso-training\/special-life-cycle-assessment-training-program-manual-calculation-approach.\" data-s=\"Introducing the \u201cSpecial Life Cycle Assessment Training Program: Manual Calculation Approach\u201d\" data-d=\"1669457343\" data-m=\"1789630334\" data-cat=\"58,7\" data-year=\"2022\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-the-special-life-cycle-assessment-training-program-manual-calculation-approach\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"543\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/deiso_lca_manual_excel_calculations_training-1-768x543.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/deiso_lca_manual_excel_calculations_training-1-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/deiso_lca_manual_excel_calculations_training-1-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/deiso_lca_manual_excel_calculations_training-1-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/deiso_lca_manual_excel_calculations_training-1.jpg 1448w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/deiso_lca_manual_excel_calculations_training-1-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">26 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 1 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-the-special-life-cycle-assessment-training-program-manual-calculation-approach\">Introducing the \u201cSpecial Life Cycle Assessment Training Program: Manual Calculation Approach\u201d<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">The &quot;Special LCA Training Program: Manual Calculation Approach&quot; aims to teach participants how to perform a full Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) manually, from the cradle to the grave,\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-the-special-life-cycle-assessment-training-program-manual-calculation-approach\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Introducing the \u201cSpecial Life Cycle Assessment Training Program: Manual Calculation Approach\u201d\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Details on the Specialist Training Program of Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) Reporting Updates News\n        Specialist Training Program of Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) Reporting\n        \n          A professional training program will prepare employees for responding to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) needs, conducting more effective due diligence, reading and understanding existing reports, reviewing and editing reports, collaboratively preparing and writing ESG reports, and assisting their organizations in making better investment decisions with the knowledge and abilities gained through it.\n        \n        Learn more\n          Program page\n          \n            https:\/\/dei.so\/specialist-training-program-of-environment-social-and-governance-esg-reporting\" data-s=\"Details on the Specialist Training Program of Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) Reporting\" data-d=\"1666010203\" data-m=\"1786538822\" data-cat=\"16\" data-year=\"2022\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/details-on-the-specialist-training-program-of-environment-social-and-governance-esg-reporting\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"960\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/esg_training_x-768x960.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/esg_training_x-768x960.png 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/esg_training_x-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/esg_training_x-819x1024.png 819w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/esg_training_x-10x12.png 10w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/esg_training_x.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Updates<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Updates<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">17 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2022<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 1 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/details-on-the-specialist-training-program-of-environment-social-and-governance-esg-reporting\">Details on the Specialist Training Program of Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) Reporting<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">News Specialist Training Program of Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) Reporting A professional training program will prepare employees for responding to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) needs, conducting\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/details-on-the-specialist-training-program-of-environment-social-and-governance-esg-reporting\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Details on the Specialist Training Program of Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) Reporting\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"The GHG Lead Verifier Training Program Updates News\n        \n          Our GHG Lead Verifier training program helps your business satisfy ISO 14064 climate change standards. Covers ISO 14064 (Parts 1\u20133), GHG inventories, and management system requirements. ISO 14064 Parts 1 and 3 are combined with carbon-neutral accounting.\n        \n        Find out more\n          Program page\n          \n            https:\/\/dei.so\/lead-ghg-verifier-training-program\" data-s=\"The GHG Lead Verifier Training Program\" data-d=\"1665927180\" data-m=\"1786539026\" data-cat=\"16\" data-year=\"2022\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/the-ghg-lead-verifier-training-program\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"543\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Lead_GHG_Verifier_x-768x543.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Lead_GHG_Verifier_x-768x543.png 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Lead_GHG_Verifier_x-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Lead_GHG_Verifier_x-1024x724.png 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Lead_GHG_Verifier_x.png 1448w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Lead_GHG_Verifier_x-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Updates<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Updates<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">16 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2022<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 1 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/the-ghg-lead-verifier-training-program\">The GHG Lead Verifier Training Program<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">News Our GHG Lead Verifier training program helps your business satisfy ISO 14064 climate change standards. Covers ISO 14064 (Parts 1\u20133), GHG inventories, and management system requirements. ISO\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/the-ghg-lead-verifier-training-program\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: The GHG Lead Verifier Training Program\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Circular Economy Specialist Training Program Updates News\n        \n          Train your organization\u2019s employees on the Circular Economy via professional skills, waste management, resource efficiency, and business models; all essential and advanced topics are covered \u2014 a case study teaches data, methods, and tools from idea to practice.\n        \n        Explore the programs\n          Program page\n          \n            https:\/\/dei.so\/circular-economy-training-program\" data-s=\"Circular Economy Specialist Training Program\" data-d=\"1665845400\" data-m=\"1786539142\" data-cat=\"16\" data-year=\"2022\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/circular-economy-specialist-training-program\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"543\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/ce_training_20-768x543.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/ce_training_20-768x543.png 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/ce_training_20-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/ce_training_20-1024x724.png 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/ce_training_20.png 1448w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/ce_training_20-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Updates<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Updates<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">15 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2022<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 1 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/circular-economy-specialist-training-program\">Circular Economy Specialist Training Program<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">News Train your organization\u2019s employees on the Circular Economy via professional skills, waste management, resource efficiency, and business models; all essential and advanced topics are covered \u2014 a\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/circular-economy-specialist-training-program\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Circular Economy Specialist Training Program\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Life Cycle Assessment: A Getting Started Guide Tutorials Background\r\nLife cycle assessment: a getting started guide\r\nSustainability is widely debated; putting it into practice is harder. After an investigation, declarations and actions need to follow quickly if environmental damage is to be reduced and previous efforts improved on. Three conditions have to be met: an action must be available to take, the alternatives must be ranked, and the best practice must be chosen with cost, environmental impact, and economic constraints all in view.\r\n\r\nLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the decision-making tool that helps select and optimize among the technology solutions or products available to meet that demand. The question is not how to solve a particular case of tight money \u2014 engineering already handles that. The question is how to set priorities, because no one can afford to fund everything. LCA shows which procedures most need to change.\r\n\r\nFrom a sustainability standpoint, LCA matters because it covers the whole lifecycle of a product or service. That prevents a local improvement from simply moving the environmental burden somewhere else. Strategies for evaluating ecological performance, raw material use, and pollutant emissions all depend on the purpose of the system or item under study \u2014 which was not the case with earlier environmental assessments.\r\n\r\nConcept\r\nWhat is life cycle assessment?\r\nLCA is a methodology for assessing the environmental impacts of a product or system across its whole life cycle, from cradle to grave. It identifies and quantifies the ecological effects of that system so decision-makers can choose more sustainably. It is used on cars, buildings, and food systems alike, and it considers every step: obtaining the raw materials, making the product, using it, and disposing of it.\r\n\r\nLCA is a detailed and often complex process, commonly used to compare the environmental impacts of products and services. It can be applied at any level, from local to global. Several assessment methods and approaches exist; the important thing is choosing the method and procedure appropriate to the product or system in question.\r\n\r\nLCA considers:\r\n\r\n \tExtraction of raw materials\r\n \tProduction of the product\r\n \tUse of the product\r\n \tTransportation and energy use\r\n \tWaste management\r\n\r\nHow it works\r\nHow an LCA is carried out\r\nAn LCA is performed by a trained analyst who collects data across all stages of a product\u2019s life cycle, enters that data into software, and models the system. It can be done by hand, but the calculation is slow; LCA software accelerates the process considerably.\r\n\r\nThe analyst then examines how each life cycle stage affects the environment and assigns each a weight, based on the nature of the effect and how much that stage contributes to the product\u2019s overall impact. The output is an environmental profile of the product, together with recommendations for reducing its impacts.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nApplications\r\nWhat LCA is used for\r\n\r\n \tIdentifying and reducing the environmental impacts of a business\r\n \tIdentifying sustainable business practices\r\n \tDeveloping greener technologies, products, and systems\r\n \tUnderstanding the impacts of climate change on the environment and on health, and assessing approaches to address it\r\n \tComparing products, technologies, or future scenarios against a baseline \u2014 the current situation, for example\r\n \tImproving the environmental performance of technologies\r\n \tAnswering broad environmental and sustainability questions, particularly when combined with other assessment methods\r\n \tIdentifying weak points in products, technologies, and services\r\n \tHelping consumers make informed decisions about what they buy\r\n\r\nStudy types\r\nTypes of LCA study\r\n1\r\nScreening LCA\r\nEstimates how environmentally sound a product, service, or manufacturing process is. Drawing on a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database covering thousands of processes and sectors, it calculates several impacts \u2014 eutrophication, acidification, human toxicity, climate change \u2014 to give an overall picture of environmental load. It is useful for understanding whether choosing a particular product will improve or worsen a company\u2019s environmental profile.\r\n\r\n2\r\nProduct LCA\r\nExamines the environmental performance of a product or technology from conception to disposal, covering every stage of the production cycle from extraction onward, including the disposal route and its consequences \u2014 pollution from landfilling, incineration, or hazardous waste handling.\r\n\r\n3\r\nComparative LCA\r\nAccounts for the impacts of every stage across two or more alternatives. The common case is comparing one product or technology against another, but the same approach applies to comparing development routes or scenarios.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nComparison\r\nLCA versus environmental impact assessment (EIA)\r\nComparing LCA and EIA across their respective time and geographical scales shows the two instruments to be complementary rather than competing. An LCA evaluates a product or service from extraction (cradle) through to End-of-Life (grave), typically on a global scale.\r\n\r\nAn EIA, by contrast, examines a single location. Site-specific EIAs weigh variables particular to that place \u2014 the number of people living nearby, the distance between the site and residential districts, and the presence of specific ecosystems.\r\n\r\nUpstream\r\nExtraction of raw materials\r\nExtracting natural resources means removing materials from the earth to be manufactured or sold as commodities \u2014 coal, oil, gas, metals. The process can be hazardous and damaging to the environment when not done responsibly.\r\n\r\nOil and gas are extracted by drilling into the earth and pumping the fuel out, either by conventional methods or by fracking, which uses high-pressure water to break up rock and release the fuel. Coal extraction involves removing the earth above the deposits, or drilling into the ground.\r\n\r\nMetals are typically extracted through mining: the earth is dug away from the metal deposits, specialised tools pull out the metal, and it is then cleaned and processed to remove impurities before being transported to a manufacturing plant or refinery.\r\n\r\nRaw material extraction accounts for a significant share of the total environmental load of a system or product, so this phase needs careful treatment in any LCA. It is also complex in data terms \u2014 the system boundaries of the evaluation, the sub-processes involved, and the energy used all have to be resolved.\r\n\r\nThis phase is the \u201ccradle.\u201d The final disposal of a product made from those raw materials is the \u201cgrave\u201d \u2014 also called the End-of-Life (EoL) or waste management phase.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nStructure\r\nThe phases of an LCA\r\nAn LCA is a listing and analysis of the environmental effects of a product or service across its entire life cycle \u2014 obtaining the raw materials, making the product, packaging it, distributing it, using it, and disposing of it. The method has been in use for over thirty years, and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published the governing standards in the 1990s. It is now a well-established part of product and environmental assessment, and can be applied at any stage of product development.\r\n\r\nLCA supports work to:\r\n\r\n \tEvaluate the environmental impacts of products and services\r\n \tIdentify and measure their ecological benefits and costs\r\n \tAssess their environmental performance\r\n \tIdentify their significant ecological aspects\r\n \tSupport decision-making about them\r\n\r\nGeneral steps in conducting an LCA\r\n\r\n \tEstablish the boundaries and scope of the study\r\n \tSelect the product or service to be assessed\r\n \tIdentify and characterize the environmental impact categories\r\n \tDevelop a methodology for estimating ecological impacts\r\n \tEstimate the environmental impacts\r\n \tPrepare the LCA report and communicate the results\r\n\r\nImpact assessment\r\nLife cycle impact assessment (LCIA)\r\nLCIA is an essential step of any LCA. Methodologies such as CML, ReCiPe, and TRACI have been developed to carry out the evaluation, and they operate at two levels: Mid-Point and End-Point.\r\n\r\nMost LCIA procedures work at the Mid-Point level. A few, ReCiPe among them, provide End-Point evaluation. At End-Point, environmental themes such as Global Warming Potential (GWP), Human Toxicity Potential (HTP), Acidification Potential (AP), energy depletion, Eutrophication Potential (EP), and Ozone Layer Depletion (OLD) are aggregated into damage categories \u2014 damage to health, damage to ecosystems, and damage to natural resources. Eleven or more environmental themes collapse into three ecological indicators.\r\n\r\nChoosing an appropriate LCIA approach is rarely straightforward. Reviewing industry reports and peer-reviewed academic studies is one practical route through that difficulty.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nImpact categories\r\nEnvironmental themes\r\nEnvironmental themes \u2014 also called environmental loads or impact categories \u2014 are the results produced by the LCIA phase. Climate change (GWP) is the most familiar; HTP is another. The themes most often evaluated in LCA are below.\r\n\r\n \tAbiotic Depletion of Elements (ADE) \u2014 measured in kg Sb eq., the effect of natural resource exploitation: the difference between resources used across the life cycle and resource consumption.\r\n \tAbiotic Depletion of Fossil resources (ADF) \u2014 expressed in MJ, relating to depletion of energy and non-renewable resources such as natural gas.\r\n \tAcidification Potential (AP) \u2014 in kg SO\u2082 eq., the quantity of H\u207a ions created per kilogram of material relative to SO\u2082, representing the maximum acidification a material may induce.\r\n \tEutrophication Potential (EP) \u2014 in kg phosphate eq., the potential for fertilizers to over-fertilize water and soil.\r\n \tFreshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential (FAETP) \u2014 in kg DCB eq., quantifying the harm of toxic chemicals to aquatic life.\r\n \tGlobal Warming Potential (GWP) \u2014 in kg CO\u2082 eq., the standard measure of climate change potential.\r\n \tHuman Toxicity Potential (HTP) \u2014 in kg DCB eq., reflecting chemical emissions such as heavy metals to which humans are exposed.\r\n \tTerrestrial Ecotoxicity Potential (TETP) \u2014 in kg DCB eq., the impact of hazardous chemicals on terrestrial ecosystems.\r\n\r\nData\r\nLCA data\r\nDespite the volume of secondary data available, some processes and materials are simply absent from LCA databases. Data gathering is the hardest part of any LCA. Depending on time and resources, missing data can be collected directly or estimated in several ways. Two categories are worth distinguishing:\r\n\r\n \tForeground data \u2014 specialised data describing the particular production or product system being modeled.\r\n \tBackground data \u2014 emission factor databases and literature covering generic materials, energy, transportation, and waste management.\r\n\r\nLife cycle inventory (LCI)\r\nLCI databases of emission factors represent the environmental impact of products and materials per functional unit across their life cycles. They hold information on the materials and energy used in production and the waste generated in use and disposal, allowing impact to be assessed at each stage from raw material extraction to final disposal. They also support comparison between products and materials, and help identify where impact can be reduced.\r\nExamples of LCI databases\r\n\r\n \tecoinvent \u2014 the leading global LCI database, with broad coverage of country-specific processes in industrial nations, plus extensive processes categorized as China-Data or Global Data. It provides detailed process data across thousands of processes.\r\n \tIDEA (Inventory Database for Environmental Analysis) \u2014 the leading LCA database in Japan, covering most of the country\u2019s economic production activities. It holds around 3,800 processes based on the Japan Standard Commodity Classification, and is now accessible through SimaPro and openLCA.\r\n\r\nIDEA holds roughly 3,800 processes; ecoinvent holds around 18,000 activities and is updated frequently with new approaches. Note that widely used LCI databases such as ecoinvent and GaBi Professional, along with their extensions, include country-specific datasets covering Japan among others.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe four phases\r\nThe four iterative phases of LCA\r\n1\r\nGoal and scope definition\r\nThe study is outlined here, with its objectives and scope described. Several critical aspects are fixed at this point: the function of the system, the functional unit on which emissions and extractions will be based, and the system boundaries. Both the base scenario and the alternatives are set out.\r\n\r\nThe functional unit is the reference \u2014 the production of 1\u00a0kg of plastic, for instance, used to compare an alternative at the same 1\u00a0kg reference. Multiplying that unit impact by total production yields the net environmental impact of daily, monthly, or annual output.\r\n\r\n2\r\nInventory analysis\r\nEmissions to air, water, and soil, and extractions of renewable and non-renewable raw materials, are quantified. The resources the system needs to function are also determined at this stage.\r\n\r\n3\r\nImpact assessment\r\nThis phase determines the significance of the impacts identified in the inventory. Its steps are:\r\n\r\n \tEstablishing impact categories, category indicators, and characterization factors\r\n \tAssessing environmental consequences \u2014 global warming, human toxicity, ecotoxicity, resource use, and others\r\n \tClassifying emissions that contribute to each impact category, with End-Point characterization weighting and aggregating them based on their Mid-Point values\r\n \tDamage characterization, combining impact categories into damage categories \u2014 human health, ecosystem quality, resources\r\n \tAn optional normalization step, showing the studied product\u2019s contribution as a fraction of the global impact in a given category\r\n \tAn optional socially based weighting, accounting for relative importance or damage\r\n\r\n4\r\nInterpretation\r\nThe results are interpreted and the uncertainties assessed. Critical analysis tests the effect of the chosen boundaries and hypotheses, using sensitivity studies and uncertainty analysis \u2014 Monte Carlo simulation \u2014 to identify the main parameters and the alternatives for improvement. Environmental consequences can finally be weighed against economic or societal ones.\r\n\r\nBoundaries\r\nEvaluation levels\r\nWithin a system boundary, and within the dataset of a particular process, there are several levels of evaluation. What the dataset covers depends on its type \u2014 whether it is a gate-to-gate unit process, an aggregated process, or a process aggregated from cradle to grave.\r\n\r\n \tGate to gate \u2014 all company or site-related operations, from material acquisition or procurement through every on-site manufacturing process up to the final steps before leaving the site gates.\r\n \tCradle to gate \u2014 all operations from resource extraction through the final steps before exiting the site gates, including all energy and precursor production and on-site production.\r\n \tGate to grave \u2014 extends operations from the gate through to final disposal.\r\n \tCradle to grave \u2014 the whole life cycle: cradle-to-gate extended through the product\u2019s use, maintenance, and End-of-Life, covering disposal, recycling, and reuse.\r\n\r\nConclusion\r\nConclusion\r\nLCA is a practical tool for determining how products affect the environment and where that impact can be reduced. It helps companies lower the environmental burden of what they make, and make better decisions about how to design products and which materials to use.\r\n\r\nDEISO runs LCA professional training programs at basic, intermediate, advanced, and expert levels, remotely or in person.\r\n\r\nExplore LCA training programs \u2192\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA ecosystem\r\nExplore the DEISO life cycle assessment (LCA) ecosystem\r\nDEISO\u2019s integrated LCA ecosystem covers project execution, independent review, advisory, professional training, and technical systems built to support high-quality, ISO-aligned sustainability work.\r\n\r\n\r\nLCA project execution\r\nEnd-to-end Life Cycle Assessment execution for products, systems, and value chains with structured workflows and high technical quality.\r\n\r\nExplore service \u2192\r\n\r\nLCA critical review (ISO 14040\/44)\r\nIndependent technical review confirming methodological consistency, transparency, and ISO alignment.\r\n\r\nExplore service \u2192\r\n\r\nSenior LCA strategic advisory\r\nExpert-level advisory for study design, methodology, and decision-making in LCA and EPD projects.\r\n\r\nExplore advisory \u2192\r\n\r\nLCA professional training\r\nStructured professional training that lets teams build strong LCA capability aligned with ISO standards.\r\n\r\nExplore training \u2192\r\n\r\nLCA software training (openLCA, GaBi, SimaPro)\r\nHands-on, software-focused training programs built for professionals working in openLCA, GaBi, and SimaPro environments.\r\n\r\nExplore programs \u2192\r\n\r\nLCA data collection system\r\nStructured data framework to improve consistency, reduce errors, and speed up LCA project execution.\r\n\r\nDownload system \u2192\r\n\r\nRequest a quotation\r\nRequest a tailored quotation aligned with your LCA, review, or training needs.\r\n\r\nRequest a quotation \u2192\" data-s=\"Life Cycle Assessment: A Getting Started Guide\" data-d=\"1665368043\" data-m=\"1791007909\" data-cat=\"1737\" data-year=\"2022\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/life-cycle-assessment-a-getting-started-guide\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"543\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/getteing_started_withLCA_DEISO-768x543.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/getteing_started_withLCA_DEISO-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/getteing_started_withLCA_DEISO-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/getteing_started_withLCA_DEISO-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/getteing_started_withLCA_DEISO.jpg 1448w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/getteing_started_withLCA_DEISO-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Tutorials<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Tutorials<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">10 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2022<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 13 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/life-cycle-assessment-a-getting-started-guide\">Life Cycle Assessment: A Getting Started Guide<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">Background Life cycle assessment: a getting started guide Sustainability is widely debated; putting it into practice is harder. After an investigation, declarations and actions need to follow quickly\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/life-cycle-assessment-a-getting-started-guide\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Life Cycle Assessment: A Getting Started Guide\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Introducing the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)Training Programs Updates News\n        \n          Introducing EPD training programs: we now provide Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) Training Programs of \u201cProfessional\u201d and \u201cAdvanced.\u201d Choose the one that best meets your requirements.\n        \n        \n          Perform EPD calculations in an LCA software: you can choose from GaBi, SimaPro, or openLCA (free software) \u2014 select the software you have a license for or the free openLCA software. In addition to basic LCA training, the program comes with several unique features.\n        \n        Compare the two programs\n          Program page\n          \n            https:\/\/dei.so\/environmental-product-declaration-epd-training-programs\n          \n        What is an EPD?\n        \n          An EPD is a document that communicates any product or chemical\u2019s environmental performance or impacts across its lifetime. EPDs aid in reducing carbon emissions by letting users examine the impacts of different materials and products to choose the most sustainable option. EPDs are records that openly and transparently describe the environmental performance or impacts of a product or substance across its life cycle.\" data-s=\"Introducing the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)Training Programs\" data-d=\"1665313860\" data-m=\"1786539280\" data-cat=\"16\" data-year=\"2022\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-the-environmental-product-declaration-epd-training-programs\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/epd_training_x-768x600.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/epd_training_x-768x600.png 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/epd_training_x-300x234.png 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/epd_training_x-1024x800.png 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/epd_training_x.png 1311w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/epd_training_x-15x12.png 15w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Updates<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Updates<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">9 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2022<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 1 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-the-environmental-product-declaration-epd-training-programs\">Introducing the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)Training Programs<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">News Introducing EPD training programs: we now provide Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) Training Programs of \u201cProfessional\u201d and \u201cAdvanced.\u201d Choose the one that best meets your requirements. Perform EPD\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-the-environmental-product-declaration-epd-training-programs\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Introducing the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)Training Programs\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"New Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Training Programs are Now Available Announcements News\n        \n          We are excited to announce the launch of our new Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) training programs. In addition to the popular \u201cBasic\u201d and \u201cAdvanced\u201d LCA training programs, we now offer two new programs: \u201cIntermediate\u201d and \u201cExpert.\u201d We have also rebuilt the previous programs\u2019 learning content. We also provide new customized LCA programs in which we may create a customized LCA training program depending on the topics that a customer wants to cover in a training plan.\n        \n        Learn more\n          Program page\n          \n            Learn more about the brand-new programs by clicking here.\" data-s=\"New Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Training Programs are Now Available\" data-d=\"1664851364\" data-m=\"1786543139\" data-cat=\"58\" data-year=\"2022\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/new-life-cycle-assessment-lca-training-programs-are-now-available\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/lca_training_x-1-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/lca_training_x-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/lca_training_x-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/lca_training_x-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/lca_training_x-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/lca_training_x-1-12x12.png 12w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">Announcements<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">Announcements<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">4 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2022<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 1 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/new-life-cycle-assessment-lca-training-programs-are-now-available\">New Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Training Programs are Now Available<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">News We are excited to announce the launch of our new Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) training programs. In addition to the popular \u201cBasic\u201d and \u201cAdvanced\u201d LCA training programs,\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/new-life-cycle-assessment-lca-training-programs-are-now-available\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: New Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Training Programs are Now Available\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Our Circular Economy services now have detailed info available. News Updates News\n        \n          DEISO offers 10+ services for Circular Economy (CE) and how to help for the transition to CE. Information about our CE services is now available at ce.dei.so.\n        \n        Details\n        \n          The website at ce.dei.so now has information on our services for the Circular Economy (CE). DEISO is pleased to showcase our 10+ circular economy services and how we can assist your organization with transitioning to CE or work with you to strengthen your company\u2019s circularity in Japan and internationally. The following are some of our services:\n        \n        \n          \n            1\n            CE business modelsDevelopment of novel business models to improve production efficiency.\n          \n          \n            2\n            Resource efficiency and waste management utilizationHighlight the hotspots for waste generation, waste reduction potential, and waste management\u2019s environmental impact and benefits throughout the life cycle.\n          \n          \n            3\n            Circular economy accelerationConsidering the following factors while evaluating CE start-ups: technical, environmental, business circularity, strengths, limitations, potentials, and integration into your company\u2019s operations are all aspects to consider. We perform such multidimensional evaluation.\n          \n          \n            4\n            Evaluation and development of service conceptsSoftware-as-a-service (SaaS).\n          \n          \n            5\n            Capacity-building programs (training services)Human resource development for companies\u2019 employees based on the CE principles, methodologies, skills, knowledge, tools, and data.\n          \n          \n            6\n            Strategy developmentCreating a strategy that aligns with your company\u2019s goals \u2014 from goals to actions.\n          \n          \n            7\n            Collaboration servicesDeveloping new business models and ecosystems.\n          \n        \n        Get in touch\n          Contact\n          \n            For additional information, please visit ce.dei.so, or contact us at info@deiso.co.jp for inquiries or work requests.\" data-s=\"Our Circular Economy services now have detailed info available.\" data-d=\"1655451180\" data-m=\"1786539349\" data-cat=\"7,16\" data-year=\"2022\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/our-circular-economy-services-now-have-detailed-info-available\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/DEISO_circular_economy_diagram-768x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/DEISO_circular_economy_diagram-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/DEISO_circular_economy_diagram-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/DEISO_circular_economy_diagram.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/DEISO_circular_economy_diagram-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/DEISO_circular_economy_diagram-12x12.jpg 12w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">News<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">News<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">17 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2022<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 2 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/our-circular-economy-services-now-have-detailed-info-available\">Our Circular Economy services now have detailed info available.<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">News DEISO offers 10+ services for Circular Economy (CE) and how to help for the transition to CE. Information about our CE services is now available at ce.dei.so.\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/our-circular-economy-services-now-have-detailed-info-available\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Our Circular Economy services now have detailed info available.\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post-card\" data-k=\"Introducing DEISO\u2019s Partnership &amp; Business Collaboration Program News News\n        Introducing DEISO\u2019s Partnership &amp; Business Collaboration Program\n        \n          We are pleased to introduce the Channel Partner Program of DEISO. At DEISO, we are open to partnerships with other companies as channel partners in various forms of collaboration and cooperation. While you are invited to join us to discuss a potential partnership with your business, we highlight the potential of a business partnership on the program\u2019s page. At DEISO, we can operate as a Japan-based third party in the following ways in several forms.\n        \n        Learn more\n          Program page\n          https:\/\/dei.so\/partnership\" data-s=\"Introducing DEISO\u2019s Partnership &amp; Business Collaboration Program\" data-d=\"1645276004\" data-m=\"1786543790\" data-cat=\"7\" data-year=\"2022\" hidden><a class=\"pc-thumb\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-deisos-partnership-business-collaboration-program\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Partnership-min-768x432.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Partnership-min-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Partnership-min-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Partnership-min-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Partnership-min-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/dei.so\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Partnership-min.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><span class=\"pc-over\"><span class=\"pc-cat solid\">News<\/span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"pc-main\"><div class=\"pc-meta\"><span class=\"pc-cat\">News<\/span><span class=\"pc-date\">19 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2022<\/span><span class=\"pc-rt\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 1 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"pc-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-deisos-partnership-business-collaboration-program\">Introducing DEISO\u2019s Partnership &amp; Business Collaboration Program<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"pc-excerpt\">News Introducing DEISO\u2019s Partnership &amp; Business Collaboration Program We are pleased to introduce the Channel Partner Program of DEISO. At DEISO, we are open to partnerships with other\u2026<\/p><div class=\"pc-foot\"><a class=\"pc-read\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/introducing-deisos-partnership-business-collaboration-program\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: Introducing DEISO\u2019s Partnership &amp; Business Collaboration Program\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &larr;<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><div class=\"bg-empty\" hidden><h3>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647<\/h3><p>\u0623\u0632\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p><div class=\"bg-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn secondary bg-clear-filters\"><span>\u0627\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/button><a class=\"btn primary\" href=\"https:\/\/dei.so\/contact-form\"><span>\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0639\u0631 &larr;<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><nav class=\"bg-paging\" aria-label=\"\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\"><span class=\"bg-paging-note\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0636 12 \u0645\u0646 49 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn secondary bg-load\"><span>\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0636 12 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/button><\/nav><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><div class=\"deiso-bg-drawer\" id=\"bg1-drawer\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\" aria-labelledby=\"bg1-dt\"><div class=\"bg-scrim\"><\/div><div class=\"bg-sheet\"><span class=\"card-strap\"><\/span><div class=\"bg-sheet-head\"><h2 id=\"bg1-dt\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h2><button type=\"button\" class=\"bg-close\" aria-label=\"\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M6 6l12 12M18 6L6 18\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"bg-sheet-body\"><span class=\"bg-flabel\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641<\/span><ul class=\"bg-terms\" data-group=\"cat\"><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"bg-sheet-foot\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn secondary bg-dclear\"><span>\u0627\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn primary bg-dshow\"><span>\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0636 49 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DEISO \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a: \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 DEISO \u0641\u064a LCA\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 GHG\u060c \u0648 PCF\u060c \u0648 EPD \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":132,"featured_media":340757,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_deiso_aiv_faq":[{"q":"What does DEISO publish on its news page?","a":"Company news, announcements, and press relases: new services and platforms, training programs, technical publications and case studies, and updates on DEISO's work in LCA, GHG accounting, PCF, EPD and sustainability operating systems."},{"q":"Where can I read DEISO's technical work rather than company news?","a":"Case studies carry the technical work \u2014 the problem, the method and the results, written at the level confidentiality allows. The news page announces them; the case study itself is where the detail sits."},{"q":"How do I get DEISO updates by email?","a":"Subscribe to the DEISO newsletter. It carries the same announcements plus insights on carbon, lifecycle and decarbonization work, and you can unsubscribe at any time."},{"q":"Can I republish or quote a DEISO announcement?","a":"Quoting with attribution to DEISO and a link to the original page is welcome. For republishing in full, or for anything that needs a statement from DEISO, write to info@dei.so first."},{"q":"Is DEISO available for interviews, comment or speaking?","a":"Send the subject, the outlet or event, the format and the deadline to info@dei.so. Requests are answered on their technical merit, and DEISO will say plainly when a topic sits outside what it can speak to."},{"q":"Does a DEISO announcement name its clients?","a":"Client names appear only where that client has agreed. Otherwise the work is described by sector, and the technical content is published without anything that identifies the organisation behind it."},{"q":"I have a question about something announced here. Who do I ask?","a":"Ask DEISO Mirai AI for the service behind the announcement, or write to info@dei.so with the announcement and your question. Technical questions reach a practitioner rather than a press desk."}],"footnotes":""},"deiso-finder":[],"content-type":[],"content-filter":[],"site-search-options":[],"class_list":["post-339969","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","grve-entry-item"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/339969","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/132"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=339969"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/339969\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/340757"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=339969"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"deiso-finder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/deiso-finder?post=339969"},{"taxonomy":"content-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-type?post=339969"},{"taxonomy":"content-filter","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-filter?post=339969"},{"taxonomy":"site-search-options","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dei.so\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/site-search-options?post=339969"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}